Copyright © IFAC 10t h Trienn ial World Con gress. 1.2- 3 MI N I NG.

MI N ERA L AND
Mun ich . FRG. 1987 T\! ETAL PROCESS I NG: SPEC IA L
APPLICATI ONS

CEMEXPERT: AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR THE

CEMENT GRINDING PROCESS
L. Keviczky*, Cs. Banyasz*, R. Haber* and M. Hilger**
" Cvlllp"ln and A lllvma livn I lISlilll le. H ll ngarian Arad"IIIY '1' Seim cl'S.
H -1502 . Bllda/JeSI, Kmde 11 13-17. H llnKlII)'
**Cmlml Rn Nll'ch lllld D('sig n I lIslilllle for Silicllle I ndl/.lll)·. H -1300. Budap,'sl.
Becsi ul 126/1 28. HllllgW)'

Abstract. Grinding i n the cement industry is a very energy-exacting

process, therefore it is essential that these systems should operate
yith the highest possible effiCiency. The CEtEXPERT grinding expert
system assist s the operator (and the t!xp!t1ring engineer) to set the
technological parameters to opt imal work i ng pOints, whi le working
under variable circumstances . The system consists of several
subsyst ems wh i ch are placed on three h i erarch i ca I layers, as: p I ant
operator layer, industrial expert layer and academical expert layer .

Keywords . Cement grinding process, neY control technologiesje xpert

systems, kna...ledge based systems.

IHTROOUCTIOH To overcome these d i fficulties Ye initiated to

develop an expert system yith a decision
Gr i nding is a very energy-exacting process . support i ng or operator assisting capabil i ty on
Almost ~O% of the energy consumpt ion in the the plant control level and with an efficient
cement production is appl ied for grinding. It is exp I orat ory feat ure for process des i gners . Our
essent i a I that the gr i nd I ng system shou I d paper deals with the cOllllleted CEMEXPERT system.
operate yith the highest possible efficiency, as
even a 5IllQ11 improvement of the efficiency of
the process may lead to a considerable saving in DEUELOMHT OF CEtEXPERT
cost and consumption.
The COIllluter and Automation Inst i tute , Hungarian
Dur i ng operat ion the grindabi Ity of the ra... Ac ademy of Sciences (CAI) and the Central
material is changing, the balls in the mi II are Aesearch and DeSign Inst itute for Si I icate
attrited, etc . , consequently the static and Industry ( CRDIS!) together aimed to develop on
dynamic features of the mill - separator system expert syst em to decrease the spec if i c energy
al~o change . Accordingly, by optimizing the consumpt ion of the grinding eQuipments i n the
technological pol icy it is not enough to create cement i ndust ry . The task 0 f t he expert syst em
opt ima I cond i t ions once - e . g . for an average is to process the measured data, to analyse the
grindabi I ity - but a repeated adjustment has to operat ing situat "ons and to support the
be ensured . operators ' decis ions . Furthermore it helps the
exploratory york of i ndustrial engineer i ng
The theory of grinding is most Iy conSidered as experts of grinding accl.l1l.llating their long
an emp i rical science . The operat ions of the experimental kna...ledge .
gr i nd i ng t echno I og i ca I un its are QU i t e COllllI e x,
inspite of the i r relatively s imple physical 1. The control engineering fundamentals of
arrangements and the physical phenomena . Only gr i nd i ng systems Yere s\.l'llllClr i zed in Kev i czky
very feY behaviours can be explaned and and coworkers ( 1985) , based on about a
descr i bed by exact re I at i onsh i ps and form; I as . ten-year interdiscipl inary research work .
The experiences and process responses ( stat i C 2. Based on this theoretical research and on the
and dynamic evaluat ions) accl.l1l.llated during ana lyses 0 f operat i ng measurement sin cement
normo I and spec i a I operat i ng c i rcumst ances are i ndustrial grinding eQuipments, CADISI
very import ant for bot h p I ant cont r o I operat ors elaborated and classif ied 011 the
and process deSigners. Therefore a Ye l l tra i ned physico-chem ical and empirical re lationships
"if ft!r wit h long exper i ence is most I y higher ~ich are necessary to an efficient
evaluated than a sophisticated control system. accOllllI i s!'ment 0 f the tasks to be so I ved by

15 7
 the expert system.
3. CAI specified the har~re and basic softwore
requirements with special regard to data
hand ling, mon-mcch i ne cClfllrun i cat i on and
graphic 1/0.
4. The system design of CEMEXPERT wos the result
of a team work, which contained the
subsystems, the algorittmical blocks and
their connection with data bases, console
communication and graphic representation
(cant rary tot he usua I syst em des i gns in the
field of process control, which contain all
the detai Is in bit-/evel::».
5. The syst em was acc~ I i shed by t he end 0 f
1985. The first t .....o systems were ilTl' Iemented
in t he CA I and CRD I SI. In spr i ng 1986 dat a
measured in the Hejocsaba Cement Factory
(Hungary) .....ere evaluated, then the system was
implemented on the spot.
HARDWARE CONFIGURATION
The CBMEXPERT system is realized on a Hungarian
mode persona I comput er M06X. Th i s c~ut er is a
CPft1 compatible machine . . . ith a medium resolution
graphic opt ion and ..... ith a double floppy unit .
(An add i t i ono I RAM disc opt i on con be used to
speed up the system.) A letter qual ity dot
motrix printer is used for hard copy needs.
The se Iect ion 0 f t he above HUJ .....as mode 011
bas i s 0 fit s 10'w' pr i ce, . . . i de ava i I ob i lit y,
and good service possibi I it ies provided by
producer. The good software support and
integrated graphic capabi I it ies were also
points in the selection.
SOFTUJARE EliU I AOtHNT
Ninety percent of the system is written in
FORTRAN (being easi Iy portable to other machine
or to other language), e~cept the graphic kernel
system and the extremely ::>aie data base system,
which are written in assembler.
MAN-MACHINE COMMUNICATION
The CEMEXPERT system has a user friendly
mon-moch i ne comnun I cat ion. Furt hermore t he user
does not need any computer knowledge on the t .....o
lower layers, on Iy quest ions posed by the
moch i ne have to be ans.....ered. I n genera I the
anS'W'e1' means a se Iect i on from a fu II screen menu
or typing some data . The consol communication is
i nt eract i ve, t he cursor can be dr i ven in the
full screen display to the chosen data to be
a It ered by t he correspond i ng but tons. The dot 0
of the display cClfllrunication are stol'ed so they
can be displayed during the next run of the
program. Both input and output data are handled
in free fONTlClt . In case of output data this
means that the pre fixed f ormct wi I I be 0 I t ered
according to the order of the mJ'nber (e.g . less
decimols will be displayed) . Two forms of
representation ore used: tabular and graphic. In
graphic mode .....e distinguish the representation
of variables (functions) and schemes. The latter
one means a graphic scheme of the technology by
indicating the measured/calculated values (e.g.
mot er i 0 I f IO'w'). Most 0 f the resu Its are given in
graph i c represent at ion, at first appearance of
the functions the type of axes (linear or
Iogar i t tm i c) i s fixed and the sca ling is
automctic . Then the user con change types and
scales of both axes by interactive cClfllrunication
on the graphical screen.
From any displayed result (including drO'w'ings) a
hard copy can be mode whose size (f ormot Ai)
he Ips t he easy document at ion. The a I phanumer i c
tables as well os the graphic pictures can be
stored for further processing ( to display later
or to edit into a report). A more detailed
descr i pt ion 0 f the conso Ie corrfT~.m i cat i on con be
found in Almasy and co.....orkers (1986).
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CEMEKPERT
SYSTEM
The CEMEXPERT system has numerous features which
distinguish it from other expert systems.
The t rad i t i ona I expert syst ems cons i st 0 f , in
general, a kno..... ledge based port and a collection
the of logical rules. Such are e.g . the medical
fast d i agnost i c syst ems in wh i ch knO'ft'Tl s!,lllPt oms 0 f
the diseases ore stored thus the c~uter helps
the recognizing the disease in a given case. The
key CEMEXPERT syst em d i ff ers, first 0 fa", from a
usua I expert syst em in that it does not cont a i n
a co II ect ion 0 flog i ca I ru Ies but i nc Iudes
process models, parameter estimators, simulators
and predictors . . . ith algoritl-rnic calculat ions and
assists the user (operator or e~plorer) . . . ith
dedicated paradigms making the best decision
poss i b le . These ca Icu Iat ions i nc Iude sc i ent i f i c
and statistic analyses of present and old-,
measured and ca Icu Iat ed dat a, as we II as
technical calculations and graphic
representation of the results . The user can
a I t er the operat i ng cond i t ion 0 f t he mi I I in the
direction of the optimal production . Such expert
system is col led deci sion supporting or operator
assist ing system (Krigman, 1985). Essent ial
modules of this system are the simulators . . .hich
help to test certain technological alterat ions
It'i t hout the don gel' and expense 0 f i nt erven i ng
into the actual technology (8ristol, lC;B5),
ensuring a very efficient exploratory process
deSign .
The CEMEXPERT system IS not a program on Iy, it
consists of subsystems whose madules are on
hierarchical layers (see Fig . 1) , i . e. plant
operator layer, industrial expert layer,
academical expert layer .
The lower layer i nc Iudes programs t hat are used
in t he rout i ne p Iant operat or work in a cement
 Cell1expen

factory. The middle layer is the level of the by the user

techno I og i ca I ana I yses and the adv i sory o Technology specific simulation
evaluations ~ich help the industrial experts in - Steady-state and dynamiC material flow
the i r research work. At last, the t h i rd layer models of a closed-circuit bal I mi I I
includes general purpose programs independent - Dynami c part i c I e size d i str i but i on mode I
from the technology, ...-hich help to ,olve ta,ks of batch grinding
not covered by the technology-oriented - DynamiC particle size model of a
simulation and ident ification programs of the closed-circuit mi II
second layer, and to i nc I ude new t heor i es and o Analysis of a continuous homogenizing system
methods. The knowledge necessary to use the (experimental identification of silo
programs of the individual levels grows parameters and Qual ification of the si 10 by
upwrds, so cert a i n programs 0 f the p I ant I eve I qual ity patterns)
can be used without any computational, technical o Particle size distribution analysis (fitting
or ,i I icate industrial pr act ice. The middle di fferent analytical particle size
level assists the knowledge acquisition already d i st r i but ion f unct ions tot he measured si (""'"
in the branch engineering, the research and passing values)
adVisory act ivities with special programs for o DeteNllination of the average resident time
the given technology. The simulat ion and of the material in the mi II (measurements
i dent i f i cat i on programs 0 f t he upper Ieve I are are performed by isotop)
comp I et e Iy genera I. S(1 t hey can be app lied very 3. Academical expert layer
eas i 1Y in any t echno 1og i ca 1 t ask if the o Process identification (estimat ion of the
engineering knowledge is given. The alphanumeric parameters of a single or multivariable,
and graph i c report ed it or ond t he genera I dat a st at i c or dynami c, I i near or non I i near
management belong also to this level.(See the model)
logical scheme in Fig. 2) o Process simulator (simulat ion of a system
constructed from function blocks)
o Graphic report editor (editing alpham.neric
PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE texts and graphic pictures stored in fi les
CEMEXPERT SYSTEM to make a report)
o Data base (read/write data into/from disc
1. Plant operator layer files, their modification, listing and
o Procession of plant operat ion data graphic display)
Init ial ization of data base For handl ing the plant operat ion data a general
- Read/write and modification of data purpose dot a management sys t em ....as used. A more
- List of plant operation data detai led descript ion can be found in Almasy and
- Graphic representation of data co...orkers (1956) .
o Technological calculations
- Evaluat ion of the mi II system
(calculation of the internal material DATA COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE
flows) MODULES OF CEMEXPERT
- Ana Iys i s 0f the separat or syst em
(evaluation of the particle size Three t1l8X persona I comput er con f i gurat i on are
distribution, deteNllination of the i nst a II ed: ane in t he fact ory (i n He j ocsaba) ,
particle size belonging to the sharp one in CRDISI and one in CAI , enabl ing the
separat ion, ca Icu Iat ion 0 f the e ff i c i ency accomp I i shment 0 f tasks 0 f d i f f erent I eve I and
of the separat ion) the cooperation. The identical har~~re and
- Ca Icu Iat i on of the mi 1I diagrams (energy soft ...are ensure the simple transport of the data
utilization factor, specific energy on floppy discs. The analysis of the data
consumpt ion , newly produced surface; measured regu I~r Iy in the fact ory can be
samp Ies from t he ground mat er i a I are per f ONned on t ne spot as ....e I I as t he research
taken along the rnl I I axis) and des i gn (t echno logy spec if i c i dent i f i cat ion,
- Ca Icu Iat ion 0 f the ba I I charact er i st i cs simulat ion) can be done in CRDISI fr'om the same
(deteNllinat ion of the maximal ball size dat a . The dot a t rans fer bet '>'Ben the hi er arch i c
after BOND, calculat Ion of opt imol ball layers is rea I i zed from t he bott am upwards on
content) floppy discs. ...-h i le dO'W'fl't(Qrds t here Is no
- Read, write, modi f icat ion and list ing of data bearer as very fe.... and mostly verbal data
technological data are transferred (e . g. suggestion to increase the
- Read, 'tfT'ite, modi ficat ion and list ing of r. p . m. 0 f the c Iass if i er by 10 percent for a
plant specific data given kind of cement). These instructions
2. I ndust r i a I expert loyer concern the t echno Iog i ca I process it se If, so a
o Technology specific ident ification feedback is establ ished in the grinding
- Parameter·s of the separator technology. The local regulators are placed on
- Batch grinding (separation matrix) the very bottom of this system, thus the control
- Characterist ic of the air-classifier can be conSidered a cascade one. Thus the
(TRct1P curve) CEI'l:XPERT is a dec i s i on support i ng syst em but
- ParCllTlet ers 0 f a pre f erred mode I de fined the decisions have to made by the operators .
160 L. KC\'iczh Pt al.
The fo11oo.'ing data fi le exist in the CEI'EXPERT
system:
o factory specific constant data
o measured plant operation data
o data enabling the communication bet~en the
prograns
o stored console communication data
o output data of a program stored for graphic
presentation
o data measured for identification purposes .
Certain part of this data fi les does not occur
for the user, they are only auxi I iary fi les for
the convenient appl ication. Actually three kinds
of data have to be dealt ~ith. These are:
o plant operation data base
o plant specific constant data
o technological data base
1. Plant operation data base means the
co II ect ion 0 f measurement s (approx. 40 dot a
per mil I) in regular intervals (e.g. by every
hour).Since there are no data loggers
i nst all ed an i nt ell i gent screen commun i cat ion
is elaborated for typing the data into files
(I.e. this is not a real- time system).One
record of the fi le contains the data
belonging to the SOOle time. The appl ied data
handl ing system ensures very safe data
collection and possibi I ity for data selection
for different purposes.
2. The plant specific constant data base gathers
the data of the grinding system invariable in
time and the characteristics of the plant
(e.g. the size of the mill). These data can
also be modified by wish .
3. The technological data base includes the
measured data (e.g. the specific surface,
particle size distribution values) necessary
to the technological computations (e.g .
material flws in the closed-circuit mi II -
separator system, rni II diagram, ball charge
charoct er i st i cs) . It i nc Iudes not on Iy
primari Iy measured but computed data, too
(e.g. moterial flws). The analysis of the
technology is occasional. Considering the
large Quant it Y 0 f dot a each ser ies 0 f
measures are to be placed i nt 0 independent
fi les. The structure of the fi les is fixed.
Oedicated programs help typing, modifying and
displaying these data.
APPLICATION AREAS OF CEMEXPERT
A typical appl ication is a technological
ana Iys is. Since t he we i ghs are very expens i ve
for the determination of moss fl~ in a
closed-circuit rni II system, other m<:>t.hods have
widely been appl ied which are based upon the
mass f Ia'*' somp Ies taken in a QUos i -st at i onary
state and then either sieving the samples or
measuring their specific surface or particle
size distribut ion the received values are
analysed.(The places of sompling are shwn in
Fig. 3.) Then using the above values and having
only one measured material floo.' the all
rerne i n i ng ones can be comput ed from the ba lance
equat ions. Spec i a I eQu i pment s (granu Iomet el's)
based on d i ff ract i on met hod are more and more
widely used for determination of the particle
size distribution.(In our tests the laser
granulometer CILAS 715 wos used.) Their
advantage against sieving is that they work
automotically and makes possible to measure
part i c Ie sizes under 30 mi cromet el's wh i ch
practically determine the qual ity of the cement.
In these tests, however, a serious problem
arises, nOOlely that the sample is not
representative enough. The quasi-stationary
state of the mi 1I system lasts only for a short
time, so to reduce the distort ion effect caused
by the particle size distribution analysis, a
correct ion can be calculated from the material
balance equations.
A typical technological analysis includes the
folloo.'ing items :
o The analyt ic relat ionship between the Blaine
and the particle size distribution values has
to be determined for the rni II product. By
means of this funct ion, the part icle size of
the ideal separat ion can be calculated from
the specific surface reference value.
o The outlet rate, the efficiency and the TROMP
curve can be computed from the analysis of
the air-classifier. The TROMP curve gives the
probabi I ity of the particle size getting into
the reject (Beke, 1964).
o The mi I1 diagram shows the effiCiency of the
grinding in different rnil I sections (particle
size distribution and specific surface along
the mill axis).
o The optimal ball content of the mill (ball
charges in each compartment) can be
determined from the prescribed conditions
given for the fractions (equal number or
equal surface of balls are required in each
compartment) (Clemonn, 1964).
The above ment i oned ana Iyses are va lid for the
steady-state behaviour of the grinding system.
The dolo logged in quasi-stat ionary state are
not enough to accompl ish the analysis necessary
for the determination of an optimal separation .
The most useful method is to make computer
simulations with di fferent static and dynamiC
models. Its precondition rei ies upon the
expel" iment a I i dent i f icat ion 0 f mode I parOOlet el's
of the technology (mi 11, separator, batch
grinding system, etc . ) . These tasks can be
performed most efficient Iy ~ith the
techno Iogy-spec if i c i dent i f i cat ion subsyst em of
CEt£XPERT. The st at i c and dynam i c behav i our 0 f
the mil I system can be investigated by
technology-specific simulation using
mat hemat i ca I mode Is based on i dent i f i ed
parOO'leters, so the opt imol input (fresh) feed,
as wel I as the regulator parOO'leters can be
 Cemexpen
designed.
flQplication ex~
Example 1. Calculation of mass flows in the
closed-circuit grinding process
The scheme of the grinding system is shown in
Fig. 3. The mi II is of an end-discharge type.
The mi II product (10) gets into tw air-
cla:!!~jfiers through an elevator (1 and 2). The
rejects (grits) (3 and 4) are led again into the
mill together .... ith the fresh material . The fine
product (5 and 6) together .... ith the dust (11) of
the electric air fi Iter form the end product
(12) of the grinding. The length of the mi II is
15 meters its diameter is 4.4 meter. Its
guarant ed spec i f i cat ion is 113 t on/hour at the
61aine value 2800 cm2/gr or 71 ton/hour at 4000
cm2/gr. The produced cement was PCS 350/20 ( .... ith
min. 2800 cm2/gr according to the Hungarian
st andards) . As it ....as ment i oned ear I i er the
we i ghs are very expens i ve , there fore t hey are
not placed in every measuring pOint, but to get
opt ima I operat ion it is necessary to knO'ff the
internal material flO'ffs of the mi I I system.
Measur i ng on Iy t he fresh mat er i a I f IO'ff all the
other material flows can be calculated from the
particle size distributions measured on the
numbered places. Further technological values
are given in Fig. 4.
Example 2. Steady-state and dynamiC simulation
of material flows in the closed-
circuit ball mill system
The dynamiC made I of the material flows which
approximates the operat ion of the mi II is used
in the technology-specific simulation subsystem.
The static characterist ic of the total feed -
fine product relationship can be seen in Fig. 5.
The explanation of the static characteristics is
that increasing the total teed over a certain
limit the mi I I gets clogged. The step responses
of the fine material flO'ff for the increase of
fresh feed from 110 t/h to 120 t/h and
thereafter to 125 t/h is shown in Fig. 6. The
phys i ca I exp Ianat ion 0f the osc i I Iat ions
appear i ng in the st ep response is in the
feedback loop.
Example 3. Identification of the TROHP curve of
the separator
The TAOMP curve shows the probabi I ity of getting
a particle into the grit, by definition
T(i) = (G/I1) G(i)/I1(i) }
where G is the grit flO'ff, M is the mil I product
flO'ff and G(i) and M(i) denote the corresponding
rooss flows of the i-th part icle size .... indO'olo'S.
There are various analyt ical approximat ions of
the TAOMP curve (T rO'ff insk i, 1976), here that 0 f
LYHCH is used for the separator Ho.l in the
I (j I
above mil I - separator system. The minimum value
of the TROHP curve (0.16), the part icle size
belonging to the medium value (125 micron at the
TRCM' value of 0.6) and the TAOHP value (0.866)
at the doub Ie part i c Ie size 250 mi cron can be
read on the measured TRCM' curve. The measured
and fitted TAOMP curves are seen in Fig. 6, the
corresponding data ore in Fig. 7. Here the
technology-specific identification subsystem was
appl ied.
COtCLUS I OHS
The firs t a i. 0 f the C8'EXPERT i s to r.e I p tr.e opera tors
in tr.e caent factories to control tr.e .i II - sepcrotor
systell opt ilia II y. By IIeQI'lS of the sys tell tr.e operator
con analyse t~ - . r e d teclY\ological data frooo
technological and enerqeti ca I point of view. Different
plots referring to tr.e efficietlCO,j of the plant (e . g.
alOl'19 ~ axis of tr.e . i l l ) r.elp to n.rt tr.e . i l l IIOI"e
aid IIOI"e op t i IKJ I . Techno I ogy-spec i f i c
prograti r.elp to silOUlate tr.e effect of changes in tr.e
s i IOU I at i on
IIQSS floes (e.9 . in feeding), particle size
di tributions, etc.
parotleters which
TI-oe !IOdels include technological
can be det_ined by the
techno I ogy-spec i f i c i dent if i cat i on prograIIS.
The expert systell - which is bel ieved to be tr.e first
one in tr.e caent grinding technology - di ffers frOll tr.e
usua I exper t sys t...,. . I t con ta i ns and """"*"
I a tes the
knOllledge of experts in this field, but instead of
logical rules, arithlletic operations. diagralls are used
to coapute t~ decision supporting results displayed
lIQinly graphically. CEI'EXPERT is bui It in hierarchical
IICIY, dividood into three I""""",:
o Plant operator layer
o Industrial expert layer
o Acadellical expert layer.
C£I'EXPERT is installed at HejOcsaba CeIoent Factory in
Hungary and .arks efficiently.
The s.ysteta indalled at the CADISI has considaNlbly
increased ~ knoeledge about tl-oese cetllent industrial
gr i nd i ng techno I og i ca I un i ts by rurYI i ng CEMEXPERT for
exploratory invest i gat ions.
The project .i II be continued to develop tr.e COIIpletely
IX>rt~le version of the systetll for IBM AT cCMRpOtible
professional PC-s.
It is t:Ar pleasure to express the appreciation of
efforts and contributions !lOde by our colleagues G.
AI.a"Y, K. Hangos and F.Sipos (1986) in the preparation
of CEMEXPERT. Tr.e authors are grateful for the valuable
CI"Id useful technological advices of J . Kolostori (1984).
F£FEF£tn:S
A I oosy, G., Cs. B6nyQsz, R. Haber, K. Hangos and F .
Si IX>s ( 1986 ) 4 FfR1ES So ftware f raIIe for
technological expert syst_s in
Hungar ion), Aut08lOt i zo las i Konferenc i a , Ny i regyh6za
(H), 49-58.
Beke, B . (1964) . Principles of COIIIItinution, Publ . House
of tr.e HlIlgaI" i an AcadeIIy of Se i ences, Budapes t, 163.
Bristol, E .H. (1985). Ihlt is AI? And should we
care?, Instrunoentation Technology, 32,4,37-41.
Clella\fl, J. (1984). Einfluss der RoIrIMi1lenbeluftung auf
die MahI.irkung,Zeaent-Kalk-Gi~,37,62B-635 .
Keviczky, L . , M. Hilger and J. Kolostori (1985). Control
engineering theory of grinding,~t SZIKKTI.
Kr i gaoan, A . (1985 ). Expel" t sytees : I«Ju I d 'P.J trus t one?
Flleggi, R. (1967). fbsche i de-Effek te unci ~ i rksaaIke it von
Stre is i ch tarn f lA" Zeaen t.ato I cri I agen , Schooe i zer i sche
Bauzeitung, 85 , 70-74 .
Seebach, H. M. (1972). IJerfciY'enstechnische Opti.ien.rog
""'" Z--.tllClhlan- lagen,Ze.ent-l(alk-Gi~,25, 2,71-73 .
Slegten, P. and J . Mattan (1973). Cesent lIIill liners
segregate grinding lledia, Rock Products.76,3,68-71.
Tra.inski, M. (1976). Die IIOthetlatische Fonoul ierung der
T~KLrVe, Aufbereit~tedYlik, 17, 248-254,
449-459.
162

Academ ical Expert Layer

Industrial Expert Layer

Plant Operator Layer

Fig. 1 The CEnE XPEAT layers

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