Resources, Conservation & Recycling 141 (2019) 273–283

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Resources, Conservation & Recycling

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/resconrec

A collaboration-driven mode for improving sustainable cooperation in smart T

industrial parks
⁎
Pengcheng Xianga,b, , Ting Yuana,b
a
Faculty of Construction Management & Real Estate, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
b
Construction Economics and Management Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045 PR China

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: With the rapid development of intelligent means, sustainable cooperation has become a major obstacle for smart
Smart industrial parks industrial parks due to insufficient information sharing between stakeholders. Currently, despite progress in
Sustainable development information sharing, not every stakeholder has enough knowledge or enthusiasm about information sharing.
Collaboration-driven mode Therefore, a reasonable collaboration-driven mode focused on information sharing can support the sustainable
Information sharing
development of smart industrial parks. Based on the results of the specific cooperation needs of Chinese smart
industrial parks, which were studied by Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats analysis (SWOT), a col-
laboration-driven mode is proposed in this study. It consists of four parts, i.e., cooperation promoters, contents of
information sharing, diffusing professional knowledge, and incentive strategies of information sharing, and is
supported by two layers, i.e., decision layers and implementation layers. Promoters were determined by Social
Network Analysis (SNA) and include park management committees, enterprises, research institutions, and local
governments. Based on the SNA, contents of information sharing and diffusing professional knowledge paths
have been designed. Incentive strategies of information sharing were explored by Rough Set. The collaboration-
driven mode was verified using an empirical case-study, which showed that the collaboration-driven mode is
feasible. These findings offer a good reference for the sustainable cooperation of Chinese smart industrial parks.

1. Introduction Therefore, it is necessary to have a deep understanding of how stake-

Many industrial parks have been built rapidly in China. At least 60
state-level industrial parks have been established in China, which ac-
count for a large proportion of the world’s industrial parks (Liu et al.,
2016). These industrial parks facilitate efficient waste utilization, re-
source-sharing, and economic growth (Xu et al., 2017). Smart industrial
parks provide intelligent means to support the management of in-
dustrial parks to mitigate environmental impacts and to reduce costs
(Ahvenniemi et al., 2017). Complex environmental conditions and
various stakeholders mean that smart industrial parks can be filled with
cooperative barriers (Chen et al., 2014). Even though professional
technical guidelines exist (Sun et al., 2017; Fraccascia and Yazan,
2018), smart industrial parks often suffer from poor performance due to
inappropriate cooperation requirements and management means
(Martin Gomez et al., 2018). The key to practical requirements and
management means is sustainable cooperation among stakeholders.
Inadequate or inappropriate cooperation needs and modes may reduce
the cooperative motivation of stakeholders and lead to smart industrial
parks being underdeveloped (Tan et al., 2016; Kalmykova et al., 2018).
holders cooperate with each other effectively.
Information sharing among stakeholders has been identified as a
key driver to realize sustainable cooperation (Jensen et al., 2011). Due
to limited resources, complex production processes, dynamic environ-
mental conditions, and various stakeholders in smart industrial parks, a
cooperation mode does not always rely on technical strategies. Instead,
it tends to recognize practical needs and to share various resources,
experiences, and ideas to deal with serious emergencies (Yuan et al.,
2010). The literature on information sharing has focused on the paths of
material or energy flow or on infrastructure supports and intelligent
equipment applications but has paid less attention to the ways of how
stakeholders share information effectively (Zhu et al., 2015).
Information sharing is associated with policies, organizational sys-
tems, benefit distributions, and intelligent technologies (Feng et al.,
2018). Factors that may affect information sharing include practical
requirements, stakeholders, contents of information sharing, profes-
sional knowledge, and incentive strategies (Chertow and Ehrenfeld,
2012; Jiao and Boons, 2017). Previous studies have explored various
factors to improve information sharing, but have rarely offered a

⁎
Corresponding author at: Faculty of Construction Management & Real Estate, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China.
E-mail addresses: pcxiang@cqu.edu.cn, 58349781@qq.com (P. Xiang), 1422703427@qq.com (T. Yuan).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.10.037
Received 29 March 2018; Received in revised form 26 October 2018; Accepted 27 October 2018
Available online 06 November 2018
0921-3449/ © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
P. Xiang, T. Yuan Resources, Conservation & Recycling 141 (2019) 273–283

comprehensive study of the practical needs for stakeholders to share wide range of stakeholders who play critical roles in the sustainable
information and how stakeholders share professional knowledge (Yuan development of smart industrial parks. The Ministry of Environmental
et al., 2010). Thus, this study aims to build a collaboration-driven mode Protection of China, industrial associations, and local governments
to encourage various stakeholders to share information effectively. have been identified as playing a critical role in building smart in-
To find out possible ways to improve sustainable cooperation based dustrial parks, as top-down policy guidance greatly affects the sus-
on information sharing, the research focused on three research ques- tainable development of smart industrial parks in China and provides
tions: What are the practical requirements guiding sustainable co- critical resources, such as leasing the territory for the infrastructure
operation for Chinese smart industrial parks? Who are the promoters of (Hein et al., 2017). Meanwhile, financial institutions play an important
cooperation? What are the paths and incentive strategies of information role in financing the sustainable development of smart industrial parks
sharing for stakeholders? Information sharing is introduced as a med- (Wuebbeke and Heroth, 2014). The local population provides em-
iating role between practical needs and sustainable cooperation. This ployment, and information on new projects (Hein et al., 2017). Man-
study links practical cooperation requirements, cooperation promoters, agement committees and the managers of enterprises in smart in-
and information sharing methods in order to build a collaboration mode dustrial parks play critical roles because they determine material and
based on information sharing. The findings of this study will not only information flows and profit distributions. The mass media, information
contribute to the information sharing and sustainable cooperation lit- service companies, quality supervision departments, hydropower
erature but will also provide guidance for managers of smart industrial management departments, and waste recycling companies are powerful
parks. actors in enhancing the sustainable development of smart industrial
parks (Zhu et al., 2015; Van Ewijk et al., 2018). Research institutions
2. Literature review are also important in promoting collaborative cooperation, as they put
successful research outcomes into practice (Behera et al., 2012).
With the development of smart industrial parks, corresponding To summarize, a large amount of literature has recognized stake-
studies have been carried out. It is widely accepted that cooperation in holders and analyzed the roles of certain stakeholders in cooperation in
smart industrial parks has played a critical role in enhancing sustain- smart industrial parks. However, some stakeholders may play an im-
able development (Velenturf and Jensen, 2016). Sustainable coopera- portant role in sustainable development, but they are not the promoters
tion strategies should reconcile three aspects of sustainability: eco- of sustainable cooperation. Few attempts have been made to system-
nomic, environmental, and social sustainability (Fan et al., atically identify promoters and promoted objects among stakeholders.
2017a,b,c,d,e; Martin and Harris, 2018). Recently, various cooperation Only by identifying the promoters of collaborative cooperation and
strategies have been presented. For example, recognizing roles of par- continuously promoting the implementation of cooperation can the
ticipants (Spekkink, 2015), policy support (Li et al., 2017), supporting sustainability of collaborative networks in smart industrial parks be
infrastructure (Yuan et al., 2010), public participation (He et al., improved.
2018a,b), and water recycling (Tiu and Cruz, 2017; Kim et al., 2018). Collaborative information sharing oriented around sustainability
However, these cooperation strategies have not paid attention to has been intensely discussed because information sharing is the key to
practically sustainable development pressures of smart industrial parks improving cooperation among stakeholders and overcoming common
in China. It is difficult to mitigate infrastructure shortage, undeveloped challenges (Fan et al., 2017a,b,c,d,e). There are several types of sharing
industrial symbiosis networks, serious environmental pollution based in industrial parks, including cooperative goals, product manufacturing
on 63 annual evaluation reports of industrial parks issued by the Min- processes, investment costs, risk sharing, profit sharing, knowledge
istry of Environmental Protection of China represented in Table 1 (Yu sharing, and experience sharing (Herczeg et al., 2018). Information-
et al., 2015a,b). Therefore, it is necessary to determine the specific sharing platforms play a critical role in resource sharing (Fraccascia and
sustainable cooperation needs to guide sustainable cooperation among Yazan, 2018). Entire metabolic systems through the supply of materials
stakeholders. are built to share information among enterprises, for example around
Specific cooperation needs are the basis of sustainable development. water and wastewater recycling, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions,
To improve cooperation among stakeholders, it is necessary to under- and the preplanning of smart industrial parks (Fan et al., 2017a,b,c,d,e;
stand stakeholders and explore ways of cooperation. Hu et al., 2017; Tseng et al., 2018). Enterprises can decrease waste
Organizational stakeholders in industrial parks are the subject of disposal costs and input purchase costs to enhance their sustainable
much current research. Actors who have an influence on the sustainable efficiency via information-sharing platforms (Aid et al., 2017). Sug-
cooperation of smart industrial parks are called stakeholders. There is a gestions from the public play a critical role in launching sustainable
information sharing for enterprises (Wang et al., 2012). However, it is
Table 1 generally accepted that public participation is conducive to realizing
Sustainable development pressures faced by stakeholders in smart industrial information-sharing goals, but local government, research institutions,
parks. and enterprises of smart industrial parks still play the main roles in
No. Pressure total proportion(%)
decision making (Mol et al., 2011). The general public is only a passive
recipient of information and the decision-making mainly relies on a few
1 Unreasonable industrial structures 41 19.52% powerful actors rather than information exchange among individuals,
2 Undeveloped industrial symbiosis networks 28 13.33% groups, and institutions (He and Liu, 2013). Besides, because the public
3 Infrastructure shortage 22 10.48%
is not familiar with the environmental, economic, and social risks or the
4 Serious environmental pollution 21 10.00%
5 Low economic benefits 17 8.10% cost of production, it is difficult for them to exchange information re-
6 Unreasonable management mode 13 6.19% garding smart industrial parks (He et al., 2018a,b). To conclude, much
7 Large amount of fresh water usage 10 4.76% attention is paid to resource sharing among enterprises. By contrast,
8 Land shortage 10 4.76%
there is a lack of studies on improving public participation in in-
9 Undeveloped public services such as education and 9 4.29%
medical care formation sharing. Public attitudes and responses are critical for im-
10 High energy consumption 9 4.29% plementation of information sharing and decision making. This study
11 Insufficient policy support 9 4.29% argues that effective information sharing is a necessary means of sus-
12 Defective overall planning 7 3.33% tainable cooperation.
13 Insufficient public participation 6 2.86%
Overall, this study is interested in the following questions: What are
14 Lack of talent 4 1.90%
15 Undeveloped data platforms 4 1.90% the specific needs of sustainable cooperation in smart industrial parks?
Who are the promoters and promoted objects in sustainable

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P. Xiang, T. Yuan
cooperation? How can the public participate in information sharing
more efficiently?
The remainder of the study is designed as follows. Section 3 and 4
describes the methods and data collection to explore specific targets of
sustainable cooperation, to recognize promoters and promoted objects,
and to find sustainable information-sharing methods. Section 5 presents
the results about the sustainable cooperation mode. This research em-
ploys a case-study to verify the feasibility of the theoretical collabora-
tion mode.
3. Research methods
To determine the sustainable requirements guiding cooperation
among stakeholders, 63 annual evaluation reports of industrial parks
issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China were used
to refine specific issues affecting the sustainable development of in-
dustrial parks. To recognize promoters and promoted objects in the
process of cooperation, survey questionnaires were sent to a number of
professionals in smart industrial parks. They were required to provide
responses using a five-point scale. By social network analysis (SNA), the
data were analyzed to determine the promoters and to establish a
complex network of relationships among the stakeholders. Based on the
network, an information-sharing mode was built and sent to a number
of professionals in smart industrial parks. They were asked to provide
comments on the mode. In addition, to spur enthusiasm for information
sharing, another type of survey questionnaires was sent to a number of
professionals in smart industrial parks. They were asked to provide
information on a five-point scale. The data were analyzed to find out
which strategies would have a significant impact on information
sharing. Because of the widespread use of Rough Set (Hu et al., 2018),
this was used in the study. These methods are briefly discussed below
and a research framework is shown in Fig. 1.
3.1. Strengths weaknesses opportunities threats analysis (SWOT)
This study employs the SWOT method to explore the strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to smart industrial parks.
The SWOT approach originates from business research and has been
applied in other fields (Borgatti et al., 2009). A SWOT analysis refers to
internal and external assessments. Strengths and weaknesses belong to
internal assessments (Lienert et al., 2013). In this study, strengths re-
present resources that improve the efficiency of smart industrial parks
while weaknesses represent conditions that impair competitiveness.
Opportunities are chances to promote sustainable development and
threats are the problems they face. Opportunities and threats are parts
of an external assessment (Valente et al., 2015). Previous methods have
only focused on a single aspect of improving the sustainable develop-
ment of smart industrial parks. According to the requirements of in-
dustrial symbiosis, the cooperation of stakeholders in smart industrial
parks has two components. The first is the spontaneous development
affected by internal strengths and weaknesses (Chertow, 2007) and the
second refers to exogenous promoters, such as opportunities and threats
presented by government agencies and associations (Behera et al.,
2012). Therefore, a SWOT framework that contains internal and outside
assessments is considered in this study and we analyzed 63 annual
evaluation reports of industrial parks issued by the Ministry of En-
vironmental Protection of China and designed four combination stra-
tegies via a SWOT analysis to recognize the specific requirements for
cooperation in smart industrial parks. The findings related to specific
cooperation needs guided the building of a collaboration mode.
3.2. Social network analysis (SNA)
Social network analysis has been used to recognize promoters in
sustainable cooperation in smart industrial parks. Researchers must
systematically consider economic, social, and environmental objectives
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Resources, Conservation & Recycling 141 (2019) 273–283
but qualitative research methods cannot simultaneously meet these
goals. Social network analysis is a reliable tool with which to analyze
the stakeholders (Scott and Carrington, 2011). Social network analysis
works well in understanding and mapping network systems, which can
identify the positions and stakes of the stakeholders (Doloi, 2012).
Previous methods of analyzing stakeholders often ignore the im-
portance of the stakeholders’ communication and SNA is used to
overcome the issue (Almahmoud and Doloi, 2015). The degree of the
centrality of an actor in the SNA method can represent the direct ties to
the other actors. Strong ties to others in SNA indicate that the in-
dividual actor is more likely to influence the others and, thus, have
critical roles among the stakeholders (Prell et al., 2009). In this study,
actors with strong contacts to various others can be regarded as pro-
moters that motivate sharing information in the network. Another ad-
vantage of SNA is that it helps to reconstruct the information-sharing
paths according to the results of the network.
3.3. Rough set
Incentive strategies are key to further promoting sustainable co-
operation between stakeholders in smart industrial parks because not
all participants are willing to share information with each other.
The rough set method was employed to recognize reasonable stra-
tegies. Rough set theory is regarded as a tool to overcome imprecision,
uncertainty, and vagueness of data (Pawlak, 1982). Rough set theory
can explore data dependencies and reduce common items contained in
a dataset by purely mathematical methods (Chen et al., 2011). In this
study, incentive strategies about information sharing have complex
relationships and the rough set can eliminate some strategies associated
with dispensable attributes without affecting the overall effect (Liou,
2011). A rough set can find key elements with a small sample size (Li
et al., 2016). Therefore, it is reasonable to make use of it in this study.
4. Data collection and analysis
4.1. Data collection
In the process of identifying specific cooperation needs, the study
collected multiple data by document analysis. In the study, direct ob-
servation was adopted because there have been 63 annual reports
evaluating industrial parks issued by the Ministry of Environmental
Protection of China. First, based on the issues in each report, this study
refined the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of each
report. Second, we incorporated items that are consistent in each report
and removed irrelevant items to form a list of items.
In the process of recognizing cooperation promoters and designing
information-sharing paths, semi-structured face-to-face interviews and
a questionnaire survey were used to collect data. Each interview lasted
for more than one hour and each interviewee was asked to briefly in-
troduce their smart industrial park. Then, questions were asked, which
were divided into two parts. The first part involved questions about
cooperation promoters while the second part was about incentive
strategies for information sharing. Subsequently, based on the results of
the semi-structured interviews and the relevant literature (Mol et al.,
2011; He and Liu, 2013; He et al., 2018a,b), a preliminary ques-
tionnaire was formatted and distributed to 15 employees in smart in-
dustrial parks and 20 postgraduate students majoring in industrial
symbiosis. According to their feedback and responses, we improved the
questionnaires and the modified questionnaires were distributed to 20
managers of smart industrial parks. These managers each have more
than 5 years’ management experience. In the questionnaires, each item
adopts a five-point scale in which 1 represents strong agreement and 5
represents strong disagreement.
P. Xiang, T. Yuan
Fig. 1. The general framework of this research.
4.2. Data analysis tools
The data analysis is divided into three stages. First, based on the list
of items related to strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of
smart industrial parks, we counted the number of occurrences of each
item. According to SWOT theory, this study identified the top-ranked
items as specific requirements for sustainable cooperation in smart in-
dustrial parks. Second, according to social network analysis theory,
data of cooperation promoters were transformed into an adjacency
matrix. UCINet software was employed to recognize cooperation pro-
moters and to build an information-sharing network. Third, data about
incentive strategies of information sharing were analyzed using a rough
set.
5. Research findings
5.1. Results of sustainable cooperation needs
In the study, the sustainable cooperation mode contains three parts.
In part one, the study explored specific cooperation needs by strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats recorded in 63 annual reports
(Fig. 2). Part two involves performing standardized betweenness cen-
trality to recognize cooperation promoters (Table 2 and Fig. 3). The
network about the stakeholders is presented in Fig. 4. The collaborative
cooperation mode based on information sharing is represented in Fig. 5.
Part three presents the results of incentive strategies of information
sharing (Tables 3 and 4).
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Resources, Conservation & Recycling 141 (2019) 273–283
5.1.1. Results of SWOT analysis
According to the 63 Annual Reports evaluating industrial parks is-
sued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, there were
three strengths, eleven weaknesses, five opportunities, and five threats.
This study found that industrial parks have typical construction char-
acteristics, which refer to multiple stakeholders, unreasonable respon-
sibility, lack of talent, irrational access and exit mechanisms, lower
efficiency of public participation, different structures of information
data, and lower information sharing (Dubey et al., 2016; Gómez et al.,
2017). The detailed strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
are represented in Fig. 2.
5.1.2. Four combinations of SWOT analysis strategies
SO combination strategies. These are pioneering strategies. They
emphasize collaborative cooperation among stakeholders, cooperation
between enterprises and research institutes, use of advanced technol-
ogies and information technologies, and improving public participation
efficiency (Côté and Liu, 2016; He et al., 2018a,b).
WO combination strategies. These are aggressive strategies. First, it is
best to cooperate with each other when responsibilities and rights have
been clarified especially for local government and managers of smart
industrial parks (Fan et al., 2017a,b,c,d,e). Second, information islands
have made it difficult for stakeholders to cooperate with each other
effectively (Gómez et al., 2017). Third, with the enhancement of con-
sciousness about overall planning among managers and introducing
innovative talents, the efficiency of land use and industrial structures of
a circular economy in smart industrial parks will be gradually improved
(Fan et al., 2017a,b,c,d,e). Finally, it is necessary to enhance profes-
sional knowledge about smart industrial parks for the public (Mol et al.,
P. Xiang, T. Yuan Resources, Conservation & Recycling 141 (2019) 273–283

Fig. 2. Results of SWOT analysis about industrial parks.

Table 2 participation.
Results of social network analysis about collaboration stakeholders. According to the SWOT analysis, the collaboration mode empha-
No. stakeholders Betweenness nBetweenness
sizes three aspects. First, it is important to find promoters in coopera-
tion processes (Chen et al., 2014). Second, it is necessary to design the
1 Park management committees 28.917 40.162 information-sharing paths to improve the efficiency of information
2 Enterprises 9.667 13.426 sharing, especially for the public. Third, incentive strategies of in-
3 Government 3.583 4.977
formation sharing should be designed to increase the willingness of
4 Research institutions 2.083 2.894
5 Public 0.833 1.157 stakeholders to share information. Many studies show that information
6 Information service company 0.667 0.926 sharing lacks corresponding incentive strategies, especially for in-
7 Supervision department 0.250 0.347 troducing talent, land use, simple administrative procedures, and un-
8 Hydro-power management department 0.000 0.000
derstanding responsibilities between local government and managers of
9 Financial institutions 0.000 0.000
10 Waste recycling company 0.000 0.000
smart industrial parks (Guo et al., 2016). Therefore, the collaboration
mode contains the three items discussed above.

2011). 5.2. Results of the theoretical mode of sustainable cooperation

WT combination strategies. These are conservative development
strategies. First, the local government and enterprises should strengthen
information exchange by defining clear responsibilities and rights.
Meanwhile, local government should simplify administrative proce-
dures (Sa de Abreu and Ceglia, 2018). Second, to meet the needs of
smart industrial parks, local governments should design targeted in-
centive policies to encourage information sharing, attract talent, save
energy, reduce emissions, and protect the environment (Yao and Zhang,
2018).
ST combination strategies. The growth of international cooperation
trends requires simple relative procedures and reasonable distribution
of responsibilities and rights among participants (Fan et al.,
2017a,b,c,d,e). Besides, it is necessary to develop relative strategies for
local governments to reasonably supply land and promote public
5.2.1. Collaborative promoters
As shown in Table 2, according to the social network analysis, the
key collaborative promoters in smart industrial parks are park man-
agement committees, enterprises, local government, and research in-
stitutions and the promoted objects are the public, information service
companies, and supervision departments (Hein et al., 2017; Hao et al.,
2017). Detailed information on the promoters and promoted objects in
smart industrial parks can be found in Fig. 3.
5.2.2. The collaboration-driven mode based on information sharing
The information sharing of stakeholders in smart industrial parks
has various paths based on the stakeholders’ network, as indicated in
Fig. 4. Meanwhile, different stakeholders have different information-

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Fig. 3. Promoters in the collaboration-driven mode.

Fig. 4. Detailed information sharing paths among stakeholders.

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Fig. 5. Collaboration-driven mode based on information sharing.

Table 3 to encourage information sharing. A sustainable cooperation center

Results of rough set about incentive strategies.
No. Rough set calculation results
1 Pos{A-A1}(B3)={a, b, f, g, h}=Pos{B}(B3)
2 Pos{A-A2}(B3)={i}≠Pos{B}(B3)
3 Pos(B3)={a, b, f, g, h}
4 Pos{B-B1}(B3)={a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}≠Pos{B}(B3)
5 Pos{B-B2}(B3)={a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}≠Pos{B}(B3)
6 Pos{B-B4}(B3)={a, b, f, g, h}=Pos{B}(B3)
7 Pos{B-B5}(B3)={a, b, f, g, h}=Pos{B}(B3)
8 Pos{B-B6}(B3)={a, b, f, g, h}=Pos{B}(B3)
9 Pos{C-C1}(B3)={a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}≠Pos{B}(B3)
10 Pos{C-C2}(B3)={a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}≠Pos{B}(B3)
11 Pos{C-C3}(B3)={a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}≠Pos{B}(B3)
12 Pos{C-C4}(B3)={a, b, c, d, f, g, i, j}≠Pos{B}(B3)
sharing paths, and the information shared by various stakeholders is
different (Chen et al., 2014). In particular, there are re-education paths
for the public to enrich professional knowledge. As indicated in Fig. 5,
using decision layers, a decision process about issues has been designed
built by promoters plays a major role in diffusing professional knowl-
Results edge. First, research institutions bring innovative ideas. Then, en-
terprises offer practical experience and park management committees
Reduce introduce management experience to revise the original innovative
Reserve
ideas. Third, local government offers comments based on the direction
Reserve
Reserve
of sustainable development. When they all reach a preliminary con-
Reserve sensus on this issue, they will introduce fundamental materials to
Reduce promoted objects to diffuse professional knowledge and to re-educate
Reduce the public. Subsequently, promoters and promoted objects participate
Reduce
in open discussion to reach a consensus on the issue and form formal
Reserve
Reserve reports. In the implementation layers, all of the functional departments
Reserve should cooperate with each other to offer advice on issues during the
Reserve decision process to support information sharing. It is significant to
diffuse professional knowledge and to change the mode of public par-
ticipation. Detailed information can be found in Fig. 5.
5.2.3. Incentive strategies of information sharing
The results of the rough set are represented in Table 3. According to
the suggestions of the smart industrial park managers, compensating for

Table 4
Coordinated strategies of information sharing.
No. Category Incentive strategies

1 Distribution strategies (A1)
2 Compensation strategies (B1)
3 Compensation strategies (B2)
4 Compensation strategies (B3)
5 Guiding strategies (C1)
6 Guiding strategies (C2)
7 Guiding strategies (C3)
8 Guiding strategies (C4)
Evaluate cooperation risks of stakeholders respectively and design benefits distribution strategies according to the principle of consistent
risk and benefits.
If the investment of enterprises about technological transformation is above the baseline, the annual tax payment of the enterprise can be
reduced.
For public re-education, local governments shall compensate smart industrial parks that excel in public participation.
Smart industrial parks can cooperate with research institutes to apply for smart pilot programs. When the government approves, they will
obtain special construction funds.
The government and the park management committee should formulate appropriate land policies and preferential tax policies to attract
outstanding enterprises.
The government should advocate energy-saving products, guide the development direction of the market, and create environmental
protection special funds to stimulate enterprises to improve their production structure spontaneously.
The government should improve the intellectual property protection system.
The local government should simplify administrative procedures to improve the efficiency based on the trend of international cooperation.

279
P. Xiang, T. Yuan
advanced smart industrial parks is necessary (Yu et al., 2015a,b).
Therefore, it becomes the basis of our calculation. As shown in Table 4,
incentive policies of information sharing in smart industrial parks
should contain distribution strategies, compensation strategies, and
guiding strategies (Zhao et al., 2018). The compensation strategies ac-
count for 3/8 of strategies and guiding strategies account for 4/8 of
strategies. These results confirm the important role of driving sustain-
able cooperation among stakeholders. That is, it is important to im-
prove the talent, land supply, and overall planning and to understand
the responsibilities between the local government and managers in
smart industrial parks. In particular, simple administrative procedures
and diffusing professional knowledge are critical to encouraging in-
formation sharing. Detailed information on the cooperation incentive
strategies is presented in Table 4.
6. Case-study
6.1. Background to Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park
6.1.1. Basic information
Chongqing Qijiang Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park is located in the
Qijiang District of Chongqing, China, and embraces smart character-
istics. It was selected as a case-study with which to test the theoretical
collaboration mode. It is a real cooperative project of research and
production. It has also been recognized as a pilot park for the circular
economy. The core industries of Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park are
aluminum and copper processing. The park mainly relies on the elec-
trolytic aluminum project and focuses on the development of auto-
motive aluminum, industrial aluminum, and other new material in-
dustries. The goal of the park is to build an advanced copper and
aluminum processing base.
6.1.2. Organizational systems
Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park is led by the Qijiang Industrial Park
Administrative Committee. In particular, the director of the park
management committee is from the Qijiang local government, which
facilitates resource coordination and the implementation of policy. The
deputy director is responsible for the arrangement and implementation
of the specific affairs of the park, such as infrastructure construction
and investments. Some enterprises have established collaborative
chains around the leading industry. In addition, stakeholders, such as
information service companies, the public, and financial institutions, all
play different roles in the development of Beidu Aluminum Industrial
Park. Detailed information is provided in Fig. 6.
6.2. Problems of Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park
This study explored the difficulties of Beidu Aluminum Industrial
Park in the process of cooperation. Managers have argued that typical
problems of this park include flawed planning, energy-saving and
emission reduction pressures, weak technical innovation, insufficient
usage of information systems, and uncoordinated incentive strategies of
information sharing among stakeholders. These problems are similar to
those identified by the SWOT analysis of other industrial parks in
China.
6.2.1. Flawed planning
The area of industrial construction in Beidu Aluminum Industrial
Park only accounts for 59% of the planned area and the rate of effective
land usage is small. This is not conducive to the formation of a sus-
tainable industry chain. Besides, the investment planning is not tar-
geted and 14 of the enterprises in the industrial chain have not devel-
oped a deep cooperation network. Meanwhile, managers of Beidu
Aluminum Industrial Park have a strong sense of transformation, but
their planning programs lack practicality.
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Resources, Conservation & Recycling 141 (2019) 273–283
6.2.2. Energy-saving and eco-environment pressures
Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park produces huge amounts of pollu-
tants, such as NOX and dust, and consumes a large amount of electricity
in the processing of aluminum products. According to the statistics of
the aluminum enterprises in the park, the annual output of aluminum
waste exceeded 800,000 tons in 2014. With the gradual expansion of
the project size, pressures on energy-saving and emissions have been
increasing.
6.2.3. Weak technical innovation
The innovative ability of Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park is weak.
Currently, the park embraces intensive industries related to labor and
resources. Overall, research and development expenditure has only
accounted for 0.2% of the regional GDP, which is far below the 1.45%
of the whole city. The number of patented inventions is relatively low.
Investments in industrial research and technological innovation ur-
gently need to be improved.
6.2.4. Insufficient usage of information system
Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park has built a class B electronic in-
formation system, but the frequency of usage of these information
systems is low. At present, manual data collection and telephone re-
porting are still the main management modes, resulting in low work
efficiency. Data are not accurate and the functions of the information
system need to be improved because many stakeholders do not share
information effectively. In addition to the leading enterprises, the ma-
jority of information technologies of other enterprises need to be
strengthened.
6.3. Implementation of the collaboration mode
6.3.1. Stakeholders in Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park
This study found that the problems of Beidu Aluminum Industrial
Park have the same characteristics as those identified in the SWOT
analysis of various industrial parks in China. Therefore, the collabora-
tion mode can be applied to this real case. According to the social
network analysis, the promoters in Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park
should include park management committees, enterprises, the govern-
ment of Qijiang District, and Chongqing University. Promoted objects
should include the public, information service companies, and super-
vision departments. They all collaborate with each other, which has
improved the industrial cooperative network and overall competitive-
ness of the park. Detailed information is represented in Fig. 7.
6.3.2. The information-sharing platform
According to the previous cooperation platform of Beidu Aluminum
Industrial Park and the information-sharing paths of the collaboration
mode, the park management committee, Chongqing University, and the
information service companies collaborate with each other to design
and improve the information-sharing platform. Beidu Aluminum
Industrial Park has built a sustainable center that is composed of pro-
moters in cooperation. There are several tasks for promoters. First, they
organize stakeholders to share various information based on the sta-
keholders’ network. Second, they will select issues and prepare mate-
rials to diffuse professional knowledge among the promoted objects.
Third, promoters will organize the promoted objects to join open dis-
cussions to make decisions about issues. Finally, the formal report will
be presented. Meanwhile, strategies of information sharing have been
designed based on Table 4.
6.4. Effects of applying the collaboration mode
In Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park, the collaboration mode effec-
tively improved the information sharing and sustainable cooperation of
stakeholders. As Table 5 shows, the efficiency of the park has been
improved significantly. We interviewed managers of Beidu Aluminum
P. Xiang, T. Yuan Resources, Conservation & Recycling 141 (2019) 273–283

Fig. 6. The organizational system of Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park.

Industrial Park regarding indicators that are difficult to quantify
(Table 5). These indicators are divided into three levels. Level 1 re-
presents low efficiency, level 2 is medium efficiency, and level 3 re-
presents high efficiency. Overall, the circular economy, ability to in-
novate, and the economic and social efficiency of Beidu Aluminum
Industrial Park have been improved significantly.
7. Discussion
Sustainable cooperation strategies in smart industrial parks stress
cooperative relationships with stakeholders, enhancement of informa-
tion-sharing capabilities, and appropriate incentive strategies of in-
formation sharing (Sa de Abreu and Ceglia, 2018). On the basis of this
and practical cooperation requirements, a theoretical mode for
improving sustainable cooperation between stakeholders in smart in-
dustrial parks has been developed and tested, illustrating how co-
operation promoters, paths, and incentive strategies of information
sharing are interrelated to enhance the performance of smart industrial
parks from a systematic perspective. Improving information sharing can
not only advance cooperation for promoters (Fraccascia and Yazan,
2018) but also help understand the process of diffusing professional
knowledge to the public (Chen et al., 2014). Fig. 5 illustrates an over-
view of the results as discussed below.
This study shows that promoters, especially local governments,
enterprises, research institutions, and park management committees,
are critical. This confirms that effective external driving forces are the
key to the smart industrial park’s success (Hein et al., 2017). In contrast
to previous studies, this study indicates that the research institution is a

Fig. 7. Promoters and promoted objects in BD Park.

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P. Xiang, T. Yuan Resources, Conservation & Recycling 141 (2019) 273–283

Table 5 and guiding strategies (Jiao and Boons, 2017). They stress the necessity
Improved efficiency of Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park. for an adequate supply of professional knowledge for the public. In this
No. Item The first year The second year study, the collaboration-driven mode has designed paths of diffusing
professional knowledge, but public perception and attitude towards
1 Infrastructures 1 3 smart industrial parks cannot be changed in a short time. The key
2 Information system construction 0.6 0.9
barriers to managing professional knowledge involve both time and
3 Information system utilization 55% 80%
4 Land utilization 59% 70%
participation of the public, which indicates that there is a need to de-
5 Number of enterprises 14 20 sign corresponding strategies to make professional knowledge popular
6 Employed population 0.91 million 1.3 million (Jiao and Boons, 2017). It is imperative to simplify administrative
7 Benefits distribution of enterprises 1 3 procedures so that stakeholders can save time and avoid ambiguous
8 Industry-research cooperation 1 2
responsibility and rights between government and managers in smart
9 R&D expenditure / sales revenue 0.11% 0.19%
10 Added patent – 29 industrial parks (He et al., 2018a,b). It is also considered a sound basis
11 Government policy 1 3 for the collaboration-driven mode.
12 Capital supply 1 3
13 Growth rate of industrial output – 15.91%
8. Conclusions
14 Growth rate of tax revenue – 21.93%
15 Growth rate of main business – 16.14%
16 Growth rate of sales – 15.35% This study contributes to the understanding of the sustainability of
17 Ratio of energy reduction – 10% cooperation from a perspective of information sharing. In this research,
18 Ratio of waste utilization – 75% a collaboration mode was constructed and applied to the case of a real
industrial park for validation. The findings show that park management
committees, enterprises, research institutions, and local governments
promoter rather than a promoted object. The criticality of the research
are promoters of sustainable cooperation. It is necessary for information
institution can be explained from a competition management perspec-
sharing to combine decision layers with implementation layers to dif-
tive. With the loss of competition of traditional factors relating to work,
fuse professional knowledge, re-educate promoted promoters, and to
land, and capital, sustainable production has played a critical role in
design incentive strategies of information sharing related to public
replacing them (Sa de Abreu and Ceglia, 2018). Identifying market
participation, introducing innovative talent, land resources, and sim-
potential and the utilization of innovative ideas depends on knowledge
plifying administrative procedures. The main implications of the study
(Chen et al., 2013). Research institutions, as non-profit centers, play a
lie in exploring the driving force of cooperation and uncovering the
promoting role in enhancing entrepreneurial skills by education,
essence of information-sharing paths and finding that the general public
training, promotion of entrepreneurial attitudes, absorbing knowledge,
is not just a passive recipient of information and the decision-making
and putting it into practice (Behera et al., 2012). Because of the variety
should not rely on a few powerful actors rather than information ex-
of tasks undertaken, research institutions are a major promoter of
change among individuals, groups, and institutions. By using this fra-
sustainable cooperation. The local government is an important colla-
mework, stakeholders can make effective plans to manage smart in-
borative driver that can affect the usage of land and energy, attract
dustrial parks and develop a more realistic way of understanding smart
investment, provide financial support, and affect the prices of materials
industrial parks for the public.
in smart industrial parks (Hein et al., 2017). The local government can
However, there are also several limitations to the collaboration
provide long-term policy benefits to smart industrial parks, such as
mode. First, with the development of society, more and more stake-
attracting more business investment to expand the park (Jiao and
holders will join information sharing. The information-sharing paths
Boons, 2017). The third type of collaborative drivers in smart industrial
considered in this study were static. When a new stakeholder joins in,
parks includes management committees and enterprises. They are
the original information-sharing rules will be disrupted. Therefore, a
dominant players in park construction, which can be attributed to the
dynamic information-sharing mode should be further discussed.
park management committees and enterprises significantly affecting
Second, it was found that the distribution strategies were not perfect.
the smart industrial park profits. They are responsible for ensuring the
Because different managers have different attitudes to risk, which are
design, execution, and completion of the works in the park and so they
difficult to measure, the collaboration mode considers inputs, con-
are usually important drivers of cooperation processes.
tributions, and risks, but not the risk attitudes of stakeholders. The
As illustrated in Fig. 5, the findings of the study highlight the idea of
distribution strategies need to be further improved in the future.
diffusing professional knowledge to promoted objects, especially to the
public. Although previous studies have focused on the critical role of
Acknowledgments
public participation (Schiller et al., 2014), no attempt has been made to
design specific ways to enrich the professional knowledge of the public
The work described in this paper was fully supported by a joint
and to encourage the public to join in the decision-making processes in
grant from Project No. 2017CDJSK03XK19 of the Fundamental
smart industrial parks. Public opinion plays a key role in integrating
Research Funds for Central Universities, and Project No.
social, economic, and ecological feelings into existing practices of smart
2015DFG62270 of the Ministry of Science and Technology, China. Any
industrial parks (He et al., 2018a,b). This study has offered paths to
opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this material are those
diffuse knowledge of innovative ideas, practical experience, manage-
of the authors.
ment experience, and direction of development to promoted objects,
especially the public. We argue against the idea that the general public
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