What is trypanophobia?

Fittingly, the name combines the Greek term trypano — meaning puncturing or piercing —
with phobia, meaning fear. This remarkably common condition is marked by irrational, extreme
fear or aversion to blood or needles. It’s estimated that fear of needles affects up to 25% of
adults, and may lead 16% of people in the US to skip vaccinations. Many people who strongly
fear needle sticks may avoid doctors and medical care, so it’s likely that the magnitude of this
problem is underestimated.

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Just to be clear: this phobia is not limited to people who are overly sensitive to pain or aren’t
“tough enough.” It can affect anyone. The cause is often unknown, but a particularly traumatic
experience during childhood medical illness may set the stage for some people. And there may
be a genetic component. Researchers have found genes linked to fainting after needle sticks, and
trypanophobia sometimes runs in families.

What are the symptoms of this phobia?

People with trypanophobia who are contemplating a needle stick may experience

 fear or anxiety
 panic attacks, nausea, or sweats
 palpitations
 fainting (due to a reflex in which pain or the sight of blood triggers a drop in blood pressure)
 insomnia in the days or weeks before an expected needle stick.

How does being afraid of needles affect you?

This fear can affect your

 quality of life: It’s quite unpleasant to spend weeks dreading an upcoming doctor’s appointment.
 health: Skipping recommended tests and treatment to avoid needle sticks can lead to missed
diagnoses, poorly monitored medical conditions, and undertreatment. A timely example is
foregoing a vaccination against COVID-19, which can have serious or even deadly
consequences. Also, drug marketers sometimes play on fear of needles in their advertising, or
might downplay the fact that a medication requires an injection.
 longevity: Skipping routine medical care can contribute to avoidable suffering and death. For
example, a cancerous breast lump that might have been detected during routine examination may
go unnoticed until much later, when it’s no longer curable.

What can you do to cope with a fear of needles?

There’s not much high-quality research regarding how best to treat trypanophobia. Still, experts
suggest a number of options to help people cope with it.

 Bring support, if allowed. That’s routine for small children. But holding the hand or hearing the
voice of a spouse, trusted friend, or family member can calm adults, too.
 Harness the power of distraction (see this amazing video of a pediatrician distracting a young
child before a vaccination). Focus on anything other than the needle stick: a spot on the floor, the
positive effects of getting a COVID-19 vaccine (soon you can hug your family!), or your
upcoming vacation.
 Tell the person giving you a shot or drawing blood that you struggle with this, and let them know
what works best for you. Some people prefer to hear about each step before it happens so there
are no surprises. Ask if the healthcare provider has tricks of the trade to help you get through it.
 Ask the person giving your shot or drawing blood if they can use a numbing agent similar to
novocaine, or a freezing spray to numb skin before a needle stick.
 Don’t watch! It’s not helpful to watch all of the preparation for the needle stick or see the needle
itself. Watching may make things worse.
 Learn ways to relax. Try deep breathing or other relaxation techniques that you can practice
before having the needle stick.
 Relax the muscle receiving the injection, too. Some shots, such as vaccines that protect you
against tetanus or COVID-19, are given in a muscle. Relaxing the muscle can lessen the pain of
these shots.
 Lie down before having the needle stick, if you’ve fainted or felt woozy in the past with needle
sticks.
 Can therapy help?

Seeing a mental health specialist may be helpful. He or she may recommend

 cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT, which teaches people ways to reframe unhelpful ways of
thinking and build coping strategies.
 exposure therapy, a gradual and supervised increase in your exposure to needles, which can
lessen the panic they cause. For example, over a number of weeks you may be instructed to look
at photographs of needles, then hold a syringe without a needle, then hold a syringe with a
needle, and then imagine injection — all with guidance from a therapist — before actually
having one.
 medications, such as anti-anxiety or sedative medications, may be prescribed if other measures
aren’t effective, and the anxiety around needle sticks is getting in the way of medical care (or just
making you miserable).

The bottom line

It’s natural to have an aversion to pain, even when you know it’s coming and even though it’s for
a good reason. So, if you’re one of the millions fretting about getting a COVID-19 vaccine or a
blood test or any other needle stick, know that you’re not alone, and that there are things you can
do to improve the situation. Talk to your doctor about your fear and get help if you need it. Your
quality of life, health, and longevity could depend on it.

As for me, I’m going to do what I always do: avert my eyes and stare at that spot on the floor.