NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS Dr. Yan Liu Department of Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering Wright State University 2 Parametric vs. Non-Parametric Tests Features Parumetrie Nonparametric Ditibution | Nomal Dutibation ‘Ay [Assumptions [Variance Homogeneity ay Datarelationship [Independence ‘Any TpeofRepece Vasile | Comme Gear | Ds rile ‘Usual Central Mearaze Mean Median impliity, move robust Used when the cample size very small More powrenfl; can drare Meni ‘more conchrions 5/23/2011Deg Parametric vs. Non-Parametric Tests (Cont'd) Tents Parametric Nonparametric Compare 2independent groups | ‘Tro-sample Hest | Mam Whitney test Congas >2indepenientgeye | ANOVA | Kallis wit Repeated neanin, condition: | Paid tinst | Wieowon sere sank [Repeated nears, >Dconliion: [ANOVA withwpahd | poy. qa zl Mann-Whitney U Test Nonparametric altemative to two-sample t-test Actual measurements not used —ranks of the measurements used Procedure ‘The raw data from samples 1 and 2 are combined into a set of N=n,+n, elements Data in set N are ranked from the lowest to highest values or from the highest to lowest values Rankings in N are then resorted into the two separate samples, samples 1 and 2 Let Ry = sum of ranks attached to observations in sample 1 Ky = Ry —(ay(a+1)/2), where n, = no. of observations in sample 1 Test statistic U= max(Ky, mn -K,) ~ Utm,m) Reject null hypothesis if Uis within the critical region (ie., U> U(my.m,)) 5/23/2011Compare heights between males and female students =H: Male and female students have the same height = Hy Male and female students do not have the same height Hogud | Hagia! | Ralsofml | Pals sais (on) | females (am) heights [female heiges 155 Ts ry é 1 a 7 5 1S 16 10 z 18 165 . 2 180 165 € 7 Te 7 170 ' met K.=R,-G@uat)= 9-782 U= maxtK,, nmy—K,) = max(33, 795 ~33) = 33 u Vos As 33> 5,H, iszejected 5/23/2011LL c Kruskal-Wallis Test = Nonparametric alternative to one-way ANOVA = Actual measurements not used — ranks of the measurements used = Procedure © The raw data from a sample groups are combined into a set of N= nytny+ +n, elements © Data in set Nare ranked fiom the lowest to highest values or from the highest to lowest values, © Rankings in are then resorted into the a separate sample groups Let R,= sum of ranks attached to observations in the ith group = Teststatistic H= BaD S-KN+D~ 7@-D oo Reject hypothesis if > 72a) To evaluate the usability of nee alternative designs of a website, a researcher recruited 24 participants, randomly assigned them into three groupe (8 subjects in each group), and asked each participant to rate the design of the website in his/her assigned group on a 10-point Likert scale. Unfortunately, one of the subjects of groupB and two of groupC failed to complete their tasks. The following table summarizes the experimental results ‘Raw Meares | Ranked Neanmer ATSB Clas [Cc e4)aspis; i] 2] 68/37/41] 12] 3 | 4 |- le ce esies)-sars-984 72| 49 | 49 | 13 | 55 | ss * s3}s4]s2]u7| s - 3(N+1) 7 s4]59]55| 1s] 10 | 9 | %sG-D=599O end a" sign when Sav <0 © Calculate W, by summing of al the positive signed rank alculate W. by sumung ofall the negative signed rank co Test statistic min(W,, W) compare Ito the cnitical value, an eject Hy if 17 less than or equal to the chitial value ‘Testing Students’ Learning in a Statistics Course ‘The intnactor ofa introductory statistics conse ir prticulaly interested in students zesporses fo fro question: questionA and question B. He reasons that if students have developed a good, solid undenstanding ofthe basic concept, they will tend to give higher probabilityrating; for question A than for question B whereas, if they were sleeping Hough that portion of the couse, their answers willbe mere shot: inthe dak and there will be no overall tendency one way or the other The intact: hypotheric i diectonal: he expects Inc stidents have mactezed the concept well enough to sence, xf only intuitively, thatthe event deserbed in question A has the higher pub ability. The following table shows the probabilityratings ofthe 16 subjects foreach of the tro questions. 5/23/2011[Pastcipant] X. | Xo T pe] s 0 2 |ajafo 0 3 Je lea)2}ifo2]. 4 Jaa] 3 fofa] = 5 |esfes| 4 jas] | as 6 |s2}ss] 4 [as] |] as 7 |x fas|s|s|s]s s |sofa|6lele|] 6 9 |e fs|s |a}s | 7 10 | 50} 40 | 10 Jss] 10] ss un | 7 }es | io Jss] 10] ss ny |x ]as fis fio} as] a0 B [sf fis fuji} u | 40] 20 | 20 Jaz} | 1 1s | 90} 3s | 32 Jus} 2] 13 ws | |x |v fifo] W,= 86, W.= B,W=19 Critical value i 30 ON 16, one-sided, c= 0.05) Reject mull hypothesis In JME, test statistic ie reported as S= (W,- WY2= 335. Why? I don't know, butwe only eed its p-value, 5/23/2011