Capítulo 2 - Radiación Solar e Infraroja - Parte I (Presentación)

ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS
CHAPTER 2:
SOLAR AND INFRARED

RADIATION
(Part I)
Atmospheric Dynamics
Chapter 2: Radiation
ÍNDICE
1. Introduction
Radiation source
2. Radiation principles
Propagation; emission; distribution; absorption, reflection and transmission
3. Orbit of the Earth
Seasonal cycle, daily cycle
4. Heat flux and distribution of solar radiation
Definition of flux, distribution, average daily insolation
5. Surface radiation budget
Solar (shortwave), terrestrial (longwave or IR), net radiation
ÍNDICE
1. Introduction
Radiation source
Chapter 1: The Atmosphere
1. Introduction
Radiation source
1. Introduction 2. Radiation Principles 3. Orbit of the Earth 4. Heat flux, 5. Surface radiation budget
Chapter 2: Radiation 1. Introduction
RADIATION SOURCE
The main entrance of radiation on the

planet is the radiation emitted by the
Sun. Conversion of hydrogen into
helium.
This heat escapes from the Sun's interior

to its surface and thence to Earth. The
emission of solar radiation is roughly
constant. This energy is transmitted in
the form of electromagnetic waves,
which have different lengths.
Chapter 2: Radiation 1. Introduction
The radiation heats the atmosphere and directs air movement (wind)
- Seasonal distribution of radiation: conditioned by the characteristics of the Earth's orbit.
- Daily distribution of radiation: conditioned by the Earth's rotation.
• Most solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's surface during the day (heating)
Longwave radiation incident is less than the emitted during the day and night (net cooling)
A daily cycle of net radiation
ÍNDICE
1. Introduction
Radiation source
Propagation
Emission
Distribution
Absorption, reflection and transmission
Chapter 2: Radiation 2. Radiation principles
PROPAGATION
Length, frequency and speed
Radiation can be modeled as

electromagnetic waves, or as photons.
These waves propagate through vacuum at a

constant speed c0
c0 ≅ 3∙108 ms-1  speed of light.
Light travels slightly slower through air.
Using the wave model of radiation:

- The wavelength λ (m∙cycle-1) is related with the frequency ν (cycles∙s-1) by: λ·v = c0
- Wavenumber σ is the number of waves per meter: σ (cycles∙m-1) = 1 / λ.
- Angular frequency is ω (radians∙s-1) = 2∙π∙ν
PROPAGATION
Electromagnetic spectrum
PROPAGATION
Electromagnetic spectrum
EMISSION
Objects warmer than absolute zero (0 K) can emit radiation.
Energy emitted is function of the absolute body temperature.
Blackbody: object that emits the maximum possible radiation for its temperature.
Irradiance, E λ * : is the amount of blackbody monochromatic radiative flux (in each

wavelength, λ) (Planck’s law). It’s a function of temperature.
c1
Eλ ∗ =
λ 5 ⋅ exp ( c2 (λ ⋅ T ) ) − 1
The asterisk indicates blackbody.

The two constant are:
c1 = 3.74 ⋅108 W ⋅ m −2 ⋅ µ m 4
1.44 ⋅104 µ m ⋅ K
c2 =
Actual objects can emit less than the theoretical blackbody.
Eλ= e λ ⋅Eλ ∗
where 0 ≤ e λ ≤ 1 is emissivity, a measure of emission efficiency.
EMISSION Planck curves
What is the wavelength of maximum emission for a blackbody at temperature T?
a
Wien’s law λmax = (a = 2897 μm·K)
T
EMISSION Planck curves
SUN EARTH-ATMOSPHERE
Peak emissions from the average earth

Peak emissions from the Sun (T = system (T = 255 K) are in the infrared
5780 K) are in the visible range of range (8-18 μm). This radiation is
wavelength (0.4-0.7 μm). The radiation called terrestrial radiation,
from the Sun is called solar radiation longwave radiation, or infrared
or short-wave radiation. radiation (IR).
EMISSION
Total Irradiance
The total amount of emission: area under Planck curve (all wavelengths)
∞
Stefan-Boltzmann law =
E ∗
∫ Eλ ⋅ d λ
*
=
E ∗
σ SB ⋅ T 4 (W·m-2)
0
where σSB is the Stefan-

Boltzmann constant
σSB = 5.67∙10-8 W∙m-2∙K-4
DISTRIBUTION
Radiation emitted from a spherical source decreases with the square of the distance
from the center of the sphere (inverse square law):
2
∗ ∗  R1 
E=
2 E1 ⋅ 
 2
R
R R  radius from the center of the sphere
(the subscript: two different distances from the center).
Total solar irradiance reaching the atmosphere: area

under the solar-radiation curve reaching the Earth's orbit.
This quantity is commonly called the solar constant, S

S = 1366 ± 7 W·m-2.
S
2
R S0  Average solar constant = 1366 W·m-2
S= S0 ⋅  
R R  Average Sun-Earth distance = 149.6 Gm
Transformation of radiant energy:

ABSORPTION, REFLECTION and TRANSMISSION
The emissivity, e λ , is the fraction of radiation from a blackbody that is emitted,

according to its absolute temperature.
The absorptivity, a λ , is the fraction of radiation reaching a surface that is absorbed.
Kirchhoff's law states that the absorptivity and emissivity of a

substance are equal in each wavelength, λ. (i.e., radiation that a body
which is able to emit, is capable of absorbing in the same proportion):
aλ = eλ
The reflectivity, r λ , is the fraction of the incident radiation that is reflected.
The transmissivity, t λ , is the fraction of the incident radiation that is transmitted.
ABSORPTION, REFLECTION and TRANSMISSION
Eλ reflected
=rλ = reflectivity The sum of these fractions must total 1.
Eλ incident
100% of the radiation at any wavelength
Eλ absorbed must be accounted:
=aλ = absortivity
Eλ incident
1 = aλ + rλ + tλ
Eλ transmited
=tλ = transmissivity
Eλ incident
Eλ incident = Eλ absorbed + Eλ reflected + Eλ transmitted
For opaque substances: tλ = 0, aλ = 1 - rλ.
Albedo, A: ratio of total reflected to total incoming solar radiation

(averaged over all solar wavelength)
Ereflected
A=
E incident
ABSORPTION, REFLECTION and

TRANSMISSION
Typical albedos
Average global albedo in the planet:
A = 30%
ÍNDICE
1. Introduction
Radiation source

Chapter 2: Radiation 3. Orbit of the Earth
ORBIT OF THE EARTH
Planetary orbits ≅ circulars (small ellipticity).
Period circular orbits  ϒ = a ⋅ R3 2 a ≅ 0.1996 (d ·Gm-3/2) (d = earth days)

R =distance of the planet from the Sun.
Earth-Moon rotation period = 27.32 days.
The barycenter is much closer to the

center of Earth than to the center of
the Moon.
(massMoon =1.23 % massEarth)
The barycenter is below the Earth’s

surface. Earth radius ≈ 6371 km
(to 4671 km from the Earth center).
ORBIT OF THE EARTH

The moon-earth orbit is elliptical with period of P = 365.25463 days. Slightly wavy path.
The center of the sun is one focus of the ellipse.
e ≡ c /a = 0.0167  eccentricity.
a = 149.457 Gm  length of the semi-major axis of the ellipse.
c = 2.5 Gm  half the distance between the two foci.
Perihelion (3 January)The closest

distance between the Earth and Sun.
Aphelion (4 July)The farthest distance

between the Earth and Sun.
ORBIT OF THE EARTH

Seasonal effect: Temporal evolution of the distance between the Sun and
Earth
True anomaly, ν : Angle at the Sun between the perihelion and the location of the Earth.
Mean anomaly, M : A good approximation to true anomaly:
P  orbit period
C  angle of a full circle (C = 2·π radians = 360°)
τ  day of the year in the perihelion (τ = 3)
Because the Earth orbit is nearly circular, ν ≅ M. An even more exact approximation is:
The distance between the Sun and the

Earth as a function of time is:
a: length of the semi-major axis

e: eccentricity.
ORBIT OF THE EARTH
The sphericity of the Earth 

determines a decrease in the angle of
incidence of sunlight from Ecuador to the
poles, which favors a distribution of the
radiation received, being higher at lower
latitudes than in the highest.
The tilt of the Earth’s axis relative to the

plane of the ecliptic (the plane of Earth's
orbit around the Sun) and the
translation movement around the Sun
 imposes seasonal variations in solar
radiation received at different latitudes.
Seasonal cycles
Winter solstice  the angle of incidence of sunlight is maximum (90) on the Tropic
of Capricorn and decreases toward the poles. The time of exposure to the sun is
maximum in the South Pole.
Summer Solstice  the angle of incidence of the sun is highest in the Tropic of
Cancer and the time of exposure to the sun is maximum in the North Pole.
Equinoxes none
hemisphere is tilted toward the
sun. The exposure time is the
same in all parts of the world
(twelve hours at day and
twelve hours at night) and the
maximum angle of incidence of
sunlight occurs in Ecuador.
Seasonal effect: temporal evolution of the solar declination

Φ r = 23.45° = 0.409 radians  tilt of the Earth.
Solar declination, δs: Angle between
the ecliptic and the plane of the Earth’s
equator.
Summer solstice (22 June):

δs = +23.45°
Winter solstice (22 December)
δs = -23.45°
For any day of the year is given by:

d = day of the year (e.g., 5 February: d=36)
 C ⋅ ( d − dr )  dr= summer solstice (dr ≡ d = 173)
δ s =Φ r ⋅ cos   dy = number of days per year (dy = 365)
 dy  ϕr= tilt of the Earth’s axis, 23.45°
C = 2·π radians = 360°
Daily effect: temporal evolution of the angle above the horizon
Local elevation angle, Ψ , or solar height  angle of the sun above the horizon. It
rises and falls along the day.
tUTC = hour of the day in Coordinated Universal Time

C = 2·π radians = 360°
td = 24 h, length of the day
ф = latitude (positive north of the equator)
λe = longitude (positive west of the Greenwich meridian)
Daily effect: temporal evolution of the angle above the horizon
Daily effect: temporal variation of azimuth and zenith angles
Azimuth angle, α, of the Sun relative to north is:
Zenith angle,
complementary to the solar
elevation angle.
ζ C 4−Ψ
=
After noon, might need to

be corrected by ζ C 4−Ψ
=
Ψ
+α α
α= C − α -α
So the sun sets in the west
instead of the east.
Sunrise, sunset and twilight
Hour of day corresponding to these events can be calculated by:
td   sin (φ ) ⋅ sin (δ s ) − sin ( Ψ )  

tUTC = ⋅ λe ± arccos  
C   cos ( φ ) ⋅ cos ( δ s )  
where appropriate elevation angleΨ is used.
Where the ± sign apears, use + for sunrise and – for sunset.
If any of the answer are negative, add 24 h to the result.
Geometric sunrise and sunset: ocurr when the

center of the sun has zero elevation angle. 0.267°
Apparent sunrise and sunset: occur when the top of

the sun crosses the horizon, as viewed by an observed on -
the surface. 0.833°
• The sun has a finite radius corresponding to an angle of

0.267° when viewed from the earth.
• refraction of light through the atmosphere allows the top

of the sun to be seen even when it is really 0.567°below
the horizon. Thus, apparent sunrise/sunset occurs when
the center of the sun has a elevation angle of-0.833°.

Twilight: when the apparent top of the sun is slightly below the horizon, the surface of
the earth is not receiving direct sunlight. However the surface can still receive indirect light
scattered from air molecules higher in the atmosphere. The interval during which
accattered light is present at the surface is called twilight.
- Civil tw ilight: whenever the sun center is no lower
than -6°. >=-6°
- M ilitar tw ilight: whenever the sun center is no lower >=-12°

than -12°.
>=-18°
- Astronom ical tw ilight: whenever the sun center is
no lower than -18°.
Daily effect
Ejemplo 2.2
¿Cuál es el ángulo de elevación local el día 5 de mayo, en un punto localizado a 37.5°
latitud norte y 2° longitud oeste a las 3 p.m.?
El punto se encuentra dentro de la franja horaria +1 del Coordinated Universal Time.
Por lo tanto tUTC = 15-1 h.
φ = 37.5º N λe = 2ºW= d 5= mayo 125
 C ⋅ tUTC 
sin (=
Ψ ) sin (φ ) ⋅ sin (δ s ) − cos (φ ) ⋅ cos (δ s ) ⋅ cos  − λe 
 td 
 C ⋅ ( d − dr )   360º ⋅ (125 − 173) 

δ s =Φ r ⋅ cos   =23.45º ⋅ cos   =15.89º
 dy   365 
 360º ⋅14 
sin ( Ψ ) sin ( 37.5º ) ⋅ sin (15.89º ) − cos ( 37.5º ) ⋅ cos (15.89º ) ⋅ cos 
= = − 2  0.84
 24 
=Ψ arcsin(0.73)
= 57.18º

Capítulo 2 - Radiación Solar e Infraroja - Parte I (Presentación)

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ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS

SOLAR AND INFRARED

Chapter 1: The Atmosphere

Chapter 2: Radiation 1. Introduction

The main entrance of radiation on the

This heat escapes from the Sun's interior

Chapter 2: Radiation 1. Introduction

- Seasonal distribution of radiation: conditioned by the characteristics of the Earth's orbit.

- Daily distribution of radiation: conditioned by the Earth's rotation.

A daily cycle of net radiation

Chapter 2: Radiation 2. Radiation principles

Radiation can be modeled as

These waves propagate through vacuum at a

c0 ≅ 3∙108 ms-1  speed of light.

Light travels slightly slower through air.

Using the wave model of radiation:

Chapter 2: Radiation 2. Radiation principles

Chapter 2: Radiation 2. Radiation principles

Chapter 2: Radiation 2. Radiation principles

Irradiance, E λ * : is the amount of blackbody monochromatic radiative flux (in each

The asterisk indicates blackbody.

Actual objects can emit less than the theoretical blackbody.

Chapter 2: Radiation 2. Radiation principles

EMISSION Planck curves

What is the wavelength of maximum emission for a blackbody at temperature T?

Chapter 2: Radiation 2. Radiation principles

EMISSION Planck curves

Peak emissions from the average earth

Chapter 2: Radiation 2. Radiation principles

where σSB is the Stefan-

σSB = 5.67∙10-8 W∙m-2∙K-4

Chapter 2: Radiation 2. Radiation principles

Total solar irradiance reaching the atmosphere: area

This quantity is commonly called the solar constant, S

Chapter 2: Radiation 2. Radiation principles

Transformation of radiant energy:

The emissivity, e λ , is the fraction of radiation from a blackbody that is emitted,

The absorptivity, a λ , is the fraction of radiation reaching a surface that is absorbed.

Kirchhoff's law states that the absorptivity and emissivity of a

The reflectivity, r λ , is the fraction of the incident radiation that is reflected.

The transmissivity, t λ , is the fraction of the incident radiation that is transmitted.

Chapter 2: Radiation 2. Radiation principles

ABSORPTION, REFLECTION and TRANSMISSION

Eλ incident = Eλ absorbed + Eλ reflected + Eλ transmitted

For opaque substances: tλ = 0, aλ = 1 - rλ.

Albedo, A: ratio of total reflected to total incoming solar radiation

Chapter 2: Radiation 2. Radiation principles

ABSORPTION, REFLECTION and

Average global albedo in the planet:

3. Orbit of the Earth

Chapter 2: Radiation 3. Orbit of the Earth

ORBIT OF THE EARTH

Planetary orbits ≅ circulars (small ellipticity).

Period circular orbits  ϒ = a ⋅ R3 2 a ≅ 0.1996 (d ·Gm-3/2) (d = earth days)

Earth-Moon rotation period = 27.32 days.

The barycenter is much closer to the

The barycenter is below the Earth’s

Chapter 2: Radiation 3. Orbit of the Earth

ORBIT OF THE EARTH

The center of the sun is one focus of the ellipse.

Perihelion (3 January)The closest

Aphelion (4 July)The farthest distance

Chapter 2: Radiation 3. Orbit of the Earth