ASSIGNMENT

TOPIC:TREATY OF ROME :EEC AND EURATOM

SUBMITTED BY: ARSHA MARIA SABU

18315105
IMA HISTORY II YEAR
 BACKGROUND

In March 1957, two treaties were signed in Rome to establish two separate organisations: The
European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) and the European Economic Community
(EEC).EURATOM was created to research and develop nuclear energy, create a common market for
nuclear fuels and supervise the nuclear industry. Again as with the coal and steel ,it was understood
that a common community for Atomic energy would limit its potential as means of war .However its
scope was limited ,focusing as it did primarily on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy ,the major
concerns being issues of health and safety ,supplies, security , and trade .the ERATOM treaty had no
grandiose ambitions of the type found in the Preamble to the Treaty of Paris ,but in one respect it
did continue a theme consistently expressed in the evolution of European Community .Having staed
that ‘nuclear energy constituted an essential resource for the development and invigoration of
industry’, it went on to say that the new body would ‘permit the advancement of the cause of
peace’.
 When commentators refer to the Treaty of Rome, they usually mean the one creating the
European Economic Community .Its purpose over the long term was clearly stated in its Preamble:
‘to establish an ever closer union between European peoples. However, the more tangible objective
was stated in Article 2 :

The Community shall have as its task …..To promote ….. a harmonious development of economic
activities ,a continuous and balanced expansion ,an increase in stability ,an accelerated raising of the
standard of living and closer relations between the states belonging to it.

The main Rome Treaty set out major guidelines for the six, including:

 Establishing a customs union I which all internal barriers of trade would be removed, and a
common external tariff applied to the outside world.

 Developing a common agriculture policy

 Harmonising social security arrangements

 Providing for the free movement of labour and capital

 Developing regional funds to assist poorer areas of their territory to produce new products
and retain workers whose sills become obsolete.

With the fulfilment of these objectives there would be a ‘Common Market ‘ comprising the three
elements of the ECSC,EEC and Euratom.The treaties again contained elements of supranationalism
and intergovernmentalism. Although the Preamble contains a wish to move to an ‘ever closer union
among the people of Europe.it doesn’t specify that this must eventually be a federal outcome. At the
time national sensitivities were recognised, so that there was a need to balance the aspiration of
pioneers of European integration with provisions for states to protect their national interests. Yet
this was another defining point in post war Europe. Although the EEC had much wider remit than the
ECSC ,there was also strong continuity .Once again six nations had confirmed their commitment to
press ahead with integration via supranational activity , in a process that was intended to be
irreversible .Again Britain was removed from the centre stage when the momentous development
took place .

The institutions were all important, however as with the ECSC they contained important
supranational bodies, the European Commission,(the equivalent of High Authority of ECSC),and the
Assembly(later known as the Parliament ) which initially had only limited powers. In the evolution of
the community ,the decisions of the court of Justice has also provided an important push towards
integration .Again the Economic and Social Committee though only advisory has provided a useful
‘transnational complexion to policy making by institutionalising the concept that European intersts
take precedence over national interests .

Of the supranational ,the commission was the most important .It was to deal with the day-to-day
functioning of the EEC and had responsibility for implementing Treaty provisions and making
recommendations .The national interest was again intended to be safeguarded by the council of
ministers ,which was made responsible for community –level decision- making .

EEC: DESCRIPTION
The European Economic Community was created by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. It was often called
the Common Market, since its core function was fostering economic cooperation between its
member states: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany. The EEC
operated alongside the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Atomic Energy
Community (EAEC). The three separate Communities were brought together in 1967, and the official
name became the European Communities, although in practice most people spoke only of the EEC or
the Common Market, the most important of the three. This also meant that the practice of using the
plural ‘Communities’ became increasingly uncommon outside of official documents. These names
stayed unchanged through the 1970s and 1980s, although the use of the middle E in EEC, i.e. that
standing for ‘Economic’, fell into disuse.

With the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, the EC became the EU. Maastricht brought into being three
‘pillars’, the first of which remained the EC, the other two being Common Security and Foreign Policy
(CFSP), and the second covering Justice and Home Affairs (JHA). Strictly speaking the EC went on
existing, but in practice references to the EU eclipsed those to the EC – and the Treaty of Lisbon in
2007 abolished the pillar structure.

EEC: INSTITUTIONAL CONTROL

There were three political institutions which held the executive and legislative power of the EEC, plus
one judicial institution and a fifth body created in 1975. These institutions (except for the auditors)
were created in 1957 by the EEC but from 1967 onwards they applied to all three Communities. The
Council represents governments, the Parliament represents citizens and the Commission represents
the European interest.[22] Essentially, the Council, Parliament or another party place a request for
legislation to the Commission. The Commission then drafts this and presents it to the Council for
approval and the Parliament for an opinion (in some cases it had a veto, depending upon the
legislative procedure in use). The Commission's duty is to ensure it is implemented by dealing with
the day-to-day running of the Union and taking others to Court if they fail to comply.[22] After the
Maastricht Treaty in 1993, these institutions became those of the European Union, though limited in
some areas due to the pillar structure. Despite this, Parliament in particular has gained more power
over legislation and security of the Commission. The Court was the highest authority in the law,
settling legal disputes in the Community, while the Auditors had no power but to investigate.

Progress within the EEC

Significant economic strides were quickly made within the Community which soon showed that it
was a great success for its members. ‘Big business’ and especially large, multinational corporations
benefited, and many mergers took place. In the first five years, the GNP of the Community rose 27
per cent, as compared with 15 per cent for the USA and 14 per cent for Britain. Statistics for industrial
production were similarly impressive. American investment in Europe, especially in technology, soon
developed, and trade within the Community was considerably expanded.

In fact, the years up until the early 1970s were good ones for the Six. During that time, industrialists
benefited from the large market of about 170m people, and Germany especially prospered via its
membership. The Franco-German bond was strong and their high degree of cooperation made
progress possible in some other areas. The creation of a Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was
agreed in l962 and all customs duties between the Six were eliminated in I968, by which time a
common external tariff was being applied to goods from outside the Community. In transport,
industrial and social policies, progress was less impressive. But by the late 1960s/early 1970s,
discussions began on ways of moving towards political and monetary union, although they were at
this stage inconclusive. In 1965, a Fusion (Merger) Treaty was signed in Brussels. As a result, the
institutions of the three independent organisations (the ECSC, EEC and Euratom) were merged in
1967, with the Commission based in Brussels, the Parliament in Strasbourg and the Court of Justice
in Luxembourg. The treaties Republic. In fact, his return to power following the collapse of the
Fourth Republic probably had more of an impact at the time than did the creation of the EEC. De
Gaulle’s thinking on the role of member states was in some respects more akin to that of Britain
than that of his EC partners, but until his retirement in 1969 he successfully blocked British attempts
to join with them in an enlarged body.

EURATOM: EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY

EURATOM was created in 1957 to further European integration and tackle energy shortages through
the peaceful use of nuclear power. It has the same members as the European Union and is governed
by the Commission and Council, operating under the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice.
EURATOM regulates the European civil nuclear industry, which produces almost 30 % of energy in
the EU. EURATOM’s work safeguards nuclear materials and technology, facilitates investment,
research and development, and ensures equal access to nuclear supplies, as well as the correct
disposal of nuclear waste and the safety of operations. Its main instruments are the EURATOM
Supply Agency, and its research and nuclear safeguard activities. Notably, EURATOM is involved in
developing atomic fusion technology which has the potential of delivering abundant sustainable
energy in the future. In March 2017, the United Kingdom officially notified the EU of its intention to
withdraw from the Union and the Euratom Community. In the context of the negotiations which
commenced in June 2017, the Commission has published a position paper outlining the main
principles of the EU position concerning EURATOM. Possible impacts on both EURATOM and the UK
nuclear industry are yet to be determined.

EURATOM PROGRAMME

EURATOM aims to pursue nuclear research and training activities with an emphasis on continually
improving nuclear safety, security and radiation protection, notably to contribute to the long-term
decarbonisation of the energy system in a safe, efficient and secure way. By contributing to these
objectives, the Euratom Programme will reinforce outcomes under the three priorities of Horizon
2020: Excellent science, Industrial leadership and societal challenges.

The indirect actions of the Euratom Programme focus on two areas:

 nuclear fission and radiation protection

 Fusion research aiming at developing magnetic confinement fusion as an energy source.

The Euratom Programme puts a strong emphasis on developing nuclear skills and competence. This
will allow Europe to maintain world leadership in nuclear safety and waste management and to
attain the highest level of protection from radiation. In particular, the Programme will be carrying
out research in the medical uses of radiation, for the benefit for all European citizens. For fusion
research, the Programme calls for a substantial reorganisation that will support a shift from pure,
academic research to scientific questions of designing, building and operating future facilities such as
ITER. This will allow fusion to progress towards electricity production by fusion around the middle of
the century.

To achieve these objectives, the nuclear research activities will be supported by simpler legislation,
thereby facilitating access to funding for companies, universities, research institutes in all EU
Member States and beyond. In line with the Euratom Treaty, the Programme will run for five years,
from 2014 to 2018.

On 19 October 2018 the Council adopted regulation extending the Euratom Programme for 2019-
2020

Main priorities:

The Euratom Research and Training Programme has the following specific objectives:

 Support safety of nuclear systems;

 Contribute to the development of safe longer term solutions for the management of
ultimate radioactive waste;

 Support the development and sustainability of nuclear expertise and excellence in the
European Union;

 Support radiation protection and development of medical applications of radiation,

including, inter alia, the secure and safe supply and use of radioisotopes;

 Move toward demonstration of feasibility of fusion as a power source by exploiting existing

and future fusion facilities;

 Lay the foundations for future fusion power plants by developing materials, technologies
and conceptual design;

 Promote innovation and industrial competitiveness;

 Ensure availability and use of research infrastructures of pan-European relevance

 REFERNCES
1. Duncan _ and _ Watts_The European Union Origin and Past
2. Https://ec.europa .eu>programmes>horizon2020>h2020-section>euratom
3. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.
4. https://ukandeu.ac.uk/fact-figures/what-was-the-european-economic-community/
5. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/the-parliament-and-the-
treaties/treaty-of-rome

INDEX
I. BACKGROUND: TREATY OF ROME
II. EEC:EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
1. EEC DESCRIPTION
2. EEC INSTITUTIONAL CONTROL
3. PROGRESS WITHIN EEC
III. EURATOM:EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY
1. EURATOM PROGRAMME
IV. REFERNCES