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Important and distinctive features of Shenzhen's development as a SEZ-turned-

megacity

Shenzhen, in southeast China, is a contemporary city that connects Hong Kong to the

Chinese mainland. Its demographic is 12.59 million people. It is currently well-known for its

numerous shopping stores, a large mall, and a variety of other amenities. Shenzhen had been a

small coastal city with roughly 30,000 inhabitants mainly in the 1970s. Shenzhen was designated

a special economic zone in 1979, which meant that the town was open to international trade,

contemporary technologies, and more business operations without any of the president's consent.

Since the de-border, Shenzhen has become a very successful location for entrepreneurs from

Hong Kong and other regions. Shenzhen would therefore receive enormous sums of money over

time, propelling the city on with the construction of new roads, housing, and other amenities for

the city's ever-increasing population. In 1980, the city's economy and infrastructure grew at

breakneck speed. Earnings and living standards in the city continued to rise, and many people

began to come to Shenzhen to work in the factories(Chen, pp 125).

Thesis statement
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It is a clear indication that in every firm Re-bordering diminishes the bridging impact of

borders while increasing their barrier effect, factories are also the key factor to consider as well

as the state of the Government either economically, politically and culturally. In this essay I will

explain every feature mentioned above in a detailed form.

De-bordering

Border de-bordering lessens the protective coating of borders while increasing their

bridging effectiveness: arms of government policies that encourage border cities to extend their

roles in enlarging borders and increasing cross-border flows. -Connections across borders. The

state strengthens or hardens territorial control as well as other components of national defense,

open borders can be reopened again, and maybe some borders are mainly strictly

controlled(Shen, Jianfa pp 139).

In recent years, there has been significant regional international business.Numerous

cross-border territories exist, such as the Hong Kong-PRD region and the Indonesian region.The

US-Mexico border and the Malaysia-Singapore growth triangle. Comment thread or micro-

regionalism is a subclass of cross-border european cooperation initiatives in the region that have

been looked at from a popular standpoint a "modern regionalism" approach that emphasizes an

open, multifaceted structure with different factors.Four extremely significant interpretive lenses

are included in the framework:  free market economics and trade flows; multi-level policy

actions the political situation on the other side of the boundary;clout of badlands communities;

the distinct culture of borderland community members communities in the outskirts

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Factories

Factories in Shenzhen is more than just a flash in the pan. It has moved higher and further

up the world or cosmopolitan city hierarchy, towards the point that it can be considered a

subsidiary global metropolis. Shenzhen deserves secondary global city status if Shanghai and

Beijing are always at or near the top of the worldwide city hierarchy due to their superior

demographic and economic rankings. Their goals include improved trade balance, continued

spending, job growth, and efficient administration. An SEZ aims to encourage foreign

investment, improve exports, generate employment, and enhance community development.

In comparison to the socialist system everywhere, the government of China grants more

capitalistic system economic reforms and flexible administrative measures to special economic

zones (SEZs) in mainland China(Shen, Jianfa pp 142). This enables SEZs to use economic

strategies, making them more appealing to both international and domestic firms (Chen, pp.

127). Duty-free business estate was established to be recognized as foreign territory for trade

activities, duties, and tariffs. Importing does not necessitate the acquisition of a license. Customs

duty exemption on the importation of capital items, raw materials, serviceable spares, and so on.

Duty-free exportable purchase of commodities for development, management, and preservation

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of SEZ units is one of the incentives and facilities provided to SEZ units to attract investors,

mainly international investment.

Such obstacles for SEZs include the erosion of investment incentives and privileged

positions and the homogeneity issue. Clusters have problems, including segmentation, a lack of

horizontal linkages, and a shortage of trained technical and administrative staff. SEZs aim to

offer tax breaks to foreign enterprises, distribute market-driven produced goods, and form joint

ventures that benefit everyone. In the last decade, four major cities and the entire province of

Hainan Island to the south have been recognized as SEZs.

The government

Shekou: Shenzhen's main triggers are sizing and scaling, speed, and S The government is

pushing the market behind someone, and the central government is driving this ahead. Many real

estate owners prefer to remain anonymous. As China's urbanized structure was being rebuilt, the

economy was also being rebuilt. Agriculture's decline and the emergence of industry

Shenzhen has unrivaled capitalized on first-mover advantage to achieve quick

instantaneous expansion. This is not surprising considering Shenzhen's pre-growth backwardness

as well as its physical proximity to Hong Kong and its abundant cash. Pre-SEZs, like that of the

rest of China, Shenzhen had a history of economic stagnation that lasted until reform ignited and

supported the city's astonishing growth(Shen, Jianfa pp 144). Aside from Shenzhen's power and

position, the very first mover advantage raises concerns about the city's long-term viability. We

offer an objective look at both the foreseeable origins and development of a rapidly growing

metropolis, as well as the long-term issues it faces as it matures.

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Shenzhen grew from a modest fishing village on the far southern edge of the vast Chinese

peninsula bordering Hong Kong into today's massive industrial metropolis. Even in the mid-

1980s, when the senior author of this chapter first visited Shenzhen for research, this fledgling

SEZ had few road infrastructures and a bleak environment with little development of residential

buildings and commercial service facilities. Instead, a slew of new factories dotted the landscape

and cityscape, signaling the arrival of a major industrial city.

Shenzhen wouldn't even have witnessed such rapid demographic, industrial, and

infrastructural growth if the first-ever opportunities had not been used immediately and

intensely. Before 1980, Shenzhen was a live laboratory for new economic concepts and

behaviors alien to the centrally planned political economy. Shenzhen becomes the first and

predominant location for an initial wave of international investment by offering reduced taxes at

15% compared to 33percent beyond its borders.

Considering the couple of years' head start provided by its SEZ classification, Shenzhen's

ascent compared to other Chinese cities was not without foreshadowing. Its proximity to Hong

Kong boosted its first-mover advantage. However, the magnificent early years of Shenzhen's

development did not stay forever. Shenzhen suffered the unavoidable growing pains of economic

expansion and the accompanying developmental changes(Chan pp. 184). It was hampered by a

lack of land, a scarcity of electricity and water, social pressures, and groundwater pollution.

The fortunes of previous migrants to Shenzhen reflect the city's allure as a newly opened

frontier, defying Maoist China's brutal suppression of mobility. The most prudent migrants kept

their former residence registrations as a precaution if they needed to return home, while others
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gambled everything. The migrants' stories are of a boomtown where some flourish while others

struggle in a highly competitive marketplace.

The achievement has proven significantly more elusive for most migrants to and in

Shenzhen. They are not granted household registration and the associated benefits. This harms

social standings and access to affluent education and potential career credentials. They must pay

a significant sponsorship charge for their children to attend local schools because they do not

have a low-cost right to schooling. High medical spending exacerbates these limitations. Migrant

nurses are only paid half of their legal resident contemporaries. Unlike permanent residents, who

can readily apply for and get Hong Kong travel permits, migrant workers must journey to their

ancestral homelands to seek the same opportunity (Chan pp. 178).

Addressing the immediate and long-term requirements of millions of migrant workers in

Shenzhen is a big challenge: it bears the weight of prolonged economic expansion, personal

wealth, and a refusal to acknowledge migrants as true local citizens.

Shenzhen pioneered foreign investment and bank loans to fund infrastructure projects. It

implemented bidding, in which project design, building, and furnishing would all be submitted to

bid evaluation in order to reduce risks and improve capital construction productivity. Besides

being the "historical first," this approach led to growth's "Shenzhen speed"(Chan pp. 191)..

Through the first set of Chinese-foreign strategic partnerships, Shenzhen pioneered the road in

introducing contracting employment, resulting in early changes of traditional lifetime

employment, egalitarian pay, and insurance prevalent in state-owned firms. Additionally,

Shenzhen established China's first foreign-exchange swap center, providing some degree of
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market-based openness, competitiveness, standardization, and fluctuations. Shenzhen, too,

pioneered new territory.

Shenzhen's political thrust is tempered by the problems that have arisen due to its

previous success, both within and beyond its borders. It is difficult to govern a city of about 14

million people in a building space of 720 square kilometers. It is a bustling metropolis, but it

suffers from a lack of comprehensive planning and an inability to anticipate large-scale

problems. Furthermore, local politicians frequently favor rapid growth over coordinated growth.

Until previously, the government system made obtaining a temporary dwelling permit for

migrant employees cumbersome and inexpensive. In reaction to the more tremendous amount of

migrants implicated in crimes, Shenzhen's police have been harsh in cracking down, gathering up

persons thought to be migrants with a legal residence permit.

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Work cited

Chan, Thomas MH. "Financing Shenzhen's Economic Development: A Preliminary Analysis of

Sources of Capital Construction Investments 1979–1984." Asian Journal of Public

Administration 7.2 (1985): 170-197.

Chen, Xiangming, and Tomás de'Medici. "From a fishing village via an instant city to a

secondary global city: The "miracle" and growth pains of Shenzhen Special Economic

Zone in China." Rethinking Global Urbanism. Routledge, 2012. 125-144.

Shan, Yifan, et al. "Modern urbanization has reshaped the bacterial microbiome profiles of house

dust in domestic environments." World Allergy Organization Journal 13.8 (2020):

100452.

Shen, Jianfa. "Not quite a twin city: Cross-boundary integration in Hong Kong and

Shenzhen." Habitat International 42 (2014): 138-146.