Week10 INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM,

International terrorism: Violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups who are
inspired by, or associated with, designated foreign terrorist organizations or nations (state-
sponsored).

Domestic terrorism: Violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups to further
ideological goals stemming from domestic influences, such as those of a political, religious, social,
racial, or environmental nature.

Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentional violence for political or religious
purposes. It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence during peacetime or in the context
of war against non-combatants (mostly civilians and neutral military personnel).[2] The terms
"terrorist" and "terrorism" originated during the French Revolution of the late 18th century[3] but
gained mainstream popularity in the 1970s during the conflicts of Northern Ireland, the Basque
Country and Palestine. The increased use of suicide attacks from the 1980s onwards was typified
by the September 11 attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. in 2001.

There are different definitions of terrorism. Terrorism is a charged term. It is often used with the
connotation of something that is "morally wrong". Governments and non-state groups use the
term to abuse or denounce opposing groups. Varied political organizations have been accused of
using terrorism to achieve their objectives. These include right-wing and left-wing political
organizations, nationalist groups, religious groups, revolutionaries and ruling governments.[10]
Legislation declaring terrorism a crime has been adopted in many states. When terrorism is
perpetrated by nation states, it is not considered terrorism by the state conducting it, making
legality a largely grey-area issue. There is no consensus as to whether or not terrorism should be
regarded as a war crime.

The Global Terrorism Database, maintained by the University of Maryland, College Park, has
recorded more than 61,000 incidents of non-state terrorism, resulting in at least 140,000 deaths,
between 2000 and 2014

INSURGENCIES

An insurgency is a violent rebellion against authority (for example, an authority recognized as

such by the United Nations) when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as
belligerents (lawful combatants). An insurgency can be fought via counter-insurgency warfare,
and may also be opposed by measures to protect the population and by political and economic
actions of various kinds, as well as propaganda aimed at undermining the insurgents' claims
against the incumbent regime. As a concept, insurgency's nature is ambiguous.

Not all rebellions are insurgencies. There have been many cases of non-violent rebellions, using
civil resistance, as in the People Power Revolution in the Philippines in the 1980s that ousted
President Marcos and the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. Where a revolt takes the form of armed
rebellion, it may not be viewed as an insurgency if a state of belligerency exists between one or
more sovereign states and rebel forces. For example, during the American Civil War, the
Confederate States of America was not recognized as a sovereign state, but it was recognized as a
belligerent power, and thus Confederate warships were given the same rights as United States
warships in foreign ports.

When insurgency is used to describe a movement's unlawfulness by virtue of not being authorized
by or in accordance with the law of the land, its use is neutral. However, when it is used by a state
or another authority under threat, "insurgency" often also carries an implication that the rebels'
cause is illegitimate, whereas those rising up will see the authority of the state as being illegitimate.
Criticisms of widely held ideas and actions about insurgency started to occur in works of the 1960s;
they are still common in recent studies.

Sometimes there may be one or more simultaneous insurgencies (multipolar) occurring in a

country. The Iraq insurgency is one example of a recognized government versus multiple groups
of insurgents. Other historic insurgencies, such as the Russian Civil War, have been multipolar
rather than a straightforward model made up of two sides. During the Angolan Civil War there
were two main sides: MPLA and UNITA. At the same time, there was another separatist movement
for the independence of the Cabinda region headed up by FLEC. Multipolarity extends the
definition of insurgency to situations where there is no recognized authority, as in the Somali Civil
War, especially the period from 1998 to 2006, where it broke into quasi-autonomous smaller states,
fighting among one another in changing alliances.

HUMAN SECURITY.

Human security is an emerging paradigm for understanding global vulnerabilities whose

proponents challenge the traditional notion of national security by arguing that the proper referent
for security should be at the human rather than national level. Human security reveals a people-
centred and multi-disciplinary understanding of security involves a number of research fields,
including development studies, international relations, strategic studies, and human rights The
United Nations Development Programme's 1994 Human Development Report is considered a
milestone publication in the field of human security, with its argument that insuring "freedom
from want" and "freedom from fear" for all persons is the best path to tackle the problem of global
insecurity

Critics of the concept argue that its vagueness undermines its effectiveness that it has become
little more than a vehicle for activists wishing to promote certain causes, and that it does not help
the research community understand what security means or help decision makers to formulate
good policies. Alternatively, other scholars have argued that the concept of human security
should be broadened to encompass military security: 'In other words, if this thing called ‘human
security’ has the concept of ‘the human’ embedded at the heart of it, then let us address the
question of the human condition directly. Thus understood, human security would no longer be
the vague amorphous add-on to harder edged areas of security such as military security or state
security.'
In order for human security to challenge global inequalities, there has to be cooperation between
a country's foreign policy and its approach to global health. However, the interest of the state has
continued to overshadow the interest of the people. For instance, Canada's foreign policy, "three
Ds", has been criticized for emphasizing defense more than development