“A STUDY ON EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF SPICE INDUSTRY” (PEPPER, CARDAMOM

(SMALL&LARGE), TURMERIC AND CUMIN)

INTRODUCTION

An export is any good or commodity, transported from one country to another country in
a legitimate fashion, typically for use in trade. In national accounts “exports” consist of
transaction in goods and services (sales, barter, gifts or grants) from residents to non-
residents.

Methods of exports include a product or good or information being mailed, hand-

delivered, shipped by air, shipped by boat, unloaded to an internet site, or downloaded from
an internet site. Exports also include the distribution of information that can be sent in the
form of an email, an email attachment, a fax or can be shared during a telephone
conversation.

The main advantages of exporting are, ownership advantage are the firm’s specific
assets, international experience, and the ability to develop either low-cost or differentiated
products within the contracts of its value chain. The locational advantages of a particular
market are the benefits of retaining a core competence within the company and threading it
though the value chain rather than obtain to license, outsource, or sell it. The main
disadvantages of export are financial management effort, customer demand, communication
technologies improvement, management mistakes.

The exporting process includes the licenses and documentation necessary to leave the
country, an international carrier to transport the goods, and fulfilment of the requirements
necessary to get the shipment legally in to another country. These mechanics of exporting are
sometimes considered the essence of foreign marketing. Although their importance cannot be
minimized they should not be seen as the primary task of international marketing.

The immediate task of the exporter is to acknowledge the export order, which is different
from its acceptance. Then he would proceed to examine the export order carefully in respect
of items specification, reshipment inspection, payment conditions, special packaging,
labelling and making requirements, shipment and delivery date, marine insurance etc… If the

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exporter is satisfied on these aspects a formal conformation of the export under should be
sent to the buyer and the exporter should proceed to enter into a formal contract with the
overseas buyer.

1.1 Profile of Indian Spice Industry

World history is very associated with Indian Spices. The Vedas, the Bible, and Quran are
all replete with reference – direct or indirect to Indian Spices. The earliest literacy record in
Indian Spices is the Rig Veda (around 6000 BC), and other three Vedas- Yajur, Sama,
Atharva. The history and culture of Indian Spices is probably as old as human civilisation
itself. If spices were not abundant in India, any of the voyage that led to discovery of new
nations would not have taken place. It was the flavour of the Indian Spices, which attracted
the Portuguese, the Dutch, the French and the British to the India.

India with favourable climatic zones, is well placed in respect of spices. The country is
blessed with a wide range of agro-climatic conditions from tropical to temperate zones,
coastal plains to high attitudes and semi-arid to highly humid evergreen forests. It has been
able to curve out a niche as a prime producer of spices for the world and is the largest
producer, consumer and exporter of spices. Nearly 50 % of the world demand of spices is met
by India.

Today India exports 52 spices and spice oils products like spice oils, oleoresins, curry
powder, spice powders and spice mixtures. The contribution of export of value added
products like curry powder, spice oils and oleoresins accounts for about 20%. The present
thrust is to export as much value added products of spices instead of our conventional
practice of exporting spices in the whole form. The shift in emphasis from commodities in the
whole form to value added products has given a new dimension to the spice industry in the
country.

India enjoyed a predominant position in respect of pepper, turmeric in the world market.
India enjoys the distribution of being the single largest supplier of spice to the world. These
products are consistently competitive because out strong production base, high productivity
and strong technical advantage to meet international quality requirements. The changed food
habits with an accent on the western type of eating paved the way to boost the exports of
value based products. Non availability of indigenously produced quality spices at

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international parity prices in the country in required quality has become a major impediment
to raise the export of spices.

1.2 Product Profile

The term spice is derived from the Latin word ‘speces romotacea” which means ‘fruits of
the earth’. The most popular application of spices is in food flavouring. They are also valued
as ingredients for perfumes, cosmetics and medicines. Spices come in the following form for
adding the aroma, taste or character desired in the final product.

 Whole Spices: - They are spices in their primary form with intact cellular structure
and locked in favour principles.
 Ground Spices: - These are whole spices milled to a certain degree of fineness
required by the food processor.
 Spice Extracts: - Spice extracts serve an alternatives to whole and ground spices
and provide the stability and consistency required in food formulations. They can
be customized to meet specific products needs for solubility/dispersibility, aroma,
taste and colour and are micro biologically stable.

1.3 Objectives of the study

Objectives are the systematic immersation for the study.

 To study the India’s production and export of Pepper, Cardamom (Small & Large),
Turmeric and Cumin.
 To analyse the export performance of Pepper, Cardamom (Small & Large), Turmeric
and Cumin.
 To find out the future trends of the export.
 To offer suggestion for the improvement.

1.4 Scope for the Study

 The study would help the pepper, cardamom, turmeric and cumin producers to
increase their export.
 New exporters can have a glance about the pepper, cardamom, turmeric and cumin
performance in the export field.

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  Helps to find out profitable market for pepper, turmeric and cumin.

1.5 Research Methodology

1.5.1 Research Design

Research design is the arrangement for collection and analysis of data in a manner
that aims to continue relevance to research purpose with economy in procedure.

1.5.2 Data Source

Secondary data is used for the purpose of the project study. These data are collected
from the reports of the Spices Board and from various journals, magazines, newspaper and
websites, which gave lots of information to complete this, project a successful one.

1.5.3 Tools and Techniques used

The data analyzed through the application of various statistical tools such as
percentage, ranking and trend projection method.

1.6 Limitations of the Study

 The study was mainly based on secondary data

 Due to the time constraints, extensive data collection was not possible in depth.

1.7 Chapterisation

Chapter I Introduction

Chapter II Details about the product

Chapter III Review of Literature

Chapter IV Analysis and Interpretation

Chapter V Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion

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2.1 PEPPER

Pepper is a fruit-like unripe berry that is obtained from a plant namely, Piper Ingram
(a perennial shrub having spikes of white flower and dark green leaves). These unripe but
mature berries are collected and dried in the sun to get the black pepper. It is the earliest of
the spices that are known to the world today. Pepper word is derived from a Latin word
‘piper’ but the origin of this word comes from a Sanskrit word ‘Papal’ which means pepper
only. Pepper is also and rightly known as the ‘king of spices’ as its usage makes it the most
essential spice in the world. It is the oldest one.

The production of pepper is dependent upon the host and moist weather conditions
and the pepper crop needs these sorts of conditions to prosper. That is why it is produced in
countries having this type of climate.

The topmost pepper producing countries forms part of the International Pepper
Community Countries (IPC) covering about 85% of the pepper world’s trade. Earlier, India
was Vietnam took the lead as it put more under pepper production.

Pepper was the one of the first crops that was cultivated in India. It is usually found in
the southern and south western regions of Indian subcontinent. India’s pepper production
constitutes 26 % to the world’s pepper production. Kerala holds the biggest share in India’s
total pepper production contributing to a staggering 96%. The remaining production is
contributed by Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry and Andaman & Nicobar.

Like any eastern spices, pepper was historically seasoning and a medicine. Long
pepper, being stronger, was often the preferred medication, but both were used. Pepper was
so valuable that it was often used as collateral or even currency.

2.1.1Description
Black Pepper is the dried mature berry of Piper nigrum, a climbing, perennial shrub
mostly found in hot, moist region of Southern India. Under cultivation pepper vines are
trailed over support as columns, 5-6 mtr tall, 1-2 meter diameter. The climbing woody stems
have swollen nods with clinging roots at each node, which helps in anchoring the vine to the
support trees (standards). It has straight upward growing main stem and have lateral shoots
from the axils of the leaves having shorter inter nodes without adventitious roots. In such

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branches the terminal buds get modified into an inflorescence (spike) and the auxiliary buds
continue further growth.

The root system confined to 75-100 cm radius and depth. The inflorescence is a
pendent spike, 3-15 cm long with 50-150 flowers. Flowers are minute, white pale yellow,
arranged spirally on fleshy pedantries. The specie is naturally self-pollinated and pollen
dispersal is aided by the presence of water droplets. Fruit is a single seeded drupe often called
berry. It is spherical in shape, green in colour, changing to red on ripping.

2.1.2 Origin and Distribution

Pepper is considered originated in the hills of South Western Ghats of India. It is now
grown in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Brazil,
Mexico, and Guatemala apart from the country of origin.
Pepper requires hot and humid climate and grows between 20 degree North and South
latitudes, from sea level to up to 1500 meters above MSL. The crop tolerates temperatures
between 10 degree and 40 degree C. A well-distributed annual rainfall of 125 to 200 cm is
considered ideal for pepper.

2.1.3 Uses

Pepper is largely used by meat packers and in canning, pickling, baking, considering
for its preservative value. It has the ability to correct the seasoning of dishes, therefore used
as a final dash at the end of cooking to effectively adjust the flavour. It is an important
component of culinary seasoning of universal use and is an essential ingredient of numerous
commercial foodstuffs. It is also used as an ingredient in spice mixes. White pepper is used in
products like mayonnaise where, black specks of black pepper is not liked.

Other products in use are pepper oil, oleoresin, micro encapsulated pepper, green
pepper in brine, dehydrated green pepper, frozen pepper etc.

Black pepper is an essential ingredient in Indian system of medicine. Piperine, the

pungent principle in pepper oleoresin helps to enhance bio-availability and therefore used in
pharmaceuticals. The major functional properties of pepper are analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-
oxidant and anti-microbial.

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2.2 CARDAMOM (SMALL)

Cardamom of commerce is the dried ripe fruit (capsules of cardamom plant) often
referred as the “Queen of Spices” because of its very pleasant aroma and taste. Cardamom is
a perennial, herbaceous, rhizomatous plant. Based on the nature of panicles, three varieties
are recognized viz. Malabar with prostrate panicle, Mysore with erect panicle, and Vazhukka
with semi erect panicle. Plants are of medium size (2 to 3 mtr height) with pubescent leaves
(on the dorsal side) and fruits globose in the case of Malabar, whereas plant robust (3 to 4 mtr
height) with leaves glabrous on both sides with ovoid capsules in the case of Mysore.
Vazhukka variety is a mix of both the above in physical characteristics.

Indian cardamom is offered to the international markets in different grades: 'Alleppey

Green Extra Bold' (AGEB), 'Alleppey Green Bold' (AGB) and 'Alleppey Green Superior'
(AGS) are names that register instant appeal worldwide. Cardamom oil is a precious
ingredient in food preparations, perfumery, health foods medicines and beverages. India, a
traditional exporter of cardamom to the Middle East countries where it goes mostly into the
preparation of 'Gahwa' - a strong cardamom - coffee concoction without which no day is
complete or no hospitality hearty for an Arab. Indian cardamom enjoys a premium preference
in the Middle East, Japanese and Russians who relish it for its distinct enriching properties.

2.2.1 Origin and Distribution

Cultivation of cardamom is mostly concentrated in the ever green forests of Western

Ghats in South India. Besides India, cardamom is grown as a commercial crop in Guatemala
and on small scale in Tanzania, Sri Lanka, El Salvador, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia,
Honduras, and Papua & New Guinea. The optimum altitudinal range on growing cardamom
is 600 to 1500 mtr above MsL. The cardamom growing regions of South India lies within 8 -
30 degree N latitudes and 75-78 degree longitudes.

2.2.2Uses

The major use is for the preparation of ‘gahwa’ – a strong cardamom coffee concoction
which is a symbol for hospitality among Arabs. Apart from this cardamom is widely used as
a flavouring material in whole and ground form. In Asia, it can add a lingering sparkle to

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every kind of dishes both traditional and modern. In Scandinavian countries it is used in
baked goods and confectionaries. In Europe and North America it is an ingredient in curry
powder and in some sausages products.

Cardamom oil and oleoresin has applications in flavouring processed foods, cordials,
and liquors and in perfumery and in Ayurvedic medicines.

2.3 CARDAMOM (LARGE)

Large Cardamom is a perennial herb with subterranean rhizomes and 50-140 aerial
leafy shoots. Each shoot has height of 1.7 to 2.6 mtr and possess 9 to 13 leaves in each tiller.
Leaves are glabrous on both sides with a prominent mid-rib. Inflorescence is a condensed
spike with yellowish perianth. Each spike has 10-15 fruits. Fruit is round or oval shape,
capsule with reddish brown colour. Each capsule is trilocular with many seeds.

2.3.1Origin and Distribution

Large Cardamom is cultivated in the Sub-Himalayan region of North Eastern India,

Nepal and Bhutan. It is grown in cold humid conditions under shade of trees at an altitude
between 800-2000 meters above MSL., with an average precipitation of 3000-3500 mm
spread over about 200 days and with temperature ranging from 6-30 degree C.
2.3.2Uses
It is used as a flavourant in dishes like Pulavu, Biriyani and meat preparations. It is an
ingredient in curry powder and spice masala mixtures and is also used in Ayurvedic and
Unani medicines. It has applications in flavouring cola, biscuits, liquors.

2.4 TURMERIC

Turmeric is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family,

Zingiberaceae. It is native to tropical South Asia and needs temperatures between 20 °C and
30 °C and a considerable amount of annual rainfall to thrive. Plants are gathered annually for
their rhizomes, and propagated from some of those rhizomes in the following season.

When not used fresh, the rhizomes are boiled for several hours and then dried in hot
ovens, after which they are ground into a deep orange-yellow powder commonly used as a
spice in curries and other South Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine, for dyeing, and to impart

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color to mustard condiments. Its active ingredient is curcumin and it has a distinctly earthy,
slightly bitter, slightly hot peppery flavor and a mustardy smell.

In medieval Europe, turmeric became known as Indian saffron, since it was widely
used as an alternative to the far more expensive saffron spice.

Nizamabad, a city in the south Indian state of Andhra pradesh, is the world's largest
producer and most important trading center of turmeric in Asia. For these reasons,
Nizamabad in history is also known as "Turmeric City". Sangli, a town in the southern part of
the Indian western state of Maharashtra, is the second largest and most important trading
center for turmeric in Asia. Kasur district of Pakistan is the largest producer of turmeric in
Pakistan. Mayo cultivators introduced different varieties of turmeric in Kasur.

Today, it is impossible to imagine an Indian delicacy without the turmeric spice. The
rhizome or root of turmeric plant is used to make turmeric spice. The rhizome is boiled and
then let to dry. The rough skins are removed and grounded to make a fine rich yellow
turmeric powder.  

Turmeric is natural preservative. When added to Indian delicacies such as curry and
rice, it gives a rich color and slight flavor to food. Turmeric combines well with spices such
as chilli powder, coriander powder, cumin, and cinnamon.

2.4.1 Description

Turmeric is the boiled, dried, cleaned and polished rhizomes of Curcuma longa. The
plant is a herbaceous perennial, 60-90 cm high, with a short stem and tufted leaf. There are 7
to 12 leaves, the leaf sheaths forms the pseudo stem. The lamina is green above and pale
green below and has a length of 30-40 cm and width 8-12 cm. Inflorescence is a central spike
of 10-15 cm length. 1-4 flowers are born in axil of the bract opening one at a time. About 30
flowers are produced in a spike. Seeds are produced in capsules and there will be one to
numerous sunken capsules in an inflorescence.

2.4.2 Origin and Distribution

It is a native of India. Apart from India, it is cultivated in Pakistan, Malaysia,

Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Japan, Korea, China, Sri Lanka, Nepal, East &
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West Africa, South Pacific Islands, Malagasy, Caribbean Islands and Central America. In
India, it is cultivated in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka and Kerala.

Turmeric is a tropical crop cultivated from sea level to 1200 meter MSL. It grows in
light black, black clayey loams and red soils in irrigated and rainfed conditions. The crop
cannot stand water logging or alkalinity.

2.4.3 Uses

Turmeric is used to flavour and to colour foodstuffs. It is a principal ingredient in

curry powder. Turmeric oleoresin is used in brine pickles and to some extent in mayonnaise
and relish formulations, non-alcoholic beverages, gelatins, butter and cheese etc. The colour
curcumin extracted from turmeric is used as a colourant.
Turmeric is also used as a dye in textile industry. It is used in the preparation of
medicinal oils, ointments and poultice. It is stomachic, carminative, tonic, blood purifier and
an antiseptic. It is used in cosmetics. The aqueous extracts has biopesticidal properties.

2.4.4 Turmeric in India

The turmeric spice was a major part in Indian culinary dating back to 3000 B.C.
Turmeric was cultivated in India. The turmeric plant requires hot climate with light soil. The
hot and humid climate of India suits the growth of tropical turmeric plant. In Sanskrit,
turmeric is known as “Haridra”. Turmeric was not only used in Indian delicacies but was also
used extensively in Ayurveda, an ancient Indian medical system of preventive health care.

Turmeric was not known to the western world until the medieval period. In 13th
century, the Arabian traders introduced turmeric to Europe. Turmeric was then known as
“Indian Saffron”.

2.5 CUMIN

Cumin is the dried, white fruit with greyish brown colour of a small slender annual
herb. The surface of the fruit has 5 primary ridges, alternatively has 4 less distinct secondary
ridges bearing numerous short hairs. The plant is 15 to 50 cm high. The aromatic seed like
fruit is elongated, ovoid, 3 to 6 mm long, slightly bitter and has a warm flavour. The flowers
are white or rose coloured in small umbels.

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2.5.1 Origin and Distribution

Cumin is indigenous to Northern Egypt, Syria, the Mediterranean region, Iran and
India. It is also cultivated in Mexico, China, Sicily and Malta. Cumin is a tropical plant and is
cultivated as a rabi crop in areas where atmospheric humidity during February-March is low.

2.5.2 Uses

Cumin seed have an aromatic odour and bitter taste. It is used as a condiment, and is an
ingredient in curry powders, seasonings of breads, cakes and cheese. It is employed in native
dishes of Central and South America. In medicine, it is used as a stimulant, carminative,
stomachic and astringent. Cumin seed oil is used in perfumery and for flavouring liqueurs
and cordials.

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 In this chapter the researchers has gathered and reviewed some relevant studies done
earlier by scholars and features in journals. The review has helped to understand the growth
in pepper, cardamom, turmeric and cumin industry of India and its impact on the Indian
economy.

P. N. Ravindran - Harwood Academic, 07-Aug-2000 - Science 

Black Pepper is the first monograph on this important and most widely used spice.
This volume includes chapters on all aspects of the crops' botany; crop improvement,
agronomy, chemistry, post-harvest technology, processing, diseases, insect pests, marketing,
economy and uses. All the available information has been collected and presented by experts
for the use of students, teachers and research workers in the field, and will remain the major
reference source for all pepper workers for some time to come.

P. N. Ravindran, K. J. Madhusoodanan-Taylor & Francis, 03-Oct-2002 - Health &

Fitness 
Cardamom, also known as Malabar cardamom, true cardamom or small cardamom
and second only to pepper in its importance during the Renaissance period, is often qualified
as the Queen of Spices because of its very pleasant aroma and taste. This volume contains
sixteen chapters, fourteen on cardamom and one each on large cardamom and false
cardamoms. All aspects of the cardamom crop have been covered, and each chapter is written
by experts in their respective fields. Cardamom: The genus Elettaria is both a textbook and
reference work for scientists and students of horticulture, plantation crops, botany and related
fields, and will go on to serve as the main reference volume on cardamom for many years to
come.
EXIM Times: 1st January 2007

Queen of spices enters the digital age to keep Indian trade honest. Cardamom, the
queen of spices that is old as the Indian hills, enters the digital age today with the launch of
an electronic auction intended to create transparency in its trading. Cardamom is the common
name for certain plant spices native to India and South eastern Asia, and for their aromatic
seeds.

The trade cardamom has large leaves and white flowers with blue stripes and yellow
boarders. The plant grows to about 3 metres in height. The fruit is a small capsule with 8 to
16 brown seeds; the seeds are used as a spice.

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P. N. Ravindran, K. Nirmal Babu, K. Sivaraman CRC Press, 01-Mar-2007
For the last 6000 years turmeric has been used in Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate
pain, balance digestion, purify body and mind, clear skin diseases, expel phlegm, and
invigorate the blood. Nowadays, this plant has acquired great importance with its anti-aging,
anti-cancer, anti-Altzheimer, antioxidant, and a variety of other medicinal properties. The
need of the hour is to verify and validate the traditional uses by subjecting them to proper
experimental studies. To do this effectively there needs to be a single comprehensive source
of the knowledge to date. Turmeric: the genus C urcumais the first comprehensive
monographic treatment on turmeric. It covers all aspects of turmeric including botany,
genetic resources, crop improvement, processing, biotechnology, pharmacology, medicinal
and traditional uses, and its use as a spice and flavoring. Bringing together the premier
experts in the field from India, Japan, UK, and USA, this book offers the most thorough
examination of the cultivation, market trends, processing, and products as well as
pharmacokinetic and medicinal properties of this highly regarded spice. While Ayurveda has
known for millennia that turmeric cleanses the body, modern science has now discovered that
it produces glutathione-s-transferase that detoxifies the body and therefore strengthens the
liver, heart, and immune system. By comparing traditional uses with modern scientific
discoveries, the text provides a complete view of the medicinal value and health benefits of
turmeric. Heavily referenced with an exhaustive bibliography at the end of each chapter, the
book collects and collates the currently available data on turmeric. Covering everything from
cultivation to medicine, Turmeric: the Genus C urcumaserves as an invaluable reference for
those involved with agriculture, marketing, processing or product development, and may
function as a catalyst for future research into the health benefits and applications of turmeric.

EXIM Times: 18th June 2007

Pepper exporters earn more on global supply squeeze. The global short fall in pepper
supply seems to be working wonders for the India pepper exports. The unit value realisation
has jumped dramatically in spite of strengthening of the Rupee. The country exported 1600
tons of pepper valued at Rs 20.64 crore in April 2007, compared to 1575 tone of value Rs
13.17 crore in April 2006. Spices Board has fixed a target of Rs 30,000 tone of pepper
exports valued approximately at Rs 450 crore for the current fiscal.

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Pramila S. Chougule, university of agricultural sciences, Dharwad: July 2008

Turmeric is an herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae,

native of Indo-Malayan region. Turmeric is essentially tropical crop grown in India, Pakistan,
Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Japan, China, Sri Lanka, Africa and Central America. It is
the third most important spice crop of India, next to chillies and black pepper. India is the
largest producer and exporter of turmeric contributing about 80 per cent of world production
and 45 per cent of trade. The major share of area of turmeric is comes from Andhra Pradesh
followed by Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Maharashtra. Kerala which produces the
world renowned Alleppy finger turmeric contributes a negligible share to Indian turmeric
production. It is cultivated on an area of 150.45 thousand hectares with an annual production
of 521.90 thousand tonnes. During 2007-2008, 49250 tonnes of turmeric was exported
earning Rs.15.70 lakhs contributing 4.00 per cent in quantity and 5.0 per cent to value in total
export of spices (Anonymous, 2007).

Turmeric is very much identified with human civilization and religion and it finds use
both in developed and under developed countries. Cucurmin the yellow colouring pigment
present in rhizome is gaining importance with ban on artificial colours in food industry. In
pharmaceuticals, it is valued for the anticancerous, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic
properties. Demand growth rate of turmeric is around 10 per cent pointing to future prospects
of turmeric cultivation in the country. In India, turmeric is an indispensable item of daily life
and is largely consumed as a condiment, while limited quantities are utilized in the form of
dyes, drugs and cosmetics. It is also used in dying wool, silk and cotton.

Turmeric has also been in continuous use since, ancient times in the Indian system of
medicine, for its digestive properties. Turmeric is widely used as a condiment in the
preparation of pickles and curries and as a colouring agent in textile, food and confectionary
industry. On account of its flavour and medicinal properties, turmeric is also used in
preparation of cosmetic soaps, ointments, face tonic, etc. It is also contains appreciable
quantity of protein (6.5%) and volatile oil (4.5%).

EXIM Times: 15th October 2008

Country’s Spices Board between April to August rise by 12 pct. Country’s total spices
exports in the first 5 months of fiscal 2008-09 rose 12% in volume terms due to strong

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demand for cumin and turmeric, the spices board said. Spices exports during April to August
stood at 223050 tons, compared with 198985 tons a year ago.

Barbara Wexler -Woodland Pub, 2008

Even if turmeric isn't in your spice rack, you've probably tasted it-it's the warm, spicy,
slightly bitter flavor in curries and many Middle Eastern dishes. Turmeric's principal active
constituent (curcumin) has a remarkable range of therapeutic effects, including potent
antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. These health-
promoting effects may help to decrease the risk of cancer, heart disease, neurological
damage, Alzheimer disease and other conditions. Medical writer Barbara Wexler uncovers
the many great health benefits of turmeric, explaining how it works, and the best ways to
integrate it into your diet.
Business Today: 27th January 2011

Pepper futures declined marginally after remaining highly volatile on Wednesday and
looking for direction. There was heavy liquidation and switching over. People were buying
spot and depositing it in the warehouses and selling futures. Some new pepper was traded at
Rs 280-209 a Kg in the terminal market. January contract on the NCDEX was up by Rs
22500 a quintal. February declined by Rs 10 to close at Rs 22987 a quintal, while March
moved up by Rs 62 to close at Rs 23275 a quintal. Total turnover dropped by 718 tones.

Hp Pandey, SK Chauhan -Lambert Academic Publishing, 2011

Turmeric, the Living Gold of Nature is one of the highly esteemed gifts of almighty
that finds most respectable place in Indian, Chinese and southeast Asian culture, kitchen,
medicine, mythology, religion, science and tradition. The resurgence of interest in medicinal
properties of turmeric besides its use as culinary and dyestuff, a book covering all aspects
was much realized. We ardently hope and believe that this volume entitled "Turmeric: The
Living Gold of Nature" will accomplish the paramount success in our efforts and will be able
to cater the expectations of the students of economic botany, ethnobotany, food technology,
dietetics and nutrition sciences, Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha disciplines of medicines; and
will equally serve the intellectual exacts of scientists involved in Research and Development
activities as well as general readers for their own sakes. The book on one hand covers the
historical perspectives and traditional knowledge on turmeric, and on the other hand furnishes
the current researches in the field of turmeric and its active constituents in a simple and lucid
manner. It also provides a therapeutic repertory on turmeric.

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The Economic Times: 17th February 2011

Pepper futures fell sharply on bearish activities and on heavy liquidation and selling
pressure. “weak bulls” who had pushed up the market speculatively earlier, liquidated good
quantities while investors entered the market and reportedly deposited nearly 350 tones of
pepper, allegedly mixture of old (60%) and new (40%) between February 9 and 16, market
sources Economic Times.

Since there were more buyers at Rs 3 and Rs 2.75 a Kg below February prices sellers
withdrew. There were no sellers at the reduced price, sources said.

Priyanka Joshi, Shashi Jain-Lambert Academic Publishing, 2011

Colour is one of the most important sensoryperceptions as it helps to accept or
rejectparticular foods. A consumer's choice of food isoften associated with a specific colour
and itsintensity. Presently, there is an increased globaltrend towards usage of colours of
natural productorigin in food, pharmaceutical and personal careproduct industries as the
usage of syntheticcolorants is leading to certain health and otherassociated ill effects. Much
awareness is beingcreated amongst consumers for adopting naturalproducts in their day to
day life. In this regard, Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is the best option availableas it is
commonly used to impart yellow colour mostlyfor spicy preparation(s). This book dealt with
usageof yellow colour from turmeric in selected foodproducts including the processing
techniques involvedin colour extraction; their physic-chemicalproperties; usage in various
food products along withtheir consumer acceptability and market potential.The authors
believe that this book is a good sourceof information for all those involved in
naturalproduct(s) applications especially of turmeric, including academic, research as well as
processingcommunity.

DNA Correspondent: 9th February 2012 (www.dnaindia.com)

Cumin sowing up by 50% .The sowing of cumin seed, or 'jeera', has increased by
more than 50% in the state in the current Rabi season, according to figures provided by the
state agriculture department. Gujarat is currently the largest producer of cumin in the country.

According to the data on January 23, cumin seeds were sown in 3.70 lakh hectares,
much higher compared to 2.45 lakh hectares last year. The three-year average acreage of
cumin in the state is 3.08 lakh hectares.

16
 "The area under cultivation of cumin as well as the Rabi crops has gone up due to
favourable weather conditions," said state agriculture minister Dileep Sanghani.

The area covered under Rabi crop cultivation has increased from 30.90 lakh hectares
last year to 36.4 lakh hectares in the current year. Officials said that the area under wheat
cultivation is slightly lower at 12.78 lakh hectare as compared with 12.88 lakh hectare last
year. The acreage of grams has increased from 1.97 lakh hectare to 2.31 lakh hectare, while
that of mustard is lower from 2.16 lakh hectare to 1.97 lakh hectare.

"The area under cultivation of most of the other major Rabi crops, such as Isabgol,
funnel seeds, vegetables, fodder, cereals, among others, is also significantly higher than last
year," said officials, adding that the crop output was likely to be higher than last year.

http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/agri-biz/
article2879887.ece?ref=wl_industry-and-economy 10th February 2012

Spices Board to focus more on value-added products. The Spices Board, whose
mandate is to promote exports, will increase its focus on value addition to spices. Over the
next five years, it hopes that 75-80 per cent of the total export revenue target of $3 billion
will come from such products.

Speaking on the sidelines of the 11th World Spice Congress at Pune, Dr A. Jayathilak,
Chairman of Spices Board, said that currently in volume terms, around 10 per cent of the total
spice production in the country was exported. The revenue during the current fiscal from
exports was expected to be around $1.5 billion, nearly half of which will come from value-
added products, he said.

“We want India to be a hub for value-addition,” he said, explaining that this will
constitute developing products such as spice oils, pepper sprays, by market resins etc. “Over
the next five years, our aim is to double (current export) revenue to $3 billion and increase
the proportion through value addition to 75-80 per cent,” Dr Jayathilak said. India is the
biggest producer, consumer and exporter of spices worldwide, accounting for 48 per cent of
global exports by volume and 43 per cent in terms of value.

17
Press Trust of India / New Delhi: 10th February, 2012

Cardamom plunges 3% on profit-booking. Cardamom futures prices today plunged by

23.20 to Rs 749 per kg, as speculators booked profits at existing higher levels, driven by a
weak trend at the spot market on sluggish demand. Adequate stocks position in the physical
market following increased arrivals from producing region also put pressure on the
cardamom futures prices.

At the Multi Commodity Exchange, cardamom for delivery in February plunged by

Rs 23.20, or 3%, to Rs 749 per kg in a business turnover of 800 lots. The March contract
moved down by Rs 24.80, or 3%, to Rs 801.50 per kg in 671 lots. Market analysts said
besides booking profits by speculators at existing higher levels, a weak trend at the spot
market on sluggish demand mainly pulled down cardamom prices at futures trade.

IBN Live: 10th February 2012 (ibnlive.in.com)

Increase in turmeric price on more orders. There has been an increase in prices of both
varieties of turmeric market here, with traders and exporters saying more orders from Delhi,
Patna, Maharashtra and Kolkatta have prompted them to hike rates. They said till November
15 2011 prices of finger variety turmeric was sold at about Rs 5000 per quintal, which started
declining daily. From yesterday prices were increased on heavy arrivals to about Rs 5000 per
quintal. Arrival of turmeric also increased to 12,000 bags today. Farmers said demand for the
hybrid varieties was high. They said they have more than five lakh bags of turmeric with
them and will bring it to the market if price touches Rs 10,000 per quintal. At
Gobichettipalayam Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Society, finger variety was sold
today at Rs 4,135 to Rs 5,285 per quintal, root variety at between Rs 3017 to Rs 4415 per
quintal. At Erode Cooperative Marketing Society it was sold at Rs 4239 to Rs 5279 per
quintal and the root variety at Rs 3189 to Rs 4438 per quintal. The finger variety (new crop)
sold at between Rs 3560 to Rs 4674 per quintal in Turmeric Merchants Association Sales
yard here while root variety was sold at Rs 3439 to Rs 4431 per quintal. The finger variety
(Old Crop) was sold at Rs 3779 to Rs 4909 per quintal, root variety Rs 3707 to Rs 4469 per
quintal. At the Regulated Marketing Committee, the finger variety (New crop) was sold at Rs
4099 to Rs 4349 per quintal, root variety Rs 2900 to Rs 3309 per quintal. The finger variety
of Old crop was sold at Rs 4689 to Rs 5299 per quintal. Root variety Rs 4169 to Rs 4569 per
quintal.

18
The Indian Express: 13th February 2012
More quality evaluation labs to push up spice export. Central government’s Spices
Board has formulated an ambitious plan of setting up quality evaluation laboratories and
spice parks to push up export of spices from the country.

Addressing the media, chairman of the Spices Board, Dr A Jayathillak, said quality
evaluation labs will be set up in Delhi, Kandla and Kolkata by the end of 2012-13. Such
quality evaluation laboratories are functioning in some parts of the country. Jayathillak also
added that Spices Boards is also facilitating a buy back arrangement with the Madhya
Pradesh government to increase the export of chilli from the state. Chilli, that is farmed over
2,000-3,000 acres of land in the state, is being exported.

Jayathillak also said that the board has set up spice parks which offer common
facilities for cleaning, gardening, value addition, storage and marketing in major spices
growing states. Spices parks have been established in Chhindwara in Madhya Pradesh and in
Puttady in Kerala focussing on garlic, pepper and cardamom exports.

“ New parks are almost ready for operations in Jodhpur, Rajasthan for seed spices, in
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh for Chillies, in Sivaganga, Tamil Nadu, for Chillies and turmeric and
in Ramganj Mandi in Kota for seed species. New parks are under construction in Gunna in
Madhya Pradesh and in Mehsana for seed species,” said Jayathilak.

http://groups.google.com/group/agrimeg/browse_thread/thread

Turmeric exports surge on higher demand. Good demand for Indian turmeric in the
world market has pushed up exports of the spice during the first eight months of the current
fiscal despite substantial increase in its price to Rs 46.43 a Kg from Rs 30.36 a Kg in the
same period a year ago.

Shipment of turmeric has already surpassed the export target of Rs 160 crore in April-
November 2008. In volume, it was 36500 tons against 33390 tons valued at Rs 101.36 crore
in the year ago Period. The target set for turmeric exports during the current fiscal is 50000
tons valued at Rs 160 crore.

The Unit value went up to Rs 46.43 A Kg this year from Rs 30.36 a Kg in April-
November 2007. Spice Board sources told Business Line

19
A Handbook on Oriental Cumin Oils, their Healing Components and special receips:
Lotus Light, Shangri-la

Cumin is also known As blessed seed and love in a mist, is an herb whose healing
characteristics have been held in high regard in the middle east for more than three thousand
years. The herb was traditionally used to treat respiratory illness, stomach and intestinal
aliments, and circulatory and immune system dysfunction, and as a tonic for general well-
being.in the bible black cumin is called fitch, and the Prophet Mohammad states in his Hadith
that black cumin oil cures every illness except death.

Cumin was once valued highly as ahealing plant and a spice in Europe as well, but it
was slowly forgotten and by the 18 th century was found in gardens for decorative purposes
only. However, cumin is experiencing a revival in the West, and researchers in Europe and
the United States are now proving scientifically what people in the Middle East have always
known

Editorial Review - Kirkus Reviews

Naj, a Wall Street Journal writer born and raised in Bengal, travels in Central and South
America and the US Southwest in pursuit of pepper specialists and special peppers--all of the
hot, capsaicin-endowed varieties known to most of us as chiles. Naj tramps the Andean
foothills of Bolivia--a likely candidate for the birthplace of hot peppers--with a botanist
seeking the mother of all chiles. He is drawn to the Yucatan by habaÑero, a Mayan staple and
the hottest of all peppers. He visits the McIlhenny Company of Avery Island, Louisiana, and
digs up ugly controversies surrounding its jealously protected trademark tabasco sauce. He
attends a National Pepper Conference in North Carolina, and visits pepper farmers, tasters,
breeders (of ""designer chiles""), pathologists, pharmacologists, and enthusiasts in Teams,
New Mexico, and elsewhere. Naj's account of all of this goes down easily; and a chapter on
peppers' appeal, including speculation on the ""pepper high"" and its possible addictive
qualities, has a special interest for the growing cult of North American chile users. His
botanical information, though, isn't much help in sorting out the different varieties and
names; at times, he seems to toss off peculiar statements of fact without much questioning or
trying to reconcile or even cite his sources. Still, an agreeable assemblage of lore and field
reportage.

20
 4. 1 PERCENTAGE AND RANKING METHOD

PEPPER
2012-13

Country 2011-12 % Rank % Rank 2013-14 % Rank 2014-15 % Rank 2015-16 % Rank
(MT) (MT) (MT) (MT)

USA 13886 70.7 1 14496 69.01 1 9979 65.38 1 8638 66.44 1 6921 62.47 1

UK 2003 10.2 2 1818 8.66 2 1514 9.92 2 1604 12.34 2 1477 13.33 2

Germany 1406 7.15 3 1691 8.05 3 1201 7.87 5 1029 7.91 3 715 6.45 5

Italy 1251 6.36 4 1601 7.62 4 1288 8.44 3 834 6.41 5 900 8.12 4

Canada 1107 5.63 5 1397 6.65 5 1281 8.39 4 896 6.89 4 1066 9.62 3

TOTAL 19653 100 21003 100 15263 100 13001 100 11079 100

The above table indicates that, out of the total exports of pepper from India, 60-70% is
exported to USA. When the importing countries are ranked based on their volume of imports
from India, USA stands first in all five years. During the years 2006-08, it is found that the
ranks remain the same. First rank is occupied by USA followed by UK, Germany, Italy, and
Canada. During the next three years 2008-2011 first two ranks are occupied by USA and UK
while the other three ranks vary among Germany, Italy and Canada.

It is clear that out of the total pepper exported from India, 60-70% is exported to USA
and 9 to 13% is exported to UK.

4.1.1 Export of Pepper to USA

Years Quantity(MT) %

2011-12 13886 25.75

2012-13 14496 26.88

2013-14 9979 18.51

2014-15 8638 16.02

2015-16 6921 12.84

TOTAL 53920 100

21
 USA is the major importer of Pepper from India.

The table shows that the total quantity of pepper imported by USA from India during
the study period is 53920 metric tons out of which 25.75% relates to 2006-07. It has risen by
1.13% in the next year 2007-08. Where as in all the subsequent years the percentage of its
imports of pepper from India shows a decrease.

CHART 4.1.1

3500

3000

2500

2000
Series1
Series2
1500 Series3

1000

500

0
Year 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 TOTAL

22
 CARDAMOM (SMALL)
2012-13

Country 2011-12 % Rank % Rank 2013-14 % Rank 2014-15 % Rank 2015-16 % Rank
(MT) (MT) (MT) (MT)

S. Arabia 478 84.0 1 331 80.53 1 519 89.02 1 1118 83.12 1 724 81.25 1

Japan 38 6.67 2 16 3.89 5 25 4.28 3 34 2.52 5 26 2.91 3

Kuwait 14 2.46 3 18 4.37 3 4 0.68 5 92 6.84 2 102 11.44 2

UK 21 3.69 4 17 4.13 4 7 1.20 4 55 4.08 3 18 2.02 5

Malaysia 18 3.16 5 29 7.05 2 28 4.80 2 46 3.42 4 21 2.35 4

TOTAL 569 100 411 100 583 100 1345 100 891 100

The above table shows that, out of the total exports of cardamom (small) from India,
80-90% is exported to Saudi Arabia. When the importing countries are ranked based on their
volume of imports from India, Saudi Arabia stands first in all five years. During 2006-2008,
it is found that the third and fourth rank remains same. During 2009-2011 the second rank
occupied by Kuwait. First rank is occupied by Saudi Arabia followed by Japan, Kuwait, UK,
and Malaysia.

During the five years 2006-2011 first rank is occupied by Saudi Arabia while the
other four ranks vary among Japan, Kuwait, UK and Malaysia.

It is clear that out of the total cardamom (small) exported from India, 80-90% is
exported to Saudi Arabia, 2 to 7% is exported to Japan and 1to 12% is exported to Kuwait.

4.1.2. Export of cardamom (small) to Saudi Arabia

Year Quantity(MT) %

2011-12 478 15.08

2012-13 331 10.44

2013-14 519 16.37

2014-15 1118 35.27

2015-16 724 22.84

23
 TOTAL 3170 100

The above data indicates that the export of Cardamom (small) to Saudi Arabia
because Saudi Arabia is the largest importer of Cardamom (small) from India.

The table indicates that the total quantity of cardamom (small) imported by Saudi
Arabia from India during the study period is 3170 metric tons out of which 15.08% relates to
2006-07. It has decrease by 4.64% in the next year 2007-08. Then the 2008-10 it is increased
but the last year 2010-11 it deceased 12.43%.

CHART 4.1.2

3500

3000

2500
. Export of cardamom (small) to
Saudi Arabia %
2000
. Export of cardamom (small) to
Saudi Arabia %
1500 . Export of cardamom (small) to
Saudi Arabia Quantity(MT)
. Export of cardamom (small) to
1000 Saudi Arabia Year

500

0
1 2 3 4 5 6

24
 CARDAMOM (LARGE)
2012-13

Country 2011-12 % Rank % Rank 2013-14 % Rank 2014-15 % Rank 2015-16 % Rank
(MT) (MT) (MT) (MT)

Pakistan 1199 82.06 1 1082 85.26 1 1482 84.11 1 758 81.59 1 581 82.29 1

UAE 146 9.99 2 97 7.64 2 159 9.02 2 58 6.24 3 46 6.52 2

UK 81 5.54 3 67 5.27 3 92 5.22 3 79 8.50 2 39 5.52 3

USA 18 1.23 4 13 1.02 4 22 1.24 4 18 1.94 4 33 4.67 4

Canada 17 1.16 5 10 0.78 5 7 0.39 5 16 1.72 5 7 0.99 5

TOTAL 1461 100 1269 100 1762 100 929 100 706 100

It is clear from the above table, out of the total exports of cardamom (large) from
India, 80-85% is exported to Pakistan. When the importing countries are ranked based on
their volume of imports from India, Pakistan stands first in all five years. During the years
2006-09, it is found that the ranks remain the same. First rank is occupied by Pakistan
followed by UAE, UK, USA, and Canada. During the next two years 2009-2011 first, fourth
and fifth ranks remains same while the second and third ranks are varying between UAE and
UK.

It is clear that out of the total cardamom (large) exported from India, 80-85% is
exported to Pakistan and 0.39 to 10% exported to UAE, UK, USA and Canada.

4.1.3 Export of Cardamom (Large) to Pakistan

Year Quantity(MT) %

2011-12 1199 23.5

2012-13 1082 21.21

2013-14 1482 29.05

2014-15 758 14.86

25
 2015-16 581 11.38

Total 5102 100

During the study period India’s major quantity of Cardamom (large) is exported to
Pakistan.

The table shows that the total quantity of cardamom (large) imported by
Pakistan from India during the study period is 5102 metric tons out of which 23.50% relates
to 2006-07. It has decreased by 2.29% in the next year 2007-08. In 2008-09 it is raised by
7.84%. Where as in the last two subsequent years the percentage of its imports of cardamom
(large) from India shows a decrease.

CHART 4.1.3

6000

5000

4000

Series3
3000 Series2
4.1.3 Export of Cardamom (Large)
to Pakistan

2000

1000

26
 TURMERIC
2012-13

Country 2011-12 % Rank % Rank 2013-14 % Rank 2014-15 % Rank 2015-16 % Rank
(MT) (MT) (MT) (MT)

UAE 8133 33.02 1 5151 28.63 1 5911 26.36 1 6719 31.20 1 8988 47.11 1

Japan 2632 10.68 5 2797 15.54 5 3090 13.77 5 3149 14.62 5 3066 16.07 2

Iran 6095 24.74 2 3709 20.61 2 5335 23.79 2 4255 19.75 2 2563 13.43 3

Bangladesh 4039 16.40 3 2880 16.01 4 4593 20.48 3 4119 19.12 3 2545 13.34 4

Sri Lanka 3728 15.13 4 3453 19.19 3 3495 15.58 4 3293 15.29 4 1914 10.03 5

TOTAL 24627 100 17990 100 22424 100 21535 100 19076 100

The above table mentions that, out of the total exports of Turmeric from India, 26 to
47% is exported to UAE. When the importing countries are ranked based on their volume of
imports from India, UAE stands first in all five years. During the years 2006-07 and 2008-10,
it is found that the ranks remain the same. First rank is occupied by USE followed by Japan,
Iran, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. During 2006-2010 the ranks of UAE, Japan, and Iran
remains same. In 2010-11 the ranks vary among Japan, Iran, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

It is clear that out of the total turmeric exported from India, 26 to 47% is exported to
UAE and 13 to 25% is exported to Iran.

4.1.4 Export of Turmeric to UAE

Year Quantity(MT) %

2011-12 8133 23.3

2012-13 5151 14.76

2013-14 5911 16.94

27
 2014-15 6719 19.25

2015-16 8988 25.75

TOTAL 34902 100

According to the data from 2006 to 2011, India exported its major quantity of
turmeric to UAE.

The table shows that the total quantity of Turmeric imported by UAE from India
during the study period is 34902 metric tons out of which 23.30% relates to 2006-07. It has
decreased 8.54% in the next year 2007-08. In 2008-11 the percentage of imports of turmeric
from India shows an increase.

CHART 4.1.4

35000

30000

25000

20000 4.1.4 Export of Turmeric to UAE

Series2
15000 Series3

10000

5000

28
 .

CUMIN
2012-13

Country 2011-12 % Rank % Rank 2013-14 % Rank 2014-15 % Rank 2015-16 % Rank
(MT) (MT) (MT) (MT)

UK 2010 15.5 3 1860 15.70 4 2898 12.45 3 3447 17.09 4 2457 24.58 1
5

USA 4246 32.8 1 3014 25.44 1 4760 20.46 2 4002 19.83 2 2214 22.15 2
5

Nepal 3228 24.9 2 2919 24.63 2 2608 11.21 4 3729 18.48 3 1898 18.99 3
7

UAE 1557 12.0 5 2841 23.98 3 12184 52.38 1 5932 29.40 1 1888 18.89 4
4

Malaysia 1884 14.5 4 1213 10.24 5 810 3.48 5 3063 15.18 5 1537 15.38 5
7

TOTAL 12925 100 11847 100 23260 100 20173 100 9994 100

The above table shows that, out of the total exports of cumin from India, 20-33% is
exported to USA and 12-52% is exported to UAE. When the importing countries are ranked
based on their volume of imports from India, USA stands first in 2006-08, UAE in 2008-10
and in 2010-11 UK stands first. In 2008 USA stands in the second position. In 2006-07
Malaysia stands in the fourth place but in the last four years i.e.2007-11 it is in the fifth
position.

It is clear from the table USA, UAE and UK stands in the first position for total
cumin exported from India. Above that USA and UAE stand in the first position for two
times each. Out of total export 20-33% exported to USA, 12-52% to UAE and 12-25% to
UK.

The above data indicates that the major importers of Cumin are USA and UAE.

29
 4.1.5 Export of Cumin to USA

Year Quantity (MT) %

2011-12 4246 23.28

2012-13 3014 16.53

2013-14 4760 26.10

2014-15 4002 21.95

2015-16 2214 12.14

The table mention that the total quantity of Cumin imported by USA from India
during 2006-11 is 18236 MT. Out of which 23.28% relates to 2006-07. But in the next year
the import is decreased 6.75%. After 2007-08 the percentage of imports of cumin from India
shows a continuous increase.

CHART 4.1.5

5000

4500

4000

3500

3000
T)

2500
M

4.1.5 Export of Cumin to USA

y(

Quantity (MT)
tit
an

2000 4.1.5 Export of Cumin to USA %

Qu
A
US

1500
to
n
mi

1000
Cu
of
rt

500
po
Ex
.5

0
4.1
20 12

20 13

20 1 4

20 15
6
-1
-

-
-
11

12

13

14

15
20

30
 4.1.6 Export of Cumin to UAE

Year Quantity (MT) %

2011-12 1557 6.38

2012-13 2841 11.64

2013-14 12184 49.93

2014-15 5932 24.31

2015-16 1888 7.74

TOTAL 24402 100

The table indicates that the total quantity of cumin imported by UAE from India
during the study period is 24402 metric tons. Out of which the lowest quantity 6.38% is
exported in the year 2006-07. The last two years percentage of imports of cumin from India
shows a decrease.

CHART 4.1.6

31
 25000

20000

15000
Export of Cumin to UAE %
Export of Cumin to UAE Quantity
(MT)
10000 Export of Cumin to UAE Year

5000

0
1 2 3 4 5 6

4.2 TREND PROJECTION OF PEPPER

Export of pepper to USA

Year Y X x2 X.Y

2011-12 13886 -2 4 -27772

2012-13 14496 -1 1 -14496

2013-14 9979 0 0 0

2014-15 8638 1 1 8638

2015-16 6921 2 4 13842

TOTAL 53920 0 10 -19788

∑y
a= n

53920
a= 5
= 10784

32
 ∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

−19788
b= 10
= -1978.8

y= a+bx

2012, y= 10784+-1978.8*3 = -48580

2013, y= 10784+-1978.8*4 = 2868.8

2014, y= 10784+-1978.8*5 = 890

2015, y= 10784+-1978.8*6 = -1088.8

2016, y=10784+-1978.8*7 = -3067.6

TABLE 4.2.1

Year Trend

2011-12 -48580

2012-13 2868.8

2013-14 890

2014-15 -1088.8

2015-16 -3067.6

Interpretation

The above table shows that, there is a fluctuation in the export of pepper from India to
USA was in fluctuating trend in the year2006-11. And it is expected to decrease in further
future years.

CHART 4.2.1

33
 Trend Analysis
10000
2868.8
0 0 0 0 0 890 0 0
-1088.8
0 -3067.6
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16
-10000

-20000

-30000

-40000
-48580
-50000

-60000

Export of pepper to UK

Year Y X x2 X.Y

2011-12 2003 -2 4 -4006

2012-13 1818 -1 1 -1818

2013-14 1514 0 0 0

2014-15 1604 1 1 1604

2015-16 1477 2 4 2954

TOTAL 8416 0 10 -1266

∑y
a= n

8416
a= 5 = 1683.2

34
 ∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

−1266
b= 10
= -126.6

y= a+bx

2012, y= 1683.2+-126.6*3 = 1303.4

2013, y= 1683.2+-126.6*4 = 1176.8

2014, y= 1683.2+-126.6*5 = 1050.2

2015, y= 1683.2+-126.6*6 = 923.6

2016, y=1683.2+-126.6*7 = 797

TABLE 4.2.2

Year Trend

2011-12 1303.4

2012-13 1176.8

2013-14 1050.2

2014-15 923.6

2015-16 797

Interpretation

The above table indicates that, there is a fluctuation in the export of pepper from India
to UK was in fluctuating trend in the year 2006-11. And it is expected to decrease in future
years.

CHART 4.2.2

35
 Trend Analysis
1400 1303.4
1176.8
1200
1050.2
1000 923.6
797
800
Trend
600

400

200
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

Export of pepper to Germany

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 1406 -2 4 -2812

2012-13 1691 -1 1 -1691

2013-14 1201 0 0 0

2014-15 1029 1 1 1029

2015-16 715 2 4 1430

TOTAL 6042 0 10 -2044

∑y
a= n

6042
a= 5 = 1208.4

36
 ∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

−2044
b= 10
= -204.4

y= a+bx

2012, y= 1208.4+-204.4*3 = 595.2

2013, y= 1208.4+-204.4*4 = 390.8

2014, y= 1208.4+-204.4*5 = 186.4

2015, y= 1208.4+-204.4*6 = -18

2016, y=1208.4+-204.4*7 = -222.4

TABLE 4.2.3

Year Trend

2011-12 595.2

2012-13 390.8

2013-14 186.4

2014-15 -18

2015-16 -222.4

Interpretation

The above table indicates that, there was a decrease in the export of Pepper form India
to Germany was in decreasing trend up to the year 2011. And it is expected to decrease in
further future periods.

CHART 4.2.3

37
 Trend Analysis
700
595.2
600
500
390.8
400
300
186.4
200
100
0 0 0 0 0 0 -18 0
0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
-100 12 13 14 15 16
-222.4
-200
-300

Export of pepper to Italy

Year Y X x2 X.Y

2011-12 1251 -2 4 -2502

2012-13 1601 -1 1 -1601

2013-14 1288 0 0 0

2014-15 834 1 1 834

2015-16 900 2 4 1800

TOTAL 5874 0 10 -1469

∑y
a= n

5874
a= 5 = 1174.8

38
 ∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

−1469
b= 10
= -146.9

y= a+bx

2012, y= 1174.8+ -146.9*3 = 734.1

2013, y= 1174.8+ -146.9*4 = 587.2

2014, y= 1174.8+ -146.9*5 = 440.3

2015, y= 1174.8+ -146.9*6 = 293.4

2016, y=1174.8+ -146.9*7 = 146.5

TABLE 4.2.4

Year Trend

2011-12 734.1

2012-13 587.2

2013-14 440.3

2014-15 293.4

2015-16 146.5

Interpretation

The above table mentions that, there is a fluctuation in the export of Pepper from
India to Italy was in fluctuating trend in the year 2006-11. And it was expected to decrease in
further future years.

CHART 4.2.4

39
 Trend Analysis
800 734.1
700
587.2
600

500 440.3
Trend
400
293.4
300

200 146.5

100
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

Export of pepper to Canada

Year Y X x2 X.Y

2011-12 1107 -2 4 -2214

2012-13 1397 -1 1 -1397

2013-14 1281 0 0 0

2014-15 896 1 1 896

2015-16 1066 2 4 2132

TOTAL 5747 0 10 -583

∑y
a= n

5747
a= 5 = 1149.4

40
 ∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

−583
b= 10 = -58.3

y= a+bx

2012, y= 1149.4+ -58.3*3 = 974.5

2013, y= 1149.4+ -58.3*4 = 916.2

2014, y= 1149.4+ -58.3*5 = 857.9

2015, y= 1149.4+ -58.3*6 = 799.6

2016, y=1149.4+ -58.3*7 = 741.3

TABLE 4.2.5

Year Trend

2011-12 974.5

2012-13 916.2

2013-14 857.9

2014-15 799.6

2015-16 741.3

Interpretation

The above table indicates that, there is an increase and decrease in the export of
pepper from India to Canada in the year 2006-2011. And it is expected to decrease in future.

CHART 4.2.5

41
 Trend Analysis
1200

974.5
1000 916.2
857.9
799.6
800 741.3

600

400

200
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

TREND PROJECTION OF CARDAMOM (SMALL)

Export of cardamom (small) to Saudi Arabia

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 478 -2 4 -956

2012-13 331 -1 1 -331

2013-14 519 0 0 0

2014-15 1118 1 1 1118

2015-16 724 2 4 1448

TOTAL 3170 0 10 1279

∑y
a= n

42
 3170
a= 5 = 634

∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

1279
b= 10 = 127.9

y= a+bx

2012, y= 634+ 127.9*3 = 1017.7

2013, y= 634+ 127.9*4 = 1145.6

2014, y= 634+ 127.9*5 = 1273.5

2015, y= 634+ 127.9*6 = 1401.4

2016, y=634+ 127.9*7 = 1529.3

TABLE 4.2.6

Year Trend

2011-12 1017.7

2012-13 1145.6

2013-14 1273.5

2014-15 1401.4

2015-16 1529.3

Interpretation

It is clear from the table, there is a fluctuation in the export of cardamom (small) from
India to Saudi Arabia was in fluctuating trend in the year 2006-2011. And it is expected to
Increase up to 1529.3 for the year 2015-2016.

43
 CHART 4.2.6

Trend Analysis
1800
1600 1529.3
1401.4
1400 1273.5
1200 1145.6
1017.7
1000

800
600
400
200
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

Export of cardamom (small) to Japan

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 38 -2 4 -76

2012-13 16 -1 1 -16

2013-14 25 0 0 0

2014-15 34 1 1 34

2015-16 26 2 4 52

TOTAL 139 0 10 -6

∑y
a= n

44
 139
a= 5 = 27.8

∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

−6
b= 10 = -0.6

y= a+bx

2012, y= 27.8+ -0.6*3= 26

2013, y= 27.8+ -0.6*4= 25.4

2014, y= 27.8+ -0.6*5= 24.8

2015, y= 27.8+ -0.6*6= 24.2

2016, y=27.8+ -0.6 *7= 23.6

TABLE 4.2.7

Year Trend

2011-12 26

2012-13 25.4

2013-14 24.8

2014-15 24.2

2015-16 23.6

Interpretation

The above table shows that, there is a fluctuation in the export of cardamom (small)
from India to Japan was in fluctuating trend up to the year 2006-11. And it is expected to
decrease in further future years.

45
 CHART 4.2.7

Trend Analysis
30
26 25.4 24.8 24.2
25 23.6

20

15

10

5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

Export of cardamom (small) to Kuwait

Year Y X x2 X.Y

2011-12 14 -2 4 -28

2012-13 18 -1 1 -18

2013-14 4 0 0 0

2014-15 92 1 1 92

2015-16 102 2 4 204

TOTAL 230 0 10 250

∑y
a= n

46
 230
a= 5 = 46

∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

250
b= 10 = 25

y= a+bx

2012, y= 46+25*3 = 121

2013, y= 46+25*4 = 146

2014, y= 46+25*5 = 171

2015, y= 46+25*6 = 196

2016, y= 46+25*7= 221

TABLE 4.2.8

Year Trend

2011-12 121

2012-13 146

2013-14 171

2014-15 196

2015-16 221

Interpretation

The above table shows that, there was an increase in the export of cardamom (small)
from India to Kuwait was in increasing trend in most of the years. And it is expected to
increase in further future years.

47
 CHART 4.2.8

Trend Analysis
250
221
196
200
171
146
150
121 Trend

100

50

0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

Export of cardamom (small) to UK

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 21 -2 4 -42

2012-13 17 -1 1 -17

2013-14 7 0 0 0

2014-15 55 1 1 55

2015-16 18 2 4 72

TOTAL 118 0 10 68

∑y
a= n

48
 118
a= 5 = 23.6

∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

68
b= 10 = 6.8

y= a+bx

2012, y= 23.6+6.8*3 = 44

2013, y= 23.6+6.8*4 = 50.8

2014, y= 23.6+6.8*5 = 57.6

2015, y= 23.6+6.8*6 = 64.4

2016, y= 23.6+6.8*7 = 71.2

TABLE 4.2.9

Year Trend

2011-12 44

2012-13 50.8

2013-14 57.6

2014-15 64.4

2015-16 71.2

Interpretation

It is clear from the table, there is a fluctuation in the export of cardamom (small) from
India to UK was in fluctuating trend up to the year 2009-10 and decreased in the year 2010-
11. And it is expected to Increase up to 71.2 for the year 2015-2016.

49
 CHART 4.2.9

Trend Analysis
80
71.2
70 64.4
60 57.6
50.8
50 44
Trend
40

30

20

10
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

Export of cardamom (small) to Malaysia

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 18 -2 4 -36

2012-13 29 -1 1 -29

2013-14 28 0 0 0

2014-15 46 1 1 46

2015-16 21 2 4 42

TOTAL 142 0 10 23

∑y
a= n

50
 142
a= 5 = 28.4

∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

23
b= 10 = 2.3

y= a+bx

2012, y= 28.4+2.3*3 = 35.3

2013, y= 28.4+2.3*4 = 37.6

2014, y= 28.4+2.3*5 = 39.9

2015, y= 28.4+2.3*6 = 42.2

2016, y= 28.4+2.3*7 = 44.5

TABLE 4.2.10

Year Trend

2011-12 35.3

2012-13 37.6

2013-14 39.9

2014-15 42.2

2015-16 44.5

Interpretation

The above table shows, there is a fluctuation in the export of cardamom (small) from
India to Malaysia was in fluctuating trend up to the year 2009-10 and decreased in the year
2010-11. And it is expected to Increase in future years.

51
 CHART 4.2.10

Trend Analysis
50
44.5
45 42.2
39.9
40 37.6
35.3
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

TREND PROJECTION OF CARDAMOM (LARGE)

Export of cardamom (large) to Pakistan

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 1199 -2 4 -2398

2012-13 1082 -1 1 -1082

2013-14 1482 0 0 0

2014-15 758 1 1 758

2015-16 581 2 4 1162

TOTAL 5102 0 10 -1560

52
 ∑y
a= n

5102
a= 5 = 1020.4

∑ xy
b=
∑ x2

−1560
b= 10
= -156

y= a+bx

2012, y= 1020.4+ -156*3 = 552.4

2013, y= 1020.4+ -156*4 = 396.4

2014, y= 1020.4+ -156*5 = 240.4

2015, y= 1020.4+ -156*6 = 84.4

2016, y= 1020.4+ -156*7 = -71.6

TABLE 4.2.11

Year Trend

2011-12 552.4

2012-13 396.4

2013-14 240.4

2014-15 84.4

2015-16 -71.6

Interpretation

The above table indicates that, there was a decrease in the export of Cardamom
(large) from India to Pakistan was in decreasing trend up to the year 2011. And it is expected
to decrease in future years.

53
 CHART 4.2.11

Trend Analysis
600 552.4

500
396.4
400

300 240.4 Trend

200
84.4
100
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- -71.6
2015-
-100 12 13 14 15 16

-200

Export of cardamom (large) to UAE

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 146 -2 4 -292

2012-13 97 -1 1 -97

2013-14 159 0 0 0

2014-15 58 1 1 58

2015-16 46 2 4 92

TOTAL 506 0 10 -239

∑y
a= n

54
 506
a= 5 = 101.2

∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

−239
b= 10 = -23.9

y= a+bx

2012, y= 101.2+ -23.9*3 = 29.5

2013, y= 101.2+ -23.9*4 = 5.6

2014, y= 101.2+ -23.9*5 = -18.3

2015, y= 101.2+ -23.9*6 = -42.2

2016, y= 101.2+ -23.9*7 = -66.1

TABLE 4.2.12

Year Trend

2011-12 552.4

2012-13 396.4

2013-14 240.4

2014-15 84.4

2015-16 -71.6

Interpretation

The above table shows that, there was a decrease in the export of Cardamom (large)
from India to UAE was in decreasing trend up to the year 2011. And it is expected to
decrease in 2011-16.

55
 CHART 4.2.12

Trend Analysis
600 552.4

500
396.4
400

300 240.4

200
84.4
100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- -71.6
2015-
12 13 14 15 16
-100

-200

Export of cardamom (large) to UK

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 81 -2 4 -162

2012-13 67 -1 1 -67

2013-14 92 0 0 0

2014-15 79 1 1 79

2015-16 39 2 4 78

TOTAL 358 0 10 -72

∑y
a= n

56
 358
a= 5 = 71.6

∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

−72
b= 10 = -7.2

y= a+bx

2012, y= 71.6+ -7.2*3 = 50

2013, y= 71.6+ -7.2*4 = 42.8

2014, y= 71.6+ -7.2*5 = 35.6

2015, y= 71.6+ -7.2*6 = 28.4

2016, y= 71.6+ -7.2*7 = 21.2

TABLE 4.2.13

Year Trend

2011-12 50

2012-13 42.8

2013-14 35.6

2014-15 28.4

2015-16 21.2

Interpretation

The above table mentions that, there was a fluctuation in the export of Cardamom
(large) from India to UK was in fluctuating trend up to the year 2006-11. And it is expected
to decrease in further future years.

57
 CHART 4.2.13

Trend Analysis
60
50
50
42.8
40 35.6

28.4
30
21.2
20

10
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

Export of cardamom (large) to USA

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 18 -2 4 -36

2012-13 13 -1 1 -13

2013-14 22 0 0 0

2014-15 18 1 1 18

2015-16 33 2 4 66

TOTAL 104 0 10 35

∑y
a= n

58
 104
a= 5 = 20.8

∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

35
b= 10 = 3.5

y= a+bx

2012, y= 20.8+3.5*3 = 31.3

2013, y= 20.8+3.5*4 = 34.8

2014, y= 20.8+3.5*5 = 38.3

2015, y= 20.8+3.5*6 = 41.8

2016, y= 20.8+3.5*7 = 45.3

TABLE 4.2.14

Year Trend

2011-12 31.3

2012-13 34.8

2013-14 38.3

2014-15 41.8

2015-16 45.3

Interpretation

It is clear from the table, there is a fluctuation in the export of cardamom (large) from
India to USA was in fluctuating trend up to the year 2009-10 and increased in the year 2010-
11. And it is expected to Increase up to 45.3 for the year 2015-2016.

59
 CHART 4.2.14

Trend Analysis
50
45.3
45 41.8
40 38.3
34.8
35 31.3
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

Export of cardamom (large) to Canada

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 17 -2 4 -34

2012-13 10 -1 1 -10

2013-14 7 0 0 0

2014-15 16 1 1 16

2015-16 7 2 4 14

TOTAL 57 0 10 -14

∑y
a= n

60
 57
a= 5 = 11.4

∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

−14
b= 10 = -1.4

y= a+bx

2012, y= 11.4+ -1.4*3 = 7.2

2013, y= 11.4+ -1.4*4 = 5.8

2014, y= 11.4+ -1.4*5 = 4.4

2015, y= 11.4+ -1.4*6 = 3.0

2016, y= 11.4+ -1.4*7 = 1.6

TABLE 4.2.15

Year Trend

2011-12 7.2

2012-13 5.8

2013-14 4.4

2014-15 3.0

2015-16 1.6

Interpretation

The above table indicates that, there is an increase and decrease in the export of
cardamom (large) from India to Canada in the year 2006-2011. And it is expected to decrease
in future years.

61
 CHART 4.2.15

Trend Analysis
8
7.2
7
5.8
6

5 4.4
4
3
3

2 1.6

1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

TREND PROJECTION OF TURMERIC

Export of Turmeric to UAE

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 8133 -2 4 -16266

2012-13 5151 -1 1 -5151

2013-14 5911 0 0 0

2014-15 6719 1 1 6719

2015-16 8988 2 4 17976

TOTAL 34902 0 10 3278

62
 ∑y
a= n

34902
a= 5
= 6980.4

∑ xy
b=
∑ x2

3278
b= 10 = 327.8

y= a+bx

2012, y= 6980.4+327.8*3 = 7963.8

2013, y= 6980.4+327.8*4 = 8291.6

2014, y= 6980.4+327.8*5 = 8619.4

2015, y= 6980.4+327.8*6 = 8947.2

2016, y= 6980.4+327.8*7 = 9275

TABLE 4.2.16

Year Trend

2011-12 7963.8

2012-13 8291.6

2013-14 8619.4

2014-15 8947.2

2015-16 9275

Interpretation

The above table shows that, there is a fluctuation in the export of Turmeric from India
to UAE in the year 2006-2011. It shows increase trend in most of the years. And it is
expected to increase in future years.

63
 CHART 4.2.16

Trend Analysis
10000 9275
8947.2
9000 8619.4
8291.6
7963.8
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

Export of Turmeric to Japan

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 2632 -2 4 -5264

2012-13 2797 -1 1 -2797

2013-14 3090 0 0 0

2014-15 3149 1 1 3149

2015-16 3066 2 4 6132

TOTAL 14734 0 10 1220

∑y
a= n

64
 14734
a= 5
= 2946.8

∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

1220
b= 10 = 122

y= a+bx

2012, y= 2946.8+122*3 = 3312.8

2013, y= 2946.8+122*4 = 3434.8

2014, y= 2946.8+122*5 = 3556.8

2015, y= 2946.8+122*6 = 3678.8

2016, y= 2946.8+122*7 = 3800.8

TABLE 4.2.17

Year Trend

2011-12 3312.8

2012-13 3434.8

2013-14 3556.8

2014-15 3678.8

2015-16 3800.8

Interpretation

The above table indicates that, there is an increase in the export of Turmeric from
India to Japan was in increasing trend in most of the years. And it is expected to increase up
to 3800.8 for the year 2016.

65
 CHART 4.2.17

Trend Analysis
4000 3800.8
3678.8
3556.8
3434.8
3500 3312.8

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

Export of Turmeric to Iran

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 6095 -2 4 -12190

2012-13 3709 -1 1 -3709

2013-14 5335 0 0 0

2014-15 4255 1 1 4255

2015-16 2563 2 4 5126

TOTAL 21957 0 10 -6518

∑y
a= n

66
 21957
a= 5
= 4391.4

∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

−6518
b= 10
= -651.8

y= a+bx

2012, y= 4391.4+ -651.8*3 = 2436

2013, y= 4391.4+ -651.8*4 = 1784.2

2014, y= 4391.4+ -651.8*5 = 1132.4

2015, y= 4391.4+ -651.8*6 = 480.6

2016, y= 4391.4+ -651.8*7 = -171.2

TABLE 4.2.18

Year Trend

2011-12 2436

2012-13 1784.2

2013-14 1132.4

2014-15 480.6

2015-16 -171.2

Interpretation

The above table shows that, there is a fluctuation in the export of Turmeric from India
to Iran in the year 2006-2011. It shows decrease trend in most of the years. And it is expected
to decrease in further future years.

67
 CHART 4.2.18

Trend Analysis
3000

2436
2500

2000 1784.2

1500
1132.4
1000
480.6
500
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 -171.2
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16
-500

Export of Turmeric to Bangladesh

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 4039 -2 4 -8078

2012-13 2880 -1 1 -2880

2013-14 4593 0 0 0

2014-15 4119 1 1 4119

2015-16 2545 2 4 5090

TOTAL 18176 0 10 -1749

∑y
a= n

68
 18176
a= 5
= 3635.2

∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

−1749
b= 10
= -174.9

y= a+bx

2012, y= 3635.2+ -174.9*3 = 3110.5

2013, y= 3635.2+ -174.9*4 = 2936.6

2014, y= 3635.2+ -174.9*5 = 2760.7

2015, y= 3635.2+ -174.9*6 = 2585.8

2016, y= 3635.2+ -174.9*7 = 2410.9

TABLE 4.2.19

Year Trend

2011-12 3110.5

2012-13 2936.6

2013-14 2760.7

2014-15 2585.8

2015-16 2410.9

Interpretation

It is clear from the above table; there is a fluctuation in the export of Turmeric from
India to Bangladesh in the year 2006-2011. It shows decrease trend in most of the years. So it
is expected to decrease in further future years.

69
 CHART 4.2.19

Trend Analysis
3500
3110.5
2936.6
3000 2760.7
2585.8
2410.9
2500

2000

1500

1000

500
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

Export of Turmeric to Sri Lanka

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 3728 -2 4 -7456

2012-13 3453 -1 1 -3453

2013-14 3495 0 0 0

2014-15 3293 1 1 3293

2015-16 1914 2 4 3828

TOTAL 15883 0 10 -3788

∑y
a= n

70
 15883
a= 5
= 3176.6

∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

−3788
b= 10
= -378.8

y= a+bx

2012, y= 3176.6+ -378.8*3 = 2040.2

2013, y= 3176.6+ -378.8*4 = 1661.4

2014, y= 3176.6+ -378.8*5 = 1282.6

2015, y= 3176.6+ -378.8*6 = 903.8

2016, y= 3176.6+ -378.8*7 = 525

TABLE 4.2.20

Year Trend

2011-12 2040.2

2012-13 1661.4

2013-14 1282.6

2014-15 903.8

2015-16 525

Interpretation

The above table shows that, there was a decrease in the export of Turmeric from India
to Sri Lanka was in decreasing trend up to the year 2011. And it is expected to decrease in
further in future years.

71
 CHART 4.2.20

Trend Analysis
2500

2040.2
2000
1661.4

1500
1282.6

1000 903.8

525
500

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

TREND PROJECTION OF CUMIN

Export of Cumin to UK

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 2010 -2 4 -4020

2012-13 1860 -1 1 -1860

2013-14 2898 0 0 0

2014-15 3447 1 1 3447

2015-16 2457 2 4 4914

TOTAL 12672 0 10 2481

72
 ∑y
a= n

12672
a= 5
= 2534.4

∑ xy
b=
∑ x2

2481
b= 10 = 248.1

y= a+bx

2012, y= 2534.4+248.1*3 = 3278.7

2013, y= 2534.4+248.1*4 = 3526.8

2014, y= 2534.4+248.1*5 = 3774.9

2015, y= 2534.4+248.1*6 = 4023

2016, y= 2534.4+248.1*7 = 4271.1

TABLE 4.2.21

Year Trend

2011-12 3278.7

2012-13 3526.8

2013-14 3774.9

2014-15 4023

2015-16 4271.1

Interpretation

The above table indicates that, there is a fluctuation in the export of Cumin from India
to UK in the year 2006-2011. It shows increase trend in most of the years. And it is expected
to increase in further future years.

73
 CHART 4.2.21

Trend Analysis
4500
4271.1
4000 4023
3774.9
3500 3526.8
3278.7
3000
2500

2000
1500
1000
500
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

Export of Cumin to USA

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 4246 -2 4 -8492

2012-13 3014 -1 1 -3014

2013-14 4760 0 0 0

2014-15 4002 1 1 4002

2015-16 2214 2 4 4428

TOTAL 18236 0 10 -3076

∑y
a= n

74
 18236
a= 5
= 3647.2

∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

−3076
b= 10
= -307.6

y= a+bx

2012, y= 3647.2+ -307.6*3 = 2724.4

2013, y= 3647.2+ -307.6*4 = 2416.8

2014, y= 3647.2+ -307.6*5 = 2109.2

2015, y= 3647.2+ -307.6*6 = 1801.6

2016, y= 3647.2+ -307.6*7 = 1494

TABLE 4.2.22

Year Trend

2011-12 2724.4

2012-13 2416.8

2013-14 2109.2

2014-15 1801.6

2015-16 1494

Interpretation

The above table shows that, there is a fluctuation in the export of Cumin from India to
USA was in fluctuating trend in the year2006-11. It shows decrease in the year 2010-11. And
it is expected to decrease in further future years.

75
 CHART 4.2.22

Trend Analysis
3000
2724.4
2416.8
2500
2109.2
2000 1801.6
1494
1500

1000

500
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

Export of Cumin to Nepal

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 3228 -2 4 -6456

2012-13 2919 -1 1 -2919

2013-14 2608 0 0 0

2014-15 3729 1 1 3729

2015-16 1898 2 4 3796

TOTAL 14382 0 10 -1850

∑y
a= n

76
 14382
a= 5
= 2876.4

∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

−1850
b= 10
= -185

y= a+bx

2012, y= 2876.4+ -185*3 = 2321.4

2013, y= 2876.4+ -185*4 = 2136.4

2014, y= 2876.4+ -185*5 = 1951.4

2015, y= 2876.4+ -185*6 = 1766.4

2016, y= 2876.4+ -185*7 = 1581.4

TABLE 4.2.23

Year Trend

2011-12 2321.4

2012-13 2136.4

2013-14 1951.4

2014-15 1766.4

2015-16 1581.4

Interpretation

The above table mentions that, there is a fluctuation in the export of Cumin from India
to Nepal was in fluctuating trend in the year 2006-11. And it was expected to decrease in
further future years.

77
 CHART 4.2.23

Trend Analysis
2500
2321.4
2136.4
2000 1951.4
1766.4
1581.4
1500

1000

500

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

Export of Cumin to UAE

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 1557 -2 4 -3114

2012-13 2841 -1 1 -2841

2013-14 12184 0 0 0

2014-15 5932 1 1 5932

2015-16 1888 2 4 3776

TOTAL 24402 0 10 3753

∑y
a= n

78
 24402
a= 5
= 4880.4

∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

3753
b= 10 = 375.3

y= a+bx

2012, y= 4880.4+375.3*3 = 6006.3

2013, y= 4880.4+375.3*4 = 6381.6

2014, y= 4880.4+375.3*5 = 6756.9

2015, y= 4880.4+375.3*6 = 7132.2

2016, y= 4880.4+375.3*7 = 7507.5

TABLE 4.2.24

Year Trend

2011-12 6006.3

2012-13 6381.6

2013-14 6756.9

2014-15 7132.2

2015-16 7507.5

Interpretation

It is clear from the table, there is a fluctuation in the export of Cumin from India to
UAE was in fluctuating trend in the year 2006-2011. And it is expected to increase in the
further future years.

79
 CHART 4.2.24

Trend Analysis
8000
7507.5
7000 7132.2
6756.9
6381.6
6000 6006.3

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

Export of Cumin to Malaysia

Year Y X x
2
X.Y

2011-12 1884 -2 4 -3768

2012-13 1213 -1 1 -1212

2013-14 810 0 0 0

2014-15 3063 1 1 3063

2015-16 1537 2 4 3074

TOTAL 8507 0 10 1157

∑y
a= n

80
 8507
a= 5 = 1701.4

∑ xy
b= 2
∑x

1157
b= 10 = 115.7

y= a+bx

2012, y= 1701.4+115.7*3 = 2048.5

2013, y= 1701.4+115.7*4 = 2164.2

2014, y= 1701.4+115.7*5 = 2279.9

2015, y= 1701.4+115.7*6 = 2395.6

2016, y= 1701.4+115.7*7 = 2511.3

CHART 4.2.25

Year Trend

2011-12 2048.5

2012-13 2164.2

2013-14 2279.9

2014-15 2395.6

2015-16 2511.3

Interpretation

The above table indicates that, there is a fluctuation in the export of Cumin from India
to Malaysia was in increasing and decreasing trend in the year 2006-11. It is expected to
increase in the future period.

81
 CHART 4.2.25

Trend Analysis
3000

2500 2511.3
2395.6
2279.9
2164.2
2000 2048.5

1500

1000

500

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Year 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-
12 13 14 15 16

5.1 FINDINGS

 USA is the major importer of pepper and cumin from India.

 Out of the total export, 80-90% of cardamom (small) is exported to Saudi Arabia and
80-85% of cardamom (large) is exported to Pakistan.
 UAE is the major importer of turmeric. They importing 26-47% of turmeric from
India.
 Most of the countries reducing their import of Pepper, Cardamom (small),
Cardamom(large), Turmeric and Cumin in 2009-10 because of recession
 Mostly in future the expected value of Pepper export will be decreased.
 The expected value of Cardamom (small) export will be increased in future, except
Japan.
 Mostly in future the expected value of Cardamom (large) will be decreased, except
USA.
 The expected value of Turmeric export will be decreased in Iran, Bangladesh and Sri
Lanka and it will be increased in UAE and Japan in future period.

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  In future the expected value of Cumin export shows an increase in most of the
countries.
 The export value of Pepper, Cardamom (small), Cardamom (large), Turmeric and
Cumin was declined because various countries competition.
 During the study period exporter earnings from Pepper, Cardamom (small),
Cardamom (large), Turmeric and Cumin were satisfactory, it shows an increasing
trend in export.
 During the study Period, UK, USA and UAE are the major importers of spices from
India.

5.2 SUGGESTIONS

 India’s share of Pepper exports is considerably more than compared to other products.
Further measure should be taken for enhancing the Cardamom (small), Cardamom
(large), Turmeric and Cumin export.
 The spices board should organise more training programmes for Indian farmers in
order to promote Pepper, Cardamom (small), Cardamom (large), Turmeric and Cumin
export.
 Pepper, Cardamom (small), Cardamom (large), Turmeric and Cumin export are
concentrating only on selected countries, so we should identified other international
markets.
 Indian Government should provide market assistance to penetrate new market.
 Spices board should provide information database on export potentialities markets and
range of products.

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  Steps have to be taken by the government to improve the quality of Pepper,
Cardamom (small), Cardamom (large), Turmeric and Cumin.
 In India, most of the traders concentrating the domestic business our government
should encourage all domestic traders to export the spices.

5.3 CONCLUSION

India is the major producer of spices. UK, USA and UAE are the major importers of
spices like Pepper, Cardamom (small), Cardamom (large), Turmeric and Cumin from India.
Spices Board helps the Spices producers in various ways. The study reveals the export
performance of the Pepper, Cardamom (small), Cardamom (large), Turmeric and Cumin in
different countries during the last five years. The exporter earnings from Pepper, Cardamom
(small), Cardamom (large), Turmeric and Cumin during the study period were satisfactory, it
shows an increasing trend in export of Pepper, Cardamom (small), Cardamom (large),
Turmeric and Cumin. It can be concluded that with more innovative features and uses, which
satisfy their needs and wants to succeed in the market.

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 BIBILIOGRAPHY

Books

 Francis Cherunilam, International Export and marketing management

 Cateora and Graham, International Marketing.
 T.A.S Balagopal, Export Import Management, Himalaya Publications House, New
Delhi

Journals & Magazines

 Pepper Export Review

 EXIM news
 Spices Board

Newspapers

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  The Hindu Business Line
 The Economic Times
 Business Today
 EXIM Times
 The Indian Express

Websites

 www.google.com
 www.ask.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.dnaindia.com
 ibnlive.in.com
 www.spicesboardofindia.com
 www.indiamarkets.com

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