AFRICANO KYLA B.

BSPSY1

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

1. Sigmund Freud
 According to Sigmund Freud, the human character is complex and composed
of multiple elements. In his famous psychoanalytic theory, Freud states that
personality is composed of three components known as id, ego, and
superego. These elements work together to create complex human
behaviour.
 Each component makes a unique contribution to individuality, and the three
interact in a way that has a strong impact on the individual. Each element of
personality appears at different times in life.
 The id is driven by the Pleasure Principles that strive for immediate
satisfaction of all desires, needs, and needs. If these needs are not met
immediately, anxiety or tension will occur. For example, if you feel hungry or
thirsty, you will soon start eating and drinking. The ego works on the basis of
the reality principle, which aims to satisfy the desire for ID in a realistic and
socially appropriate way. The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of
action before deciding whether to respond to the urge or give up. The super-
ego seeks to perfect and civilize our actions. It suppresses all unacceptable
drives of id and struggles to make the ego act according to ideal criteria
rather than realistic principles. The super-ego exists in consciousness,
preconsciousness, and unconsciousness.

2. Erik Erikson
 Eriksson's most famous work is his theory that each stage of life is associated
with a particular psychological struggle, a struggle that contributes to an
important aspect of personality. Its developmental progress from trust to
autonomy, initiative, diligence, identity, intimacy, fertility, and integrity was
considered as a continuous reorganization of the ego and personality
structure. Each stage was a potential source of later health and pathology.
 By focusing socially and psychologically, Ericsson's stage represented a
breakthrough in Freud's thinking that emphasized the psychological nature of
development. Much of his theoretical work has been disputed since then, but
Eriksson's basic development framework (conflict negotiated in the context of
relationships) was first identified by Eriksson, the concept of identity crisis. It
continues to illuminate our thoughts, as well as the turmoil of the roles we
played.

3. Carl Jung
 In his personality theory, Carl Jung distinguishes between two different types
of attitudes. Introversion stimulated from the inside and extroversion
stimulated by the environment.
 Introversion is generally more withdrawn, while extroversion is generally
more sociable. For example, Donna is an extrovert. She has adventures with
lots of people and loves to see exciting new things. But your friend David is
the opposite. If he had the choice, he prefers to read a book on the couch
rather than skydiving with Donna. David is an introvert.
Jung also classifies introversions and extroversions into four subtypes,
depending on their ability to control the perception of the world. There are
eight possible personality types, as both introversion and extroversion can be
one of these subtypes. These four features are:
 1. Thinking
Apply reasoning to the situations and environments you encounter. For
example, David likes to ponder all the strengths and weaknesses before
making a decision.
 2. Emotions
Apply subjective and personal assessments to the situations and
environments you encounter. Unlike David, Donna teaches how to rely on her
emotions to make decisions. She does it when something feels good. If not,
she avoids.
 3. Sensation
Adds aesthetic value to the situations and environments encountered. For
example, when designing a living room, David tries to make things very
symmetrical. If there is a chair on one side of the room, he needs to move the
same chair on the other side of the room to balance. This symmetry makes
the room look beautiful.
 4. Intuition
Use your unconscious or mysticism to understand your experience. For
example, Donna thinks David misplaces his furniture. She believes that Feng
 Shui, an ancient Chinese philosophy, should be used to choose where to put
furniture.

4. Alfred Adler
 Adler developed the first holistic theories of personality, psychopathology, and
psychotherapy. This is closely related to humanity's outlook on life. His public
lectures and books are characterized by very clear common sense. His
clinical books and journal articles reveal an extraordinary understanding of
mental illness, deep insight into the art of healing, and great inspiration to
promote optimal human development.
 According to Adler, when we feel encouraged, we feel ability and value,
usually connected and act together. When we are discouraged, we can do
ourselves in an unhealthy way by competing, withdrawing, and giving up. We
feel fulfilled and optimistic when we find ways to express and accept
encouragement, respect and social interest.
 Adler's theory and practice have proven to be particularly productive when
applied to the growth and development of children. Adlerian believes that "a
child who cheats is a discouraged child," helping the child to feel valuable,
meaningful, and competent in coping with difficult child behavior. Is often the
most effective strategy.

5. Howard Gardner
 The theory of multiple intelligence was first proposed by Howard Gardner in
his 1983 book, Frames of Mind. It extended the definition of intelligence and
outlined different types of intellectual abilities.
Gardner has created a set of eight selection criteria in assessing each
"candidate" intelligence based on different scientific disciplines.
He writes that all of us can have these intellects, but the profile of this
intellect can vary individually based on genetics. Or create a product of value
in culture "
1. Linguistic Intelligence (“word smart”)
2. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (“number/reasoning smart”)
3. Spatial Intelligence (“picture smart”)
4. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (“body smart”)
5. Musical Intelligence (“music smart”)
6. Interpersonal Intelligence (“people smart”)
7. Intrapersonal Intelligence (“self smart”)
8. Naturalist intelligence (“nature smart”)
6. Gordon Allport
 Allport is probably best known for his personality trait theory. He began to
develop this theory by looking up dictionaries and writing down all the terms
he found explaining personality traits. After editing the list of 4,504 different
traits, he categorized them into three different trait categories. The two are:
 Basic traits: These are the traits that govern the individual's overall
personality. Cardinal features are considered very rare.
 Central Features: Common features that define our personality. Qualities
such as friendliness, honesty, and friendliness are examples of core qualities.
 Secondary sexual characteristics: These are traits that exist only under
certain conditions and circumstances. An example of secondary quality is
being nervous before giving a speech to a large number of people.

7. Raymond Cattell
 To make the list of Allport's 4,500 traits easier to manage, Raymond Cattell
took the list and removed all synonyms. This is because (according to
characteristic theorists) all personalities are actually composed of the same
characteristics. Existence; only the extent to which each feature is expressed
is different.
 Cattell found that various variables needed to be covered in order to fully
understand his personality. The first type of data was life data, including the
collection of information about a person's natural daily behavior. Experimental
data includes measuring responses to standardized experimental situations,
and questionnaire data includes collecting responses based on self-
observation of individual behavior and emotions. Using this data, Cattell
performed factor analysis to generate 16 dimensions of human personality
traits: abstraction, warmth, concern, emotional stability, vibrancy, openness to
change, perfection. Principle, privacy, intelligence, rule recognition, tension,
sensitivity, social boldness, self-trust, attention, superiority.

8. Introversion is a personality type characterized by features such as silence,

passiveness, thoughtfulness, and a preference for keeping emotional states
private. Extraversion is a personality type characterized by qualities such as
sociability, self-assertion, and cheerfulness. Extroverts seek novelty and
excitement and enjoy being the focus of attention. An example of the trait is
extroversion-introversion. Extraversion tends to be open-minded, talkative, and
 energetic, while introversion tends to be modest and lonely. A person can fall at
any point in the continuum, and the location of the fall determines how it reacts
to different situations.

9. Personality Determinants in Organisational behaviour

 Cultural Factors
Factors that put pressure on our personal formation include the culture in
which we grew up, early conditioning, family, friends, social group norms,
and other influences we experience. It will be. Traditionally, cultural factors
are considered to make a more important contribution to personality than
biological factors. Culture primarily determines the attributes of
independence, aggression, competition and cooperation. According to Paul
H. Massen, "All cultures have values and personality traits that are trained,
strengthened and learned in the hope that members will act in a way that is
acceptable to the group." Culture requires members to be both fit and fit.
accept. There are several ways to ensure that members adhere to the rules of
culture. The personality of the people is determined specifically by the
culture in which they grew up. Therefore, people who grew up in Western
culture are different in character from those who grew up in our Indian culture.
 Family Factors
Culture generally directs and limits what can be taught to a person, but it is
the family that the culture chooses, interprets, and distributes, and later the
social group. Therefore, the family probably has the greatest impact on early
self-development. Much empirical evidence, in addition to its direct impact,
suggests that the overall home environment created by parents is crucial to
an individual's growth. For example, a child raised in a cold, non-irritating
home is much more likely to adapt socially and emotionally than a child
raised by parents in a warm, affectionate and stimulating environment. ..
Parents play a particularly important role in the identification process. This is
important for the early development of the individual. According to Michelle,
this process can be seen from three different perspectives. The identification
can be seen as a behavioral similarity between the child and the model,
including emotions and attitudes. The identification can be seen as a child's
motivation or desire to resemble a role model. You can think of this as the
process by which the child actually takes on the attributes of the model. From
all three perspectives, the identification process is the basis for
understanding personality development. The living environment also affects
personality. Brothers (brothers and sisters) also add personality.
 Social Factors
The role of other related people, groups, especially organizations, that have a
significant impact on an individual's personality is increasingly recognized.
This is commonly referred to as the socialization process. Socialization
involves the process by which a person acquires from a very wide range of
behavioral possibilities that are open to him. Socialization begins with the first
contact between the mother and the newborn. As a child, other members of
the immediate family (fathers, siblings, sisters, relatives and friends, and
social groups) have influential roles with peers, school friends, and workgroup
members. The socialization process is particularly relevant to organizational
behavior, as it takes place throughout life, not just in early childhood. In
particular, there is increasing evidence that socialization can be one of the
best explanations for why employees in today's organizations work their way.
 Situational Factors
Human personality is also affected by situational factors. The impact of the
environment is quite strong. Knowledge, abilities, and language are clearly
acquired and represent important behavioral changes. A person's personality
is generally stable and consistent, but it varies from situation to situation.
Different requirements in different situations evoke different aspects of one's
personality. According to Milgram, "The situation puts significant pressure on
the individual. It can exercise obsession and drive action." Therefore, we
should not look at personality patterns alone.