Mineral

Resourses
 • inorganic material that has a
Mineral characteristic chemical composition
and specific crystal structure.

• the process of extracting minerals

Mining from the earth

2
 Types of Mining
Open-pit / cast mine

• place where rocks, sand, or

minerals are extracted from
the surface of the Earth.

3
 Underground Mining
Adit Mining
• is done in hilly districts where a
mineral seam is exposed

Shaft Mining
• Verticals Shafts are dug down
to the minerals due to their
depth and spread underground
4
5
Non-Metallic Minerals: Usage
Rock Salt Coal
Cooking, Preservative, • Used in brick kilns, for power
Soda ash, bicarbonate, generation, etc.
caustic soda, textiles
and tanning

Limestone Gypsum
• Paints, fertilizers and
• Bleaching powder, glass,
prefabricated
soap, paper, paints and construction boards,
lime, used in treating cement, plaster of Paris
sugarcane waste

6
Marble
Magnesite
• Used in buildings,
making chips for • Cement, fertilizers,
rayon, paper pulp,
flooring and chemicals and
decorative purpose pharmaceuticals

Sulphur Crude Oil

• Sulphuric acid, paints, • Fuel for vehicles,
explosives material, lubricant for machines
dyes, rayons and
fertilizers

7
Chromite
• Gives harness and electrical Manganese
resistance to steel. Used for
bridges, railway carriages, • Batteries, paints,
engineering tools vital alloy in steel
making, flares
and flash bulbs
Iron ore
• Steel making, construction
and the transport industry

Bauxite
• Aluminum is
Copper Ore mainly obtained
from it. Utensils,
• Electrical wires, electrical tins, cans, etc.
appliances, switches, water
pipes, tanks, making alloys
8
Metallic Minerals
• Economically more valuable
• Generally hard, tough and shiny
• Can change shape without breaking
• Can be stretched and compressed
• Good thermal and electrical conductors
• More reactive with water and acid

Non - metallic Minerals

• Economically less valuable except oil and gas
• Softer, rough and may not shine
• Breaks away when shape is changed
• Cannot be compressed or stretched
• Poor thermal and electrical conductors
• Less reactive with water and acid (except limestone and salt.
9
Benefits of Extracting Mineral Resources

National Economy
• Raw Material for Economy, e.g. Energy, Construction,
Agriculture, Industry
• Industrialization / Industry Developed
• Revenue / Taxes For Government
• Exports Increase
• Export Earnings / Contributes To Balance of Payments
• Reduces National Debt / Deficit
• Reducing Imports
10
Benefits of Extracting Mineral Resources
Local People
• Employment Opportunities
• Higher / More Stable Incomes
• Higher Living Standards /Settled Lifestyle
• Business Opportunities For Local / Ancillary
Industries / Services
• Improvement to Local Infrastructure such as Roads /
Electricity
• Local Use of Raw Materials for cement, fertilizers, etc.
• Rural development
11
 Problems for Mining Industry
Lack of
Unattractive to In remote areas /
Lack of funds machinery /
investors inaccessible
technology

Lack of
infrastructure, Lack of skills / Institutional
Security issues
e.g roads, power expertise mismanagement
supply, etc.

Low priority
given to mineral
extraction
12
 Effects of Mineral Extraction
Land deformation
Deforestation to Destroys habitat /
E.g. holes / pits /
clear land wildlife
depressions

Water pollution –
Noise pollution from
Air pollution from seepage into
machinery / blasting
dust and smoke ground
/ disturbs wildlife
water/rivers/seas

13
14
How to Reduce Effects of Mining

Tree planting /
Laws / legislation Land restoration
screens

Personal health and Avoid using

safety – eg wearing Regular medical explosives; use
masks against the check ups, etc. alternate
dust, ear defenders, technology

15
Sustainable Mining
• Extracting minerals with minimum damage to the
Environment to fulfil the needs of present society
without compromising the environment and ability of
future generations to meet theirs needs

Suggestions for Sustainable Mining

• Reuse, Reduce, Recycling
• Use of Scientific Technology, i.e. use of Laser for cutting
marbles slabs, etc.
• Extraction of minerals as per the need
• Restoration of mining areas once operations are over, i.e.
filling the depressions, planting trees, etc.
16
Mineral Deposits
and Extraction

17
Mineral Reserve
Coal 185 billion tons
Natural gas 492 billion cubic meters
Crude oil 184 million US barrels
Rock Salt Over 100 million tons
China Clay 4.9 million tons
Fire-clay Over 100 million tons
Gypsum 350 million tons
Sulphur 0.8 million tons
Bauxsite Over 74 million tons
Iron Ore Over 430 million tons
18
 Minerals Production
80000 74268
70000
Production in Metric Tons

60000

50000 47525
42038 42770
40000

30000 23740 22040

23283
19730 19015
20000 14869
10000

0
Bauxite Sulpher
Years

2014 - 15 2015 - 16 2016 - 17 2017 - 18 2018 - 19

19
 Minerals Production
6000000
5365481

5000000
Production in Metric Tons

4477555
3953992
4000000 3749312
3407659

3000000
2475893
2079629 2212175
1871716
2000000
1417007

1000000

0
Coal Gypsum
Years

2014 - 15 2015 - 16 2016 - 17 2017 - 18 2018 - 19

20
 Minerals Production
10000000
8813025
9000000
8004470
Production in Metric Tons

8000000
7000000
6000000
5000000 47466384906233

4000000 3552948353407536537463796634
2815601
3000000
2136361
2000000
1000000
0
Rock Salt Marble
Years

2014 - 15 2015 - 16 2016 - 17 2017 - 18 2018 - 19

21
 Minerals Production
800000

700000 677206
627083
600000
501664
Metric Tons

500000
432156
400000
328915
300000

200000 140209
101762 105238 97420
100000 69333

0
Iron ore Chromite
Years

2014 - 15 2015 - 16 2016 - 17 2017 - 18 2018 - 19

22
 Limestone
80000000

70000000
70818725 68612029
60000000
Metric Tons

50000000
52149137
40000000 46123367
40470356
30000000

20000000

10000000

0
2014 - 15 2015 - 16 2016 - 17 2017 - 18 2018 - 19
Years

Limestone

23
 Limestone
80000000

70000000
70818725 68612029
60000000
Metric Tons

50000000
52149137
40000000 46123367
40470356
30000000

20000000

10000000

0
2014 - 15 2015 - 16 2016 - 17 2017 - 18 2018 - 19
Years

Limestone

24
 Natural Gas
1490000

1480000

1470000
(MMCFt)

1460000

1450000

1440000

1430000

1420000

1410000
2014 - 15 2015 - 16 2016 - 17 2017 - 18 2018 - 19
Years

Natural Gas (MMCFt)

25
 Crude Oil
35000
34500
34000
33500
000 Barrels

33000
32500
32000
31500
31000
30500
30000
2014 - 15 2015 - 16 2016 - 17 2017 - 18 2018 - 19
Years

Crude Oil

26