STUDY GUIDE UNIT 6 “NERVOUS SYSTEM”

Daniela Lara 21-0382

1- What is the function of the nervous system?

The nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body. It is the
center of all mental activity including thought, learning, and memory.

2- How is the nervous system divided according to its structure?

The central nervous system (CNS) is the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is
everything else.

3- How is the nervous system divided according to its function?

The nervous system can be divided according to its function:

• voluntary: allowing motor actions in response to stimuli and connecting muscles.

• Involumental: it is unconscious and connects the organs.

4- What can we do to protect our nervous system?

• Exercise regularly.
• Do not smoke or use other tobacco products.
• Get plenty of rest.
• Eat a balanced diet, like dark chocolate, broccoli, fruits and vegetables, salmon and fish…

5- Give the function of following terms.

Brain: The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills,
vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body. Together, the brain
and spinal cord that extends from it make up the central nervous system, or CNS.

Spinal cord: The spinal cord is the highway for communication between the body and the brain.

Central Nervous System: Controls most functions of the body and mind. It consists of two parts: the
brain and the spinal cord. The brain is the center of our thoughts, the interpreter of our external
environment, and the origin of control over body movement.

Neurons: Is the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cell designed to transmit information to
other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells.
 STUDY GUIDE UNIT 6 “NERVOUS SYSTEM”

6- Describe and tell the function of these parts of the brain.

a) Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the
cerebral hemispheres. Areas within the cerebrum control muscle functions and also control speech,
thought, emotions, reading, writing, and learning.

b) Cerebellum: A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the
coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain
stem and the back of the cerebrum, and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe.

c) Brain Stem: Area at the base of the brain that lies between the deep structures of the cerebral
hemispheres and the cervical spinal cord and that serves a critical role in regulating certain
involuntary actions of the body, including heartbeat and breathing.

7- Complete the following chart.

Disease Description Treatment

Epilepsy
Parkinson’s disease
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS)
Is a chronic disorder that causes Anti-epileptic (anticonvulsant,
unprovoked, recurrent seizures. A antiseizure) drugs.
seizure is a sudden rush of Vagus nerve stimulator: This device is
electrical activity in the brain. surgically placed under the skin on the
chest and electrically stimulates the
nerve that runs through your neck.
This can help prevent seizures.
Ketogenic diet: More than half of
people who don’t respond to
medication benefit from this high fat,
low carbohydrate diet.
Brain surgery.
Is a brain disorder that leads to Medicines prescribed for Parkinson's
shaking, stiffness, and difficulty include:
with walking, balance, and
coordination. Drugs that increase the level of
dopamine in the brain
Drugs that affect other brain
chemicals in the body
Drugs that help control no motor
symptoms.
Is an unpredictable disease of the Medicaments to treat specifics
central nervous system that symptoms.
disrupts the flow of information Swimming or exercising in a
within the brain, and between the swimming pool can help. Some yoga
classes are designed just for people
brain and body. with MS.
A well-balanced diet, low in empty
calories and high in nutrients and
fiber, will help you manage your
overall health.
Is a neurodegenerative Medications
neuromuscular disease that results Has approved drugs to treat ALS:
Riluzole (Rilutek)
in the progressive loss of motor Edaravone
neurons that control voluntary Nutritionists can teach individuals and
muscles. caregivers how to plan and prepare small
meals throughout the day that provide
enough calories, fiber, and fluid and how to
avoid foods that are difficult to swallow.
 STUDY GUIDE UNIT 6 “NERVOUS SYSTEM”

Alzheimer’s disease Alzheimer’s disease is an Medications called cholinesterase

irreversible, progressive brain inhibitors are prescribed for mild
disorder that slowly destroys to moderate Alzheimer's disease.
memory and thinking skills, and, These drugs may help reduce
eventually, the ability to carry out some symptoms and help control
the simplest tasks. some behavioral symptoms. The
medications are Razadyne®
(galantamine), Exelon®
(rivastigmine), and Aricept®
(donepezil).
Cerebrovascular Is the medical term for a stroke. A Ischemic stroke: Emergency
accident (CVA) stroke is when blood flow to a part treatment for this type of stroke
of your brain is stopped either by may include injecting medicine
a blockage or the rupture of a into the brain or removing a
blood vessel. blockage with a procedure.
For a hemorrhagic stroke, you
may be given a drug that lowers
the pressure in your brain caused
by the bleeding. If the bleeding is
severe, you may need surgery to
remove excess blood.
 STUDY GUIDE UNIT 7 “RESPIRATORY SYSTEM”

Answer the following questions.

1. What is the function of the respiratory system?

A group of organs and tissues that work together to help you breathe. The respiratory system's main job is
to move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases.

2. What does smoking do to the respiratory system?

Irritation of the trachea (windpipe) and larynx (voice box) reduced lung function and breathlessness due to
swelling and narrowing of the lung airways and excess mucus in the lung passages.

3. Why is breathing so important to staying alive?

Allow your body to fully exchange incoming oxygen with outgoing carbon dioxide. Have also been shown
to slow the heartbeat, lower or stabilize blood pressure and lower stress.

4. Define the following terms.

a) Trachea: The airway that leads from the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi (large airways that
lead to the lungs). Also called trachea.

b) Larynx: The hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal
cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box.

c) Lungs: The lungs’ main role is to bring in air from the atmosphere and pass oxygen into the
bloodstream. From there, it circulates to the rest of the body.

d) Epiglottis: A flap of cartilage behind the root of the tongue, which is depressed during
swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.

e) Bronchi: Are the airways that lead from the trachea into the lungs and then branch off into
progressively smaller structures until they reach the alveoli, the tiny sacs that allow for the
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs.

f) Alveoli: Are an important part of the respiratory system whose function it is to exchange
oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to and from the bloodstream.
 STUDY GUIDE UNIT 7 “RESPIRATORY SYSTEM”

5. Complete the following matriz with the correct information about the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

BODY PARTS FUNCTION MEDICAL ILLNESS

SPECIALTES
Face (nose) The part projecting Flu
above the mouth on the Otorhinolaryngology
face of a person or
animal, containing the
nostrils and used for
breathing and smelling.
Neck (trachea) The airway that leads Otorhinolaryngology Cancer´s trachea
from the larynx (voice
box) to the bronchi (large
airways that lead to the
lungs). Also called
trachea.
Chest (lungs) Main role is to bring in Neumology Asthma
air from the atmosphere
and pass oxygen into the
bloodstream. From there,
it circulates to the rest of
the body.
Mouth The opening and cavity Odontology Herpes
in the lower part of the
human face, surrounded
by the lips, through which
food is taken in and vocal
sounds are emitted.
The larynx produces the sound of Otorhinolaryngology Laryngitis.
speech. The vocal cords
move and come together
to cause a change in the
sound and pitch of your
voice. The larynx protects
your airways when you
swallow.