Composite

Materials
 Composite Materials

A Composite is, two or The constituents retain their

more chemically distinct identities that is, they do not
materials which when dissolve or otherwise
combined have improved merge completely into each
properties over the other, although they act
individual materials. in concert.
 Advantages of Composites
Light in Weight Composites cannot corrode like steel
Strength-to-weight and Stiffness-to-weight are greater
than steel or aluminium
Fatigue properties are better than common engineering
metals
Possibility of achieve combinations of properties not
attainable with metals, ceramics, or polymers alone
 Disadvantages of Composites
heterogeneous Properties in composites vary from point to point in the material.
Most engineering structural materials are homogeneous

highly anisotropic strength in composites vary as the direction along which we

measure changes

inspection not easy difficult to inspect with conventional ultrasonic, eddy current and
visual NDI methods such as radiography
 Components in a
Composite Material
Nearly all composites consist of two phases,

Primary Phase

forms the matrix in which the secondary

phase is imbedded
 Components in a
Composite Material
Nearly all composites consist of two phases,

Secondary Phase

imbedded phase sometimes referred to as a

reinforcing agent, because it usually serves
to strengthen the composite
 Functions of the Matrix
Material or Primary Phase
Provides the bulk form of
the part or product made
of the composite material
Holds the imbedded phase
in place, usually enclosing
and often concealing it
When a load is applied, the
matrix shares the load
with the secondary phase,
in some cases deforming
so that the stress is
essentially born by the
reinforcing agent
 Functions of the Reinforcing or
Secondary Phase
Imbedded phase is mostly one of the following shapes,

Particules Flakes Fibres

Function is to reinforce the primary phase

Factors in Creating Composites
Matrix Material

Reinforcement material Concentration

Orientation Shape Size Distribution

Concentration Size Shape

Distribution Orientation
 Classification of Composites
Based on type of reinforcement
 Composites

Particle Fibre
Structural
Reinforced Reinforced

Large- Dispersion Continuous Discontinuous Sandwich

Laminates
Particle Strengthened (aligned) (short) Panels

Randomly
Aligned
Oriented
 Large Particle Reinforced
Composites
Particle size is 1-50µm
Particules provide
Concentration usually ranges strength to the
from 15-40% by volume composite by
restraining the
The particulate phase is harder movement of the matrix
and stiffer than the matrix
 Large Particle Reinforced
Composites

Cermets - tungsten carbide titanium carbide

Vulcanized rubber - carbon black in rubber

Vulcanized rubber - carbon black in rubber

 Dispersion Strengthened
Composites
Volume fraction is
between 5-15% These particles are
stronger than the
Matrix is the load pure metal matrix
bearing phase and can be metallic,
inter-metallic or
Volume fraction is non-metallic
between 5-15%
Uniformly
dispersed fine, hard
and inert particles
of size less than
0.1µm are used as
reinforcement
 Dispersion Strengthened
Composites

SAP, TD-Nickel

Cu-Al2O3

Cu-Zn-Al2O3
 Particules as Fillers as
Reinforcement reinforcement
(Particulate (Filler
Composites) Composites)
Fibre Reinforced Composites(FRC)

Random Fiber (short fiber) Continuous fiber (long fiber)

reinforced composites reinforced composites
 Typical Reinforcement
Geometries for Composites
Continuously Reinforced Discontinuously Reinforced

Fibres Whiskers and chopped fibres Particulates

 Other Composite Structures
Laminar Composite Structure Sandwich structure

Foam Honeycomb

Two or more layers bonded Consists of a thick core of low

together in an integral piece density foam bonded on both
faces to thin sheets of a
different material
 Composites

Matrices

Polymer Matrix Metal Matrix Ceramic Matrix

Composites (PMC) Composites (MMC) Composites (CMC)

Thermoset Thermoplastic Rubber

 Ceramic Matrix
Ceramic matrix composites (CMC) are used in applications where
resistance to high temperature and corrosive environment is desired.
CMCs are strong and stiff but they lack toughness (ductility)

Matrix materials are usually silicon carbide, silicon nitride and

aluminium oxide, and mullite (compound of aluminium, silicon and
oxygen). They retain their strength up to 3000oF

Fibre materials used commonly are carbon and aluminium oxide

Applications are in jet and automobile engines, deep-see mining,

cutting tools, dies and pressure vessels
 Metal Matrix
Metal matrix composites offer higher modulus of elasticity, ductility, and resistance to elevated
temperature than polymer matrix composites. But, they are heavier and more difficult to process
 Applications of Reinforced Plastics
This sector of the composites industry is characterized by the use of
expensive, high-performance resin systems and high strength, high stiffness
fibre reinforcement. Aerospace industry, including military and commercial
aircraft of all types, is the major customer for advanced composites

These materials have also been adopted for use in sporting goods, where
high-performance equipment such as golf clubs, tennis rackets, fishing
poles, and archery equipment, benefits from the light weight – high strength
offered by advanced materials. There are a number of exotic resins and
fibres used in advanced composites, however, epoxy resin and
reinforcement fibre of aramid, carbon, or graphite dominates this segment
of the market
 Applications of Reinforced Plastics
Phenolic as a matrix with asbestos fibres was the first reinforced plastic
developed. It was used to build an acid-resistant tank. In 1920s it was
Formica, used as counter top., in 1940s boats were made of fiberglass.

Typically, although not always, consumer composites involve products that

require a cosmetic finish, such as boats, recreational vehicles, etc

They are used in industrial applications, where corrosion, resistance and

performance in adverse environments is critical. Generally, premium resins
such as isophthalic and vinyl ester formulations are required to meet
corrosion resistance specifications, and fiberglass is used as the reinforcing
fibre. They include underground storage tanks, scrubbers, piping, fume
hoods, etc
Rohan Deswal 2020UMP1071 Sanskar Malik 2020UMP4314

Siddharth Gulia 2020UMP4329 Pulkit Nagar 2020UMP4350

Shivram 2020UMP4364

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