CH.

FORCE & MAGNETISM

 There are many types of force. Some examples include:

 Gravitational (or weight) – the force between any two objects with mass (like the
Earth and the Moon)

 Thrust – the force pushing a vehicle (like the push from rocket engines on the shuttle)

 Upthrust – the upward force on any object in a fluid (like a boat on the surface of a
river)

 Air resistance (or drag) – the force of friction between objects falling through the air
(like a skydiver in freefall) Air resistance is one of the types of friction.

 Normal force – the force between any two objects in contact (like the upwards force
from a table on a book)

 Applied force – any force that is applied to another object or person (like a kid is
kicking a ball)

 By creating unequal forces on an object, there will be change in its direction of

motion.

Friction occurs whenever one object tries to

move over another. Because it occurs between
surfaces in contact, friction is called a contact
force.

Friction acts in an opposite direction to motion.

Friction depends upon:

How rough the surfaces in contact are.

How hard the surfaces are pushed together.

The greater the weight of the sliding object, the greater

the force of friction.

By adding grease to ball bearing, putting oil into a car,

we reduce the friction between moving parts
(lubricating).

Trolleys are used to shift heavy objects because rolling

surface produce less friction than sliding surfaces.

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Gravity is a force of attraction that exists between objects and the Earth. It works in water,
on land and in the air.
Gravity is not just the attraction between objects and the Earth. It is an attraction that exists
between all objects, everywhere in the universe.
Gravity pulls on all objects, big and small.
Every object in the Universe is being attracted towards every other object by the force
of gravity. This means that there is nowhere you can go in the Universe where gravity is not
acting. Examples of gravity in action:

 Gravity holds the atmosphere in place around the Earth.

 Gravity keeps people on the Earth’s surface.
 Gravity keeps the International Space Station in orbit around the Earth.
 Gravity keeps the Moon orbiting around the Earth & keeps the Earth orbiting around
the Sun.
 Gravity pulls the satellite toward the centre of the Earth and keeps it in orbit.
 Earth has a greater gravitational pull than the moon simply because the Earth is
more massive. The moon's gravitational pull also affects Earth, the rising and falling
of the tides are an effect of the moon's gravity.

Satellite is a body in space which moves around larger body in space.

Artificial satellites are the object orbiting around the Earth or other larger body in space and
are made by humans and are launched by the powerful rockets. At 27200kmph, it will go
into the orbit to revolve around the earth, but slower than that will fall back to the Earth.

They are used for different purposes, including weather forecasting, tracking storms and
pollution, spying and satellite photography; navigation - including the Global Positioning
System (GPS); astronomy – looking into outer space from our solar system.

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 In air : Parachute

When a parachutist jumps out of an aeroplane,

two main forces act:

 Weight (the force of gravity)

 Air resistance

The bigger the surface area, the greater is the

resistance. So the open parachute makes a lot
of air resistance. This slows the parachute
down and the parachutist drops gently to the
ground.
Heavier is the person, faster he will come
down.

Air resistance makes light objects fall slower

making them float for a while, e.g. feather.

In air : Aeroplane :
When an aeroplane is flying in the air, four
forces acting on it:
 Weight (the force of gravity)
 Lift
 Air resistance (Drag)
 Applied force (Thrust)

Air resistance and gravity are the two

inbuilt forces of nature which act on
anything lifted from the earth and moved
through the air.
Thrust and Lift are created artificially to
overcome air resistance and gravity in
order to enable an airplane to fly.
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 When a vehicle accelerating on a road, two main forces act: Thrust (the applied force) & Air
resistance (Drag) besides normal force, gravity and friction.

Vehicles such as cars, truck and aircraft are all designed to have a streamlined shape. These
shapes allow air to flow over and around them more freely, and reduce drag. Car designers test
different streamlined shapes in wind tunnels. They want to see which shapes cut through the air
best. Lorries use spoilers to help the air flow more smoothly over their bulky shapes.

 There are forces that act on a cyclist and determine how fast the cyclist moves – propulsion
(applied force), normal force, gravity, friction and drag. These four forces interact in
various mixes with the conditions in which the cyclist is riding – wind, terrain, road surface,
etc.

As the bicycle speeds up, friction increases. Eventually, it gets so large that it is equal to the force
pushing the bicycle forward (applied force). All the applied force is used to overcome friction. The
two forces are balanced (equal and opposite). The bicycle keeps going at a steady speed.

Tight and smooth clothing – body suits are designed to minimize the friction due to air resistance.
Crouching down low on the bikes and wearing streamlined helmet help racing cyclists to reduce
the air resistance.

In order for things to move efficiently through air or water, they need to have the smallest
possible surface area. This is because, The bigger the surface area, the greater the
resistance. Therefore, things need to be streamlined to push against the air or water.

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 Weight = Gravity, Engine force = Applied force

In water: Ship/ ball/ swimmer/ fish

When a ball is thrown in water, two main forces act:
 Upthrust (Buoyancy force)
 Weight (Gravity)

Fish, Ship or submarine in the water experiences two more

types of forces along with the above.
 Air/Water resistance (Drag)
 Thrust

Water resistance is stronger than air resistance. Streamlined

bodies of diver, fish allow water to flow over and around more
freely, and reduce drag. Fish has smooth and waterproof skin.
Their smooth, round heads and long, tapering bodies let the
water flow past them more easily.

Note that submarine & fish if are underwater will not have air
resistance, while boats, swimmer and ship will face air
resistance.

Do spacecraft need to be streamlined?

There are no particles of air or water in space. So, there is no resistance in space. Therefore,
spacecraft flying in space do not need to have streamlined shape. This is why many bulky
things such as aerials, antennae, solar panels etc. are attached to many satellites and
spacecraft.

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Magnetism:

A magnet pulls, or attracts, materials containing the metals iron, cobalt

and nickel. A magnetic field is the space around a magnet where a
magnetic force is experienced. The ends of magnet are called poles (north
and south). The magnetic force is strongest at the poles.

Alloys are mixture of different metals.

E.g. Steel = iron + carbon, used for
machine, pipes, bridges.
Stainless steel = chromium + steel, used for knives, medical
instruments.
Brass = copper + zinc, used for door handles, ornaments.

Magnetic poles may be attracted to each other, or repelled by a

magnetic force. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract each
other.

A magnetic field is normally invisible to us, its shape and

strength can be determined by passing a compass around a magnet, or by examining
sprinkling of iron filings around a magnet. Magnetic field lines
do not cross and always run from the North to the South
pole of a magnet.

Magnetic material does not attract another magnetic material.

Magnets are used in many industrial uses, like in scrap yard.

Maglev uses a basic fact about magnetic forces—like magnetic poles repel each other, and
opposite magnetic poles attract each other—to lift, propel, and guide a vehicle over a track
(or guide way). Maglev propulsion and levitation may involve the use of superconducting
materials, electromagnets and some rare-earth magnets. Maglev train floats above the
cushion of magnetic force, so no friction with the track.

The big difference between a maglev train and a conventional train is that maglev trains do
not have wheels. Instead of using fossil fuels, the magnetic field created by the electrified
coils in the guide way walls and the track combine to propel the train. Maglev train uses 30%
less energy than a normal train.

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PAST PAPERS:

 Samir is flying a kite. There is a strong wind blowing.

The picture shows the forces on the kite.

(a) Which letter shows the gravitational force on the kite? C

Which letter shows the pulling force Samir exerts? D

Which letter shows the pulling force of the wind? B

(b) Which two forces balance?

Circle the correct answer.

A and C B and C C and D D and A

(c) The strength of the wind increases. The kite stays in the same place.

What happens to the pulling force that Samir exerts?

The pulling force that Samir exerts will also increase to balance the wind force.

 Jess investigates some magnets and iron filings.

This is what happens.

N S

S N

(a) Write N or S at the ends of the magnets to show the poles. Two of the magnets have
been done for you.

(b) Finish the sentence about these magnets.

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 The iron filings show that these magnets attracting each other

(c) Finish the sentence about these magnets.

The iron filings show that these magnets repelling each other.

 Leroy and Patience float a ping-pong ball on water.

They push the ping-pong ball under the water. Then they let it go.

(a) What happens to the ping-pong ball? The ping-pong ball will come up again and
float on water due to upthrust force.

(b) Which force makes this happen? The force is called upthrust force or buoyant
force.

 Xan and Asya are testing the strength of different sorts of paper. They set up their test
like this.

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(a) Name the equipment labelled F. Force meter

(b) What sort of force are they measuring? Applied force/ Pull force

(c) How can Xan and Asya make the force bigger? Increasing the applied force

 Some metals are attracted to magnets.

(a) In the list, circle the magnetic materials.

Lead magnesium copper

Steel iron nickel

(b) Peter places a sheet of glass over two magnets.

The diagram shows what happens when he shakes some iron filings over it.

What does this tell you about the poles of the magnets? The poles of the magnets shown
in the diagram with the iron filings are same poles.

(c) Peter moves one of the magnets. The diagram shows his new results.

What does this tell you about the poles of the magnets? The poles of the magnets shown
in the diagram with the iron filings are opposite poles.

 (a) A skydiver has jumped out of an aircraft but has not yet opened her parachute.

Which of these statements best describes what is happening? Tick the correct statement.
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She is pushed towards the surface of the Earth by the force of gravity.

She is pushed towards the centre of the Earth by the force of gravity.

She is pulled towards the surface of the Earth by the force of gravity.

She is pulled towards the centre of the Earth by the force of gravity.

(b) Tick the correct statement.

When the skydiver has opened her parachute she will

slow down at first and then fall at a constant speed.

speed up at first and then fall at a constant speed.

slow down at first then speed up.

speed up until she is stationary.

 Angelique jumps up and down on a trampoline.

(a) (i) Write down the name of the force that pulls Angelique towards the trampoline.
Gravity

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 (ii) Draw a line with an arrow to show the direction of this force.
Start the line on the large dot on Angelique.

(b) Angelique lands on the trampoline. She bends her knees and pushes hard against the
trampoline. Complete the sentence.
Choose the best word from the list.

force friction mass weight

Angelique exerts more force so she jumps higher.

 A truck is moving forward. Forces act on the truck.

(a) What happens to the truck?

Circle the correct answer.

does not move moves backwards turns left

speeds up slows down

(b) The force labelled 100 N is the driving force.

Write down the name of the force labelled 60 N.
Air resistance

(C)(i) Draw one arrow on the truck to show the weight.

(ii) The weight of the truck is increased.

What does gravity do to the truck? Circle the correct answer.

moves it backwards moves it downwards

moves it forwards moves it upwards speeds it up

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 Angelique puts two magnets near each other.
(a) Look at what happens.

Explain what is happening in this diagram.

The north pole is attracted by the south pole of the bar magnets.

(b) Angelique puts the two magnets near each other again.

Explain what is happening in this diagram.

The north pole is repelled by the north pole of another bar magnet.

 This piece of apparatus is being used to measure a force.

What is the name of this piece of apparatus? Force meter

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 This ball is moving across the grass.

Friction

Label the arrow with the name of the force slowing the ball’s movement.

 Air resistance is a force. It slows down moving objects. Skaters want to move fast.

Skaters reduce air resistance by wearing smooth helmets.

Write down two other ways skaters reduce air resistance.
Skaters reduce air resistance by wearing smooth tight clothes, keeping arm behind
the back and bend the knees.

 The picture shows an aeroplane flying.

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a. Draw a line to connect each letter to the correct force.

b. The force moving the aeroplane forward is increased more than the resistance. What
happens to the aeroplane? Tick the correct.

c. Write down one way, the air resistance can be reduced?

Air resistance can be reduced by using streamlined designed for the aeroplanes.

 Alan placed two identical blocks on his desks. He exerted forces F1 and F2 on block A at
the same time and forces F3 and F4 on block B all at the same time.

Which of the following would result in block A remaining at position X and block B moving
to position Y?

Block A remaining at position X Block B moving to position Y

1 F1 is less than F2 F3 is same as F4

2 F1 is more than F2 F3 is more than F4

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 3 F1 is same as F2 F3 is less than F4

4 F1 is same as F2 F3 is more than F4

 Ming was pulling a box filled with books along the floor as shown below.

a. Name the force that caused Ming to find difficulty in pulling the box. Friction

b. Besides causing difficulty in pulling the box, what is another problem that the force
mentioned in (a) may cause to the box?

It wears out the undersurface of the box.

c. State how the force mentioned in (a) can also be useful to Ming in pulling the box.

It prevents him from slipping while pulling the box.

 The diagram shows Mr. Tan rolling a bowling ball along the lane to knock down some pins.

a. State the effect of forces on the pins when the bowling ball hits the pins at B.
The pins toppled.

b. Identify the force needed to help Mr. Tan grip the ball at A. Friction

After sometime, Mr. Tan’s hands became sweaty. He wiped his hands with a dry cloth to
absorb the sweat before he rolled the bowling ball forward.

c. Explain how the sweat affects his grip on the bowling ball.

The sweat decreases the force of friction between his hands and the bowling ball
so the grip on the ball is weakened and he may drop the ball.

 Blessy puts two magnets near each other.

The magnets repel each other.

(a) Blessy wants to make these magnets attract each other. What does she do?

Blessy should put the N(orth) and S(outh) together.

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 (b) Blessy uses one of the magnets to attract paper clips.

This magnet only attracts five of the paper clips. The other paper clips have not been
attracted.
Give two reasons why these paper clips are not attracted to the magnet.
1. Magnet is weak.
2. Some of the paper clips are of non magnetic material.

 Ahmed, Carlos and Yuri investigate forces.

A piece of material is tied to the middle of the rope.

Ahmed, Carlos and Yuri all pull the rope with the same force.
(a) Which direction will the material move?
Circle the correct answer.

(b) The boys repeat the investigation.

Only Ahmed and Carlos pull the rope.

They pull the rope with the same force.
Which direction will the material move?
Circle the correct answer.

(c) What is the unit for force?

Circle the correct answer.
friction gravity kilogram mass Newton

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 Safia plays on a slide.

(a) Safia sits at the top of the slide. She is not moving.

What must Safia do to move down the slide? Apply push force

(b) Safia moves down the slide slowly.

Write down two things she can do to move down faster.

Safia can apply more force by pushing harder.

Safia can wear smooth cloth, to reduce friction.

 Angelique throws down two balls into a puddle at the same time.

Ball A and ball B are

• thrown down from the same height
• the same size
• made from the same material.

(a) Which ball is thrown down with the biggest force?

Complete the sentences.
The ball that is thrown down with the biggest force is ball A .
I know this because it bounces higher and made a bigger splash.

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 (b) Angelique says ‘The puddle of water slows down the balls.’
Explain why the puddle of water slows down the balls.

The puddle of water acts like friction force which acts against the movement and
slows down the movement of the ball.

 (a) Which statements about a magnet are true? Tick the two correct statements.

Like poles of two magnets attract.

Magnetism is a force.

Most magnets are made of iron.

Most metals are attracted towards a magnet.

Mia has five magnets A B C D E.

She wants to know how strong each of them is.
She hangs steel pins from each of the magnets as shown.

She hangs as many pins as the magnet can hold.

The results are shown in the bar graph.

Use the information in the graph to answer the questions below.

(b) Which magnet is the strongest? Magnet A

Explain your answer.

Magnet A held more number of pins.

(c) State one thing that Mia must do to make sure that this is a fair test.
Mia should use same kind of pins to make sure that this is a fair test.

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 Cars have different forces acting on them.

The car is moving in the direction of arrow X.

(a) Which letter shows the weight of the car?

Circle the correct answer.

X Y Z W

(b) Which letter shows the air resistance?

Circle the correct answer.

X Y Z W

 Ring magnets have a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).

Gabriella has a toy made of ring magnets. She puts four ring magnets on the toy. There
are gaps between the magnets.

S
S

Complete the missing labels in the boxes on the diagram.

Use N for a north pole.
Use S for a south pole.
The first one has been done for you.

 Study the given picture carefully.

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 a).What is the name of the force labelled X: Air resistance

The force X gets much bigger

b) What happens to the speed of the cyclists? Decreases
c) Why do they crouch down low on their bikes while racing?
To reduce the air resistance, so that maximum air can pass over the head.
d) They wear tight clothes because: Wearing tight clothes will reduce the air resistance.

 Jason goes sledging down a snow –covered hill. He reaches a patch of grass.

(a) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of the frictional force.

(b) What happens to the friction force when the sledge reaches the grass?

The friction force will increase, when the sledge reaches the grass.

(c) What happens to the speed of the sledge when it reaches the grass?

The speed of the grass will decrease.

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 On each picture draw an arrow to show the direction of the friction force.

 The diagram below shows two of the forces acting on the car when it is moving.

(i) When the motor was switched off, the car slowed down and then stopped.
While the car was slowing down, which of the following was true?
Tick the correct box.

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 A rowing boat is moving through water, in the direction shown in Figure.

There are four forces acting on the boat.

Weight is force of gravity on the boat.
Upthrust is upwards force of water on the boat.
The forward thrust is the force that drives the boat through the water, and is caused by
the action of the oars.
The drag is the resistance to the motion due to friction.
a) The boat is floating. What can be said about the upthrust and weight?
Upthrust and weight are equal and opposite force.

b) Explain why is it important that the weight is not greater than upthrust.
It is important to that the weight is not greater than upthrust, as it will then
balance the boat on water. Otherwise the boat would sink in the water.

c) Describe what happens to the boat when forward thrust is greater than drag.
The boat will move forward when the forward thrust is greater than the drag.

d) Describe what happens to the moving boat when the oars are out of water and forward
thrust is zero
The boat stops moving/ will remain still when the oars are out of water and
forward thrust is zero.

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 A car is driving along a road.

Complete the sentences about the car.

Use words from the list

air resistance friction elastic

chemical gravity kinetic

The car is slowing down. The forces that slow the car down are air resistance and friction.

 This is a question about forces.

Diagram C shows pull force only.

Diagram A & E shows pull and push force.

 In which pair are both materials magnetic?

A. aluminium and copper
B. copper and iron
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 C. iron and steel
D. steel and aluminium

 Tick the correct condition/s to verify the magnetism.

Magnet always attract another magnet

Magnet always repel another magnet

 The diagram shows the magnetic field around two bar magnets.

Which diagram shows the poles of the magnets?

 A horseshoe magnet is brought near to an unmagnetised iron bar.

Which row in the table shows the magnetic poles induced in the iron
bar and the direction of the forces between the bar and the magnet?

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 Study the picture given below and answer the following questions:

Y
X

(i) Identify Force X & Y acting on the cyclist moving at a good speed.

X- Air resistance & Y – Applied for by the cyclist on the paddle

(ii) If the force X is greater than force Y will the cyclist have to apply more or less force to
cycle at the same speed?

The cyclist have to apply more force to cycle, if the force X is greater than force Y,
to remain at the same speed.

(iii) Why does the cyclist wear a peculiar shaped head gear while cycling.

The peculiar shaped is streamlined shape of head gear to cover fir on the head
reducing the air resistance.

(iv) Are the Forces X and Y balanced or unbalanced? Give a reason.

Force X & Y are unbalanced, as force Y has to be greater than the force X to ride a
cycle to remain in motion.

 The picture below shows an object found in space.

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a. What is this object known as? Man made satellite
b. Give two uses of the same.
We can watch the live telecasts of sports games from other parts of the world.
Drivers can use the Global Positioning System (GPS) to aid them in their navigation.

 Car tyres lose thread as they get older.

a. Complete the sentences about two card travelling at the same speed.

The drivers brake suddenly.

The force of friction between road and the tyres make the cars stop.

The car with worn out tyres takes 20m to stop. The other car has new tyres, this car only

took 18m to stop. This is because the force of friction has ______________

b. The condition of road surfaces changes the force of friction. Tick the two correct

statements.

Water on the road surface, increases the friction.

Oil on the road surface decreases the friction.

Ice on the road surface does not change friction.

Rougher road surface increases friction.

Smoother road surface does not change friction.

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

This picture shows the shape of an old truck and a new truck. The lines on the new truck

show the air movement as the truck travels along a road.

a. The new truck reduces forces acting on it. Write the name of the force that has been
reduced. Air resistance

b. Describe what effect this will have on the motion of the truck.

The motion of the truck will have less air resistance and thus the truck will move
faster.

c. How does this new shape of the truck affect the fuel consumption of the truck?

New shape of the truck will reduce the consumption of the fuel.

 Divide the following forces into two categories: contact force & Non-contact force

Friction gravity buoyancy applied force magnetic

Air-resistance electro-magnetic

Contact force Non-contact force

Friction Gravity

Buoyancy Magnetic

Air-resistance Electro-magnetic

Air-resistance

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 Jakub is a skydiver. He jumps from a plane.

a. Jakub falls towards the Earth before his parachute opens.

i. Name force A and force B on the diagram:

Air resistance

Gravity

ii. At the start of the skydive force B is larger than force A, describe the motion of Jakub.

The motion of Jakub will be faster towards the earth.

iii. A short time later, force A is same as that of force B, describe the motion of Jakub now.

The motion of Jakub, will be at constant speed towards the earth.

b. Jakub’s parachutes opened, some students investigates how the size of the parachute

affects how fast he falls.

They talk about their ideas.

Which two ideas are about controlling a variable? Ideas 1 & 4

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