Graphene Nanophotonics

Centro de Ciencias de Benasque Pedro Pasqual

March 03. – 08. 2013.

PLASMON DAMPING IN GRAPHENE

Marinko Jablan1, Hrvoje Buljan1, and Marin Soljačić2

1 Department of Physics, University of Zagreb, Bijenička c. 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

2 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
Outline
• Problem and motivation

• Relaxation time approximation – figure of merit:   1


 Experiment
• Optical conductivity:
 Theory (damping channels)

• Experiments: plasmon dispersion and linewidth

• Conclusion

• P.S. Near field heat transfer & thermo-photovoltaics

using graphene’s plasmons
Problem and motivation

• Plasmonics – surface plasmons IEI,IHI

Ex
• Exciting technological applications
Ez
 Metamaterials Hy
 Nonlinear phenomena SERS
 Merging electronics and photonics

• Subwavelength: sp  air

• Trade-off: small propagation lengths

Ex
• Plasmons in graphene Ez
• Plasmon damping? Hy

• Jablan et al., PRB 80, 245435

Random phase approximation
 e2 1
 Bare: V (q )  
2 0 r q
• Coulomb interaction: 
 V (q )
 Screened: W (q,  )  
 (q ,  )
 
W (q ,  ) V (q )
= +
 
• Plasmon dispersion:  (q,  )  0 • Plasmon damping: Im  (q, )  0
• Landau damping

plasmon electron

, q

hole 
, q
Relaxation time approximation
• Damping channels (outside of Landau damping region)

 impurites, defects, edges

phenomenological
relaxation time 
 phonons (acoustical, optical, surface polar)
 e-e correlation beyond RPA

d 1
 H ,    (   0 )
1
• Relaxation time approximation:
dt i 
• Mermin, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2362 (1970)

• Figure of merit: 
1

cm 
-1

e 2 EF i
• Drude model:  ( )    i 
 2   i  
DC scattering rate
• DC scattering rate: DC   1
• Typical measured values:
2
 DC  370 fs  0.4 ps
n  10 cm
13

DC  15 cm 1
  10000 cm 2 / Vs

• How good is this DC

approximation?

• Jablan et al., PRB 80, 245435

Optical phonon scattering
• Optical phonon: OP  200 meV

• Room temperature DC measurements:

kT  25 meV OP

• Plasmon energy:  pl  OP qOP

electron
plasmon
phonon

hole
Optical phonon scattering
• Optical phonon: OP  200 meV

• Room temperature DC measurements:

OP
kT  25 meV
• Plasmon energy:  pl  OP
electron
plasmon
phonon • Jablan et al., PRB 80, 245435

hole
Conductivity
 
• Losses: Im  (q, )  Re  (q, )

• Case: q  0

• Optical experiment (normal incidence light scattering)

• Typical conductivity profile

Drude
Interband



• Nair et al.,
Science 320,
1308 (2008)
Conductivity (experiment)
Interband Threshold

Plateau

• Li et al., Nature Phys. 4, 532 (2008)

(2000 cm 1 )  400 cm 1 DC  30 cm 1

Optical phonon
• Phonon scattering electron

photon phonon

• Electron self-energy:
hole
• Optical phonon:
OP  200 meV  1600 cm 1
OP

• Acoustical phonon – negligible • Stauber et el. PRB 78, 085418 (2008)

Surface polar phonon
electron

photon phonon

Si
hole
O O

• Surface polar phonon (SiO2):

SP1  59 meV  470 cm 1

SP2  156 meV  1260 cm 1

• Scharf et el. PRB 87, 035414 (2013)

e-e correlation
• Screened Coulomb interaction electron
plasmon
photon

• Electron self energy:

hole

• Carbotte el. PRB 85, 201411 (2012)

Conductivity
• Experiment • Theory

Plateau

• Li et al., Nature Phys. 4, 532 (2008)
• Experiment ↔Theory
 Quantitative difference
(plateau hight – interband threshold)
 Qualitative difference
(doping dependence)
• Scharf et el. PRB 87, 035414 (2013)
• Impurity (charged) scattering
• Phonon scattering:
 Optical phonon
 Surface polar phonon
 Acoustical phonon (small)
• e-e correlation (small)
Plasmons in far IR
• Plasmon excitation
• Patterned graphene: breaking translation symmetry
• Micron size
• Far IR (THz) regime:   5 THz  170 cm -1 air  60 m

FWHM FWHM

• Ju et al., Nature Nanotech. 6, 630 (2011) • Yan et el., Nature Nanotech. 7, 330 (2012)
1
• Linewidth:   DC  120 cm 1 • Linewidth:   DC  50 cm
 DC  45 fs  DC  100 fs
Plasmons in mid IR
• Mid IR :   50 THz  1700 cm -1 air  6 m W

• Ribbon size: W  100 nm

• DLC substrate

2vF
• Edge scattering? DC  UNI 
We

UNI  70 cm 1

• Yan et al., arXiv:1209.1984

Mid IR

• Fixed ribbon width W  100 nm

• Yan et al., arXiv:1209.1984 • DC scattering UNI  70 cm 1

• SiO2 substrate
Mid IR
• Plasmon linewidth • Optical experiment

• Plasmon momentum: q  • Photon momentum: q  0
100 nm
• Yan et al., arXiv:1209.1984 • Li et al., Nature Phys. 4, 532 (2008)

(1600 cm 1 )  260 cm 1
1
• DC scattering: HOM  69 cm
• DC scattering: DC  30 cm 1
Optical phonon scattering?
• Plasmon linewidth • Optical conductivity

• Plasmon momentum: q  • Stauber et el. PRB 78, 085418 (2008)
100 nm
• Yan et al., arXiv:1209.1984
OP

• Phonon scattering rate

• Jablan et al., PRB 80, 245435

1
• DC scattering: HOM  69 cm
Nanoscopy
• Optical nanoimaging

• Fei et al., Nature 487, 82 (2012)



• Chen et al., Nature 487, 77 (2012)

Nanoscopy

• Li et al., Nature Phys. 4, 532 (2008)

• Fei et al., Nature 487, 82 (2012)
Re q 1
  7.4
Im q  p

• Operating frequency air  11.2 μm   892 cm -1

• Plasmon linewidth:   75 cm -1 DC  20 cm -1
EELS

qc

• Linewidth
qc
• Dispersion vF (2000 cm 1 )  1000 cm 1
  3.8
 pl
• Tegenkamp et al., JPCM 23, 012001 (2011)

vF
• Liu et al., PRB 78, 201403 (2008)   10.6
 pl
EELS

• EELS • Optical conductivity

• Tegenkamp et al., JPCM 23, 012001 (2011) • Li et al., Nature Phys. 4, 532 (2008)

vF vF EF
  3.8   DC  2.5  pl 
 pl  pl 2

• Plateau (doping independent)

Conclusion

• Plasmon linewidth

• Far IR:   DC  Optical (Micro-ribbons)

 Optical (Uniform)
 Optical (Nano-ribbons)
• Mid IR & Near IR:   DC
 Nanoscopy
 EELS

• Optical conductivity  Experiment

 Theory
Near field heat transfer

• Plasmons – heat channels

• Large DOS

• Even • Odd

• O. Ilic, M. Jablan, J.D. Joannopoulos, I. Celanovic, H. Buljan, M. Soljacic,

Phys. Rev. B 85, 155422 (2012).
Thermo-photo-voltaics

• Heat to electricity

• O. Ilic, M. Jablan, J.D. Joannopoulos, I. Celanovic, M. Soljacic,

Optics Express 20, A366 (2012).
Thank you for your attention!