t ' 1 4 \ For questions 4-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A,B,C ot D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0) Exaile: @ Agfacial Bitter C freezing D arctic \ L Yura off the heating By thrusting your hand into 2 (0) old bucket of water, you can discover how quickly your boidy (1), ‘calories. This basie experiment is the starting point for a pioneering study Into the eff ects of brown - or good - fat In Hive bey 7 Everyone is born with brown fat around the shoulder (2)... itis central to keeping a baby’s body tempersture nan even (3). By Using up tls store of fat n order to keep babies warm. Selentist, though, have long | balteved that this brown fat vanishes as bables grow out of (4)... and it is no longer needed | Howeves «few years ago researchers were (5)... Scans on adults during the winte and resized there were areas of fat that seemed to have been (6) .. ... by the cold weather: This discovery has encouraged scientists to a further research in the hope it is the (8) gun that will help solve weight problems amongst the obese. They have already determined that the cold, certain foods and exercise ean activate ths brown fat people's benefit. 1 Sea 1A counts hee holds D fits 2A olados CU Chiefs joins et eulaci Cc bones > sactewenchofe py, 2 A patheamine B track © course D keel Peilc ‘ 4A development 8 infancy © adolescence D childhood Fo 5 ‘A carrying out B taking off © turning out: D dropping off set 4% A developed B conducted © formed D triggered Jesen Code ? A make B conduct perform D absorb oy BA trophy B indicator © smoking © proof art For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only — ‘one ward in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). 26 Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS. Example: L ° PRIME Henry Ford | For some people, a great idea does not mean instant success, and 3 (0) PRIME example ofthis Is Herny Ford. While es | For worked (8) snr the Edson tluminating Company, he started to experiment (10) bi {doa ofa self-propelled vehicle. He was (33) pleasel with his work that he lof his well-paid jab in 2899 end founded he Dott tomate Company Unfortunately he crs he prodiced were oo expensive and | waratiale, and the company folded two years (12) | Aihoush now branded a failure, Ford did not {21} ose Up. In November 1901, he started (tap : { this tine naming his brainchild the Henry Ford Company. A year on, the business was renamed the Cadillac is | Astomobile Company, because Ford had feft the coeporation. Impervious to yet [15 failure, Ford | established the Ford Motor Company in 1903 ane succeeded in perfecting the assembly line production for the Mode orc brought motoring to the masses, and (26) Tooked back » ST $5 EE I AS RSNA ORReading andl Use of En Lo Part 3 For questions 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines (o fort a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning «@, Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS. fo eae \ { hr | seve are an fe assKagcnY number of viruses on Earth, but they outnumber any other life know || | ren tryoutr7a {he numberof stars in the universe hy @ milion, you surrey | | word have an ile of have many viruses are thought to be on this planet | [they conte in age vavioty of shapes and forme. As scence begins to learn more about ens they can be used to humankind’ Hemet eveNT fete 08 speaking It might even be possiie to appreciate ther compare || other thon treat them as an enemy, Scientists have the (20) that there wi EXPECT k Vee aoe available that will desl with any vitus, READY | | rooting at vieses from 3 (23) perspective, there will always be a serious uisrony |) [oY siws that wt cause (235 ~ithas happened too often in the past for thisnot DESTROY J} | beso in the future, However, ane day there willbe 9 drug that is (24)... EFFECT Ff agoint any vis ib Part 4 For questions 8-99, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first senience, using the word given. Do not change the word given, You must use between three ond six wots, including the word given. Here is an example (0). Example: tt was impossible for her to accept that she would never see him again. TERMS She could NO wasn coo that she would never see him again. nt 1M WITH THE FACT Write the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS, | ° | COMET® TERMS WiTl THE Fa nly cere a. - 7 there has been a big rise in property taxes inthe last yea. root Property taxes cel the ast year Jomas is quite open about his four marriages. secret thomas makes he has been married four times, 31 earge ancl Mary have refused to talk to each other since the argument terms eorge and Mary since the argument the twins look exactly the same to me. tell ! apart 22 sa foregone conclusion that Adam wil get any job he applies for, goes will gt any job he apples for. the reporter did not want x0 say who had given him the information prepored The renorter who had given him the information,You are going to read an article from a magazine. (A, &, Cor D) which you think fits best according Why animals encore Keating and Use of Eng For questions 31-36, choose the answer to the text. like to play From dogs to ravens and herring gulls, animals extibit an extraordinary desire to play {ohn Guiver fooks into their behaviour Pisy’ has been deseribed as any form of behaviour that boas nck serve a function or purpose. The naturat world _ showsds with such examples of animals playing just | besause they can. For instance, ravens in Alaska and | suorthem Canada have been observed sliding down roots covered in snow. They slide down and then fly or walk sack to the top of the roof to repeat the activity again { ind again, In some parts of America, ravens have been | sported slithering down shallow banks of snow, often | wth 2 seal stick held in their laws. When I earned this, | nmediately brought to mind when my children were | young and {took them to the park, They exhibited exact- | yrthe some repatitive behaviour, happy to do the same “hing for hour upon hour on the sides. ‘sindesstanding why and how animats or birds play quires researchers spending hours watching them, sey help vs ko explain what is often a mystery t0 uvmans ~ are they really playing ori it just part of their ‘wournat instinct to survive? Herring gulls are another | exaunale of bids that seem to play. Shelfish ike clams vate up their staple diet but they need to be opened to bee eaten, To get inside the shell herring gulls have to | drop the calm onto a rock or another solid abject. If they «sop from the right height, the shell covering the clam | wil crack of break, giving them access to the clam inside. but sometimes, instead of letting the shell hit the coud, she herring gulls swoop down and catch them in | mid-air Other gulls have been seen to behave like this, } #00, 90 the herring gulls’ activities are not unique. | This is where systematic research is so important. More | ; thse eighty hours of observing herring gulls has led researchers to discover patterns - or what they term ules! of the ‘game’. They found that itis the younger, | less mature gulls that play this game the most. They also, rnaticed that it fs frequently played over soft ground. rather than hard, so they are not actually trying to break | the shells. The young herring gulls also played with objects other than clam shells. Interestingly, the | researchers realised that this dropping behaviour was seen more often when there was a strong wind, The | rasoarchers concluded thet the gulls enjoyed the game [move wiven there was an added challenge, in this case, / the wind. What researchers ate still uncertain about is if ‘ithe gulls are simply having fun or if there is another | explanation for their behaviour. Both the ravens and the herring gulls play alone, bu social play is common in animals, especially im dogs, Dog owners love to take their canine friend for a walk, yet when they meet another dog, the dogs go through a rit: ual just like it was stage-managed. Nose to nose, they look each other aver, sniff one another and circle round the other dog. Then, more likely than not, they will start © to fight. Neither dog gets hurt, because this is just a pre- tend fight, not the reat thing, in other words, they are just play-ighting ‘This ritual has been described as ‘specific signal patterns Dogs, cayotes and wolves all display the same behaviour begins with the bowing of heads - the ‘play bow’ ~ and like other signals, seems to send the message that they want to play, Indeed, It serves another important func- tion, too, it prolongs playtime. This might seem bizarre, bbut it prevents any confusion in other contexts, such as predatory or aggressive encouinters. The psychologist, Mare Bele , observed that the bow is used both before and after actions that could be misunderstood as non- | playful. It appears that all age groups of dogs use the play bow 74% of the time before and after pretend hit- ing; young wolves 79% of the time and juvenile coyotes 92%. ‘One theory is that the playful interaction between dogs might possibly be @ form of practice for any future aggressive or hunting encounters. Their playtime per- haps enables dogs to be more psychologicaly flexible, rather than aggressive from the moment they see a dos they have not previously met, Perhaps their playing serves no adaptive or evolutionary function, but childre also play just to have a good time. Children though, as ‘often play games that have a more serious purpose, as they enable them to understand their place in the soci hierarchy in which they live, ft is not outside the realms of possibility that the same principle applies to animals and birds Perhaps they are just exploring ways of finding thelr niche in animal society,Why does the writer give the example of their children in the parte? A. To express their wonder ar bird behaviour 8. To help readers visualise what thay are describing, ©. To emphasise how playful birds are. D. To show how birds imitate humans. According to the writer, herring gulls A, act in a way that is not exclusive to their breed, 8. show a natural instinct to stay alive in the wild, . throw clam shells to the ground from a great height. 1D, fall to eat any of the clams because the shells are unbreakable. What has the researchers’ work revealed about herring gulls? A. They prefer to play games when the weather is calm. B. They have turned cracking clam shells into a game. C. They discovered the older gulls rarely joined in D. They still do not know anything about them. ‘The writer says that when one dog encounters another, A, they imitate each other's movements. B. they continue walking together. C. they start to fight with each other, D. they behave in a fixed and expected way. The writer refers to ‘specific signal patterns’ (line 56) to illustrate that they ‘A. present dogs with the opportunity to fight B. protract the predatory phase of the rua C. prevent dogs from misreading the situation, D. prove dogs have similar behaviour patterns What is the writer's attitude towards animals and birds playing? A. He consider B, He is uncertain how it contributes to research into why children play He is convinced that there is a real reason for their behaviour, 1D. He doubts whether enough animal behaviour has been studied. it phuusible that through play they find their place in their community.E Peacticg. T Reading and Use of English ‘ox. are going to read four reviews of a restaurant. For questions 37-49, choose from reviews: 6D. ‘The yoviews may be chosen more than once. i | yave to say that am very surprised by the prmericntyle diner that just opened in town. The row eatery i said to be a remake of the older ream tte diner fom years ago. The new menu tear come clone tits predecessor, however Tel sttermiteied chicken: ster than the se ard dry Facot, Ther tater tts: coagulated brown bullets of reste, And their cerry Coke (als of apparently Fuke-warmn cherrylavoure sods water gave me 2 townarh ace. tit werent fr the lbs, this place sioulddererve even more scom, outrage and nega tie paints than ram gvng it However, even the ribs rent cave this place from ridicule, Why make a diner | hot servos tur quality food when iss easy to do | rowel they should just tur the place ito small | ateaway shack and use the rest of he space for out tor seating were yu can at east enoy fresh air ‘The remade American diner that just opened this weok has seen its share of negative ratings and with ample reason, On the one hand, the dishes leave a lot to be desired, However, breakfast is a simple delight: we had nicely ripe avocado slathered on rye nd fried eggs, well-cooked ham, garlicky greens and lots of toast. There’s also granola, toast and Nutella ‘on toast. In short, their breakfasts are fantastic. ‘There's another difference cleatly embraced by the ocals whe fil its spaciously placed tables throughout the day. The mixed, laid-back crowd includes young professionals making use of free wifi, Their pies are also worth checking out, especially the exceptionally Jvesh apple pie prepared on a daily basis. To be hon- test, yes there are some problems with the lunch and | ciinner dishes, but they are far overshadowed by | their breakfast and the quality of their service. i \ i 1 5 | i i I i c ‘One good thing | can say about the American Diner in the centre of our sleepy town is the few tables optimistically placed outside, facing the mini-round: about as well as the indoor seating arrangement which gives the diners ample room to enjoy thelr meals. A huge improvement from the older diner, | must say, which felt a fot like sitting in a sardine-can. ‘Yet despite the promising location of its tables, the place was filled with lively youth and young profes- sionals, making the clientele rather limited in range. Interms of the food, while it was edible, everything | tasted stale and had a mix of flavours. In my expert ence this is really only achieved by not storing the food correctly. Not only that, pvt | could tell that this ‘was in an attempt to mimic the menu of the older American dines, but it failed completely. o In the old diner, the owners had atranged their seat- ing in such a way as to mimic the American style without having the space. Impressive, to be sure, but they failed completely. At the time, I remember, it felt a lot like a crowded Tube car, However, the new owners have elected to try something different; they reduced the capacity and gave the space more char acter. Sure, the food isn’t quite up to the previous standards, but | think they are doing their best. That isn't to say | enjoyed the food, though; | think they should stick to simple sandwiches and Coke until they can figure out how to make more serious dish: €s, Also, their decision to reduce the aumber of avail able tables has changed the clientele for the worse.CAE Praction Test 4 — ‘ = Set ere ONG Which reviewer doesn’t compare the food with that of an older restaurant, unlike. the other three? like reviewer B, talks about the type of clients the diner caters to? disagrees with the other three reviewers, saying that the food was sy | not completely bad?‘You are going to read an extract from an article. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fas 0 Caw a disguise tool fi gap (!}~16). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. urveiliance tec! Just how good is surveillance technology today? Francesca Molt reports. winen olin MeAfee took flight from Belize after [Nemeiehbou died from a fatal gunshot wound, he disguised himself to avoid detection. Border guards failed to recognise who he was and for a while he evaded capture. But could surveillance technology have picked him out of the people ing the border into Guatemala? ‘hs a fugitive, McAfee coloured his hair and beard ‘ey, put shoe polish on his face ta darken his skin, made his cheeks bigger by padding them ‘out with bubble eum and stuffed his right nostril fit appear, as he put it, ‘awkward, lop- sided! and with a disgusting appearance’ It might seam rather theatrical, but it worked and | enabled him to escape. However, McAfee would probably still have not been caught using today's technology, as facial twcognition technology is still not good enough | to do the job. Some people have faces that are too ‘normal or common and would not need to disguise themselves at all, Jean-Luc Dugelay, @ video surveillance expert in the French research institution, Eurecom, says, ‘Certain people have | faces that just seem to be hard for computers to yecognis | vs itficuit to know why and the faces that are hard to recognise vary from one recognition sys- tera to another: But if you have something that is close to the average face, then it will be harder for a computer system to recognise you" aL eee) Face detection often entails distinguishing signif- icant ‘Intensity signatures’ of light and dark spots tassttaen eee ane ath, Computers, though, do not work the same way, as they are not looking for physical features. Instead they look for a configuration of dark, Tight and dark in a horizontal fine that rnatches toa line between the eyes. a This feature vector is basically a guideline for a face that can be compared with other similar feature vectors. The problem is that some human faces have comparable feature vectors and so ‘average’ faces are hard to separate and tell apart. The Eigenfaces system has to use the complete face to recognise someone. This flaw in the system means it is possible to conceal your true features from a recognition system by just pulling a face, frowning or smifing. This would not deceive a person, but it would tech- nology. | = etn Ht will not be possible to identify a fully covered, face, but itis feasible to differentiate one face from another with between a third and half of the face covered. There has even been some success with just using a mouth for recognition, something that a human would be unable to do: Surprisingly, reseatch into the effects of rhino- plasty - or nose surgery - on facial recognition systems revealed that it has no significant effect on detection rates. That is on 2D systems, Experimental 30 facial recognition systems can be conned by rhinoplasty, as it changes the shape of the nose in three dimensions rather than two.i i ‘Nott only would changing your facial expression hoodwink machines, but also draping a scarf over ‘the mouth and! nose, or even wearing dark glasses | would work just as well. it will not work for much Jonger though, as new techniques are being devel- ‘ped that can take information from the nose or Mouth alone if the eyes are covered, of from the eyes if the mouth and nose are concealed. B Then, once a face has been distinguished, there are varying ways in which to recognise it. One way is to ‘matical representation of the face. This is built up | trom pieces of hundreds of ‘standare! faces in numesous proportions, These are known as “Eigenfaces’ and created by serutinising thousands of real faces, using a procedure named ‘principal component analysis’. © Itwould aiso seem to make no difference if a fugt ‘ive wore a wig or glasses, as neither of these can fool a computer, Being discrete and trying to blend fa with the crowds will also be futile, as facial "recognition systems can scan hundreds of faces a minute, ® All seems to require in films is to wear a palt of lasses, cut and / or dye your hair and attach a fake moustache, Maybe a hat, too. This fow-tech slisguise never seems to fall in the movies. John IicAfee adopted some of these techniques and ‘met with success. When he was eventually appr hence It was not because his disguise had failed ‘o convince but because he hed allowed a reporter | ‘© print a photograph of hirn and the authorities lser whare he was, ee generate what is called 2 ‘eature vector’ - a mathe- So how would John MeAfee's cispui today? Despite darkening his skin, whic soften the intensity signature of his face, the i hitting contours of the face would still register an intensity signature that would erable face detection, Likewise, the alteration to the shape of his cheeks and nose would meet little success A would F t To appreciate the reasons for this, its worth looking | at how the majority of face recognitios works. First, it has to realise that itis actually being presented with a face - a process called face detection - and then work on recognition and ‘matching it with a face that is already in the system. 6 However, it might not he so simple in the future The FBI has unveiled its Biometric Mlentificstion ‘Tools Programme, with aspirations for the futuce to develop mobile facial recognition software, which would enable them to access records at any time, froin anywhere around the globe. tn the real world this means using the technology that is currently available from CCTV cameras in sireets, sports stadli- ums, motorways, shopping centres, car parks and 0 0n, anywhere on the planet, because it will be held on one database, | | i I ' I | | i | I | [ |You are going to read a magazine article about four women who explain why they do the dangerous things they do. For questions 47-56, choose from the sections (A-D). The sections may be chosen more than once. Which of the women was given encouragement by a family member? at says she remains calm in demanding situations? has experienced physical symptoms of fear? didn't think much of the activity at first? is frightened by one aspect of what she does? BL avoided starting a new activity? 52 had a gradual introduction to what she does? says It is Important to focus on what she is doing? Ba wanted a change from her normal life? 5 was successful at a certain activity when young? 561 | WOMEN WHO UKE THI NGER Iuy Viney asked four women what makes them do the things they do Marlee became a policewoman eight years ago, and thas uone a lot of work in undercover operations ‘We had a careers talk at school about joining the police force, which interested me and | decided to apply. To be sure that a life as a policewoman was really for me, first signed up for the Specials, a group of part-time officers. | really liked the work so signed fan the dotted line and became a full-time officer After @ couple of years | joined the Special inquiry Section, which deals with robberies. | have to doa certain amount of undercover work, such as pre- | fending t0 be a cashier in a bank about which we've received a tip-off that it might be robbed. Obviously, we're dealing with criminals, some of whom are violent, so there’s already the element of risk However, ! have a backup team that | have total confidence in, and therefore, | don’t really feel scared when I'm working undercover. It does fright ‘en me when we have to do a raid though, as we | never know what we're going to face when we walk imo a room. That makes me more careful, and not being alone, makes me feel more confident During the week, Eva works in a shop making chocolate. However, at weekends she drives down ‘0 Dover, on the English Channel, where she trains lo swim the thirty-five kilometre stretch of sea between England and France, one of the world’s busiest shipping lanes. ‘When # was young I kept winning long-distance swimming events and even- wally someone said to me, ‘Why not have a go at the Channel?” | thought | couldn't do it and made excuses saying 1 ‘ouldn’¢ afford it. Then my friends started raising | Money to pay for me to try, so ! hed na choice but 10.00 it, When | got in the sea, | kept asking myself ‘What am | doing?’ It was hard work and | was scared. t finally took me 11 hours 21 minutes and | ‘was told to try it again and do Ita bit faster the | vex tine! These days I swim the Channel mainly ta raise money for children in hospital’ In 2007, although a mother of three small children, Katherine signed up for the Air Force ecause she saw it as a change from her domestic routine. Her husband was already a pilot and urged her to juin Katherine didn’t think the Air Force would accept her, but they did and she is now not only an Ait Force pilot for her country, but also flies smal! planes in competitions. ‘Ym quite a careful and cans tious persan and don't think of what | do as dan- gerous because | always respect my f those of the aircraft. The engine could fail, but that’s a risk | have to take. My worst and most scary mameat was when t was flying home from a competition in France. The: weather was awful, forcing me to Fly lower and lower. My heart was racing, my mouth was dry, and my hands were sweating. | had to turn back and find another airfield to land at, | also race cars anc have often been more frightened doing that than fying, nitations anid Georgina gave up her career as a sacial worker to become a professional acrobatic parachutist. ‘first tried parachute jumping in my teens, but die vt particularly like it. Then, in my mic205 | visited the States and went on a jump with a friend. ¢ was hooked straight away. | like being in the air andl the freedom it gives me, and the fact that you can’t switch off - you really have to concentrate or you put the rest of the team in jeopardy. think Irn a level-headed and calm person, so | rarely panic ia a difficult situation, have been in danger though, One time another member of the team jurmped out of the plane too. quickly, landed on me and knocked me out Fortunately someone else saw it happen and Brabbed hold of me. We landed! together with me still unconscious, which is a very difficult manoeu- wre, The accident damaged my confidence, but within weeks | was back jumping again.”