MES. College of Engineering, Pune-411001 ‘NAME OF STUDENT: KARAD OMKARV. CLASS: MECH B SEMESTER/YEAR: 5™ TE. ROLL NO:69 DATE OF PERFORMANCE: DATE OF SUBMISSION: EXAMINED BY: EXPERIMENT NO: 6 TITLE: Emissivity measurement of disc surface. (CO1, CO4) AIM: To determine the value of emissivity of a given disc surface. OBJECTIVES: 1, To study the variation of emissivity with respect to temperature. 2. To study terms like emissive power, Black body, white body etc. 3, To study parameters on which emissivity of surface depends. INTRODUCTION: Emissivity of a surface is defined as the ratio of the emissive power of a ordinary surface to the emissive power of perfectly black surface. Emissivity of perfect Black surface is 1 & that of perfect white surface is zero. All practical surfaces are having emissivity between 0 & 1. The knowledge of emissivity is necessary when fone wants to find out heat exchange by radiation, At a particular wavelength over the spectrum of wavelength, the monochromatic emissivity is defined as & eon € The Table given below gives values of emissivity of some commanly used material surface. ‘Sr.No. Surface ‘Temperature(*C) | Emissivity 1. |Metals, polished copper steel, 20-500 0-015 stainless steel, Nickel 2. [Oxidized copper, steel, stainless | Upto 1000 06-10 steel, nickel 3. | Non-metals, brick, wood, marble, 20-100 08-10 water Heat Transfer Page 1 SearmedihConSzarnerM.ES. College of Engineering, Pune-411001 THEORY; Under Steady State condition, by using Stefan-Boltzmann Law 1. For black Plate Wy = [ox AX £, x (T3 — TA)] + (conduction & convection losses) 2. For Test plate W, = lo x Ax &; x (T$ — Te)] + (conduction & convection losses) 3. Subtracting Black & Test Plate equations (Wy — We) = (1 er) x X Ax (TH - TE) W, - We eai1-f el 0 X Ax (TS — TA) and conduction & convection losses are compensated. : Heater input for black plate (W) = Vih : Heater input to Test Plate (W) = Valz : Area of Plates Enclosure Temperature : Plate Temperature Emissivity of black Plate Emissivity of Test Plate 15.6710 W/m? K* EXPERIMENTAL SETUP: ‘The experimental setup consists of two circular aluminum plates identical in shape and size. It is, provided with heating coils sandwiched between mica sheets & placed between two aluminum ‘The assembly is mounted in a wooden enclosure with the help of metal brackets so as to le undisturbed natural convection surrounding. Thermocouples are inserted between the plates. Rest of the components are mounted on a control panel. The electrical inputs to the two heaters are varied by separate dimmer stats & are measured by using an ammeter & a voltmeter. Use of just one voltmeter é& an ammeter for the two heater coils is possible due to the presence of a double pole double throw (DPDT) switch. The temperatures of the two plates are measured using a thermocouple & a temperature indicator. A selector knob is used to switch between different thermocouples. Two more thermocouples are mounted in the wooden box to get the temperatures of the two enclosures. One of the discs is coated with a lampblack to behave as a black surface. (Emissivity is assumed to be 1.0) & the other disc has a plane polished surface called test plate whose emissivity is to be determined. The heater inputs to the two plates are dissipated from the plates by conduction, convection & radiation. The experimental setup is designed in such a way that under steady state conditions, the heat dissipation by conduction & convection is same for both the plates. When the surface temperatures are same, the difference in the heater input readings is because of the difference in radiation characteristics due to their different emissivities. The schematic arrangement of the set up is shown in fig, Heat Transfer Page 2 SeamednthConScamerMES. College of Engineering, Pune-411001 SCHEMATIC SKETCH OF EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP: Heat Transfer Seamed ansearne Page 3M.ES. College of Engineering, Pune-411001 SPECIFICATION: 1. Diameter of the disc (d) = 160 mm 2. Thickness of the disc (t) = 4 mm 3. Total area of disc surface (A) = (2 x 2d) + (rede) 4. Heating Coil = Nichrome strip wound on a mica sheet & sandwiched between two Mica sheets, both coils are of same resistance 75.3 Q. 5. Temperature Indicator = 0- 600°C 6. Voltmeter = 0- 1000 V 7. Ammeter = 0-2 A 8. Dimmer st 0-2A, 0-260 V PROCEDURE: 1. Switch on the apparatus. Give predetermined voltage to both the heaters. The input to the black plate should be slightly higher than that to the test plate, 3. Check the temperature of the two plates within small time intervals and adjust the dimmer stat of the test plate only, so that the two plates will be maintained at the same temperature. ‘This will requires trial & error method and one has to wait sufficiently to obtain steady state condition. 4, Adjust suitable voltage referring to the steady state temperature v/s voltage chart, Take readings after every 10 min, until two conjugative temperature readings & temperatures of the two plates are equal. Make slight corrections in voltages intermittently such that *9 increments in temperatures of the two plates are equal, 5. After achieving the steady state, record the readings of the voltmeter, the ammeter and the temperature of both plates and enclosures. 6. The same procedure is repeated for various surface temperatures in the increasing order. 7. To switch off the apparatus, first bring both the dimmer stats to zero value and then switch off main supply. (There is a possibility of getting absurd results, if the supply voltage is fluctuating or if the input is not adjusted till the satisfactory steady state condition is reached.) PRECAUTIONS: Heat Transfer Page 4 SeamednthConScamerMES. College of Engineering, Pune-411001 . Make sure that the dimmer stats are on zero position before switching on apparatus. Increase the heater input gradually and steadily. 3. Until the steady state condition is reached, no observation should be recorded. 4. Temperature of the plate should not increase above 300°C for good results. 5. The voltage input to the coil must not be increased above 130 V. 6. Both DPDT(s) are to be operated simultaneously 7. Camphor soot coating thickness should be uniform & need to be checked. If it is not uniform, it should be applied again ASSUMPTIONS: 1, Homogeneous material is used for the plates 2. Equal heat dissipation in plates. 3. Conduction & Convection losses are same for both the plates. 4. Emissivity for black plate is considered as ‘I’, It is very difficult to achieve perfectly black body.( ¢ = 1) OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr. Black Plate Steady Test Plate No. | Voltage ] Current | Heat ] Enclosure | State [Voltage | Current ] Heat ] Enclosure (Vv) | (A) | Input | Temp | Temp | (Vv) | (A) | Input | Temp ww) | cot, | CO Ts w) | cor if 23 O34 [95 36 46 24 | 038 [73 34 2[34_[ 0.43 | 14.62 [37 325 | 30 | 038 [114 30 a] 38 [04s [1826 [34 59 30 [038 [na 31 al ai [0.52 [21.32 [33 25 | 30 | 038 [itax[ ai S| 44 [05s [242 35 64 30 [038 [a 34 CALCULATIONS: Heat Transfer Page 5 SeamednthConScamerclassmate Eoepenrinnent No !- 06 Cateulahian He otiaput for black plafe “ Wh = V.T = 41x 0.62 2120w | Heag input kox test plork “Wt = VeT, = 30v0.28 2 Nedw 3) Te = 335551 J. Te = G]3+273)+ Gl+273) . 306), a2 Tote Avea at clic auface A =/2x td? \ + (ttt) ce 7 4 = (2x te x0.152 ) + (tex0.16 yo 004) 4 => _ 0.04922 m?8S <1 | Bmissiviby ob est plese | Gr = I+ | Wh- Wt ! 6xA x (Tet-Te*) = i=} 21.32 -Ned [se7x108x 0.0422 35 ey = 70-0372) ke Sieoitionly Binding all emissivity Et, = 0.31877 Et, = 043667 ty = 0.16474 § tg ~-0.031RO Ets =- 0.35126MES. College of Engineering, Pune-411001 RESULT TABLE: Sr.No. Temperature of test plate Emissivity of test Plate L 34 0.31877 2. 30, 0.43667, 3. 31 0.16474, 4 31 -0.0371L 3. 34 -0,35126 GRAPH: 40 u 6 xs |_| Temperature of test plate —missivity of test Plate oae77 04 -oahi26 ° 5 s ar of test Plate CONCLUSION: Emissvity of test plate is -0.35126.Emissivity of Black Body is greater than Emissivity of Test Plate (Eb > Et). Heat Transfer Page 8 SeamednthConScamer