G@KFOCK@ KF TBT[FGCT
GFDÃLBD@T
 

G@KFOCK@ KF TBT[FGCT GFDÃLBD@T

D`ldfpt`s nãsbd`s8

 — Oc gcsc kf dufrp` fs oc dcltbkck kf gctfrbc

ul quf
d`ltbflf.
 — Oc jufrzc sf kfjblf d`g` oc dcusc quf tbflkf c pr`kudbr ul
dcgnb` fl fo g`vbgbflt` kfo dufrp` co duco sf cpobdc.
 

G@KFOCK@ KF TBT[FGCT GFDÃLBD@T

•D`ldfpt`s nãsbd`s (d`lt.)8 Ofyfs kf
d`lsfrvcdbôl

 — Tfmulkc ofy kf Lfwt`l pcrc o`s sbstfgcs kf trcsocdbôl8 Oc jufrzc

cpobdckc c ul dufrp` fs bmuco c gcsc kbde` dufrp` p`r su cdfofrcdbôl
cdfofrcdbôl..

gc    J 
 J b  
b
 — Tfmulkc ofy kf Lfwt`l pcrc o`s sbstfgcs kf r`tcdbôl8
Fl fst`s sbstfgcs fo fqubvcofltf kfo d`ldfpt` gcsc y jufrzc
d`rrfsp`lkf co kf blfrdbc y pcr , rfspfdtbvcg
rfspfdtbvcgfltf.
fltf.
    
 H    [ b
k`lkf  H  fo g`gflt` kf blfrdbc kf oc dcrmc
  oc cdfofrcdbôl clmuocr y
[  fo pcr cpobdck`.
 

G@KFOCK@ KF TBT[FGCT GFDÃLBD@T

•Fofgflt`s d`lstbtutbv`s (sbst. kf trcsocdbôl)8
•  — Gcsc, gufoof y cg`rtbmuck`r
cg`rtbmuck`r..

 Cg`rtbmuck`r 

 A   L
Lg L gs3
 N   L
 

G@KFOCK@ KF TBT[FGCT GFDÃLBD@T

•Fofgflt`s d`lstbtutbv`s (sbst. kf trcsocdbôl) (d`lt.)8
•  — Ycocldc.

  ‟[rclsj`rgck`r
‟[rclsj`rgck`r kf jufrzc‗
 

G@KFOCK@ KF TBT[FGCT GFDÃLBD@T

•@ntfldbôl kf fducdb`lfs
fducdb`lfs kblãgbdcs
kblãgbdcs (sbst. trcsocdbôl)8
3. Blkbdcdbôl kf o`s sfltbk`s kf kfspoczcgbflt` fl dckc gcsc y kftfrgblcdbôl
kf sbstfgcs kf rfjfrfldbc d`efrfltf
d`efrfltfss d`l o`s gbsg`s.
>. [rczck` kfo kbcmrcgc kfo dufrp` obnrf pcrc dckc gcsc (sf sustbtuyfl o`s
vçlduo`s p`r jufrzcs vblduocrfs).
v blduocrfs).
4.  Cpobdcdbôl kf Ofyfs kf oc gfdãlbdc kf Lfwt`l fl dckc
• gcsc8

Fducdbôl kf d`lsfrvcdbôl
 

G@KFOCK@ KF TBT[FGCT GFDÃLBD@T

Fofgflt`s d`lstbtutbv`s (sbst. kf r`tcdbôl)8
 — Blfrdbc, gufoof y cg`rtbmuck`r
cg`rtbmuck`r..

 Cg`rtbmuck`r 

[  [ 

 A   Lg
Lg rck   N   Lg
Lg rck s  3
 

G@KFOCK@ KF TBT[FGCT GFDÃLBD@T

•Fofgflt`s d`lstbtutbv`s (sbst. kf r`tcdbôl) (d`lt.)8
•  — ^fkudt`rc.
[rclsj`rgck`r
[rclsj`rgck`r kf pcr‗
 

G@KFOCK@ KF TBT[FGCT GFDÃLBD@T

•Dufrp` s`nrf dcrr`8  y

°fducdb`lfs
kblãgbdcs0

u(t ) kfspoczcgbflt`
kfspoczcgbflt` kfo dcrr` (oc fltrckc kfo sbstfgc),
 y(t )
g kfspoczcgbf
kfspoczcgbflt`
lt` kfo dufrp` s`nrf fo dcrr` (oc scobkc kfo sbstfgc),
gcsc kfo dufrp`,
n d`fjbdbfltf kf jrbddbôl vbsd`sc
vbsd`sc kf oc supfrjbdbf kfo dcrr`,
 
a  fs oc d`lstcltf kfo gufoof.

G@KFOCK@ KF TBT[FGCT GFDÃLBD@T

•Dufrp` s`nrf dcrr` (d`lt.)8
3. Kbcm
Kbcmrc
rcgc
gc kf
kfoo duf
dufrp
rp`
` obn
obnrf
rf88

>. Yoc
Yocltf
ltfcg`
cg`ss oc fdu
fducdb
cdbôl8
ôl8

 Cg`rtbmuck`r  Gufoof
 

G@KFOCK@ KF TBT[FGCT GFDÃLBD@T

Dufrp` s`nrf dcrr` (d`lt.)8

4. ^f`rkflcg`s o`s
târgbl`s8

;. Cpobdcg`
Cpobdcg`ss oc trclsj`r
trclsj`rgckc
gckc kf Ocpoc
Ocpocdf
df c oc fducdbôl
fducdbôl cltf
cltfrb`r
rb`r,,
pcrc d`lkbdb`lfs blbdbcofs luocs8

6. R `ntflfg
`ntflfg`s
`s oc juldbôl
juldbôl kf
kf trclsjfrf
trclsjfrfldbc
ldbc kfo
kfo sbstfgc8
sbstfgc8
 

G@KFOCK@ KF TBT[FGCT GFDÃLBD@T

@ntfldbôl kf fducdb`lfs kblãgbdcs (sbst. r`tcdbôl)8

3. Blk
Blkbd
bdc
cdb
dbôl
ôl kf o`
o`s sfltbk`s kf r`tcdbôl fl dckc blfrdbc y
kftfrgblcdbôl kf sbstfgcs kf rfjfrfldbc d`efrfltfs d`l o`s
gbsg`s.
>. [rcz
rczck`
ck` kfo kbc
kbcmrc
mrcgc
gc kfo duf
dufrp`
rp` obn
obnrf
rf pcrc dckc blfrdbc (sf
sustbtuyfl o`s vçlduo`s p`r pcrfs vblduocrfs).
4. Cpobdcdbôl kf Ofyfs kf oc gfdãlbdc kf Lfwt`l
fl dckc
blfrdbc8

Fducdb`lfs kf d`lsfrvcdbôl
 

G@KFOCK@ KF TBT[FGCT GFDÃLBD@T

 

VL Y@D@
Kblãgbdc KF EBT[@^BC
kf sbstfgcs8
• L`rnfrt ]bflf
]bflfrr (32;9‒
(32;9‒s)8
s)8 Fstukb`s kf d`g` sf rfmuocl y
d`ltr`ocl sbstfgcs fl nb`o`mçc, blmflbfrçc ` fd`l`gçc < Dbnfrlâtbdc.

• Hcy J`rrfstfr (3269‒s)8 Cpobdcdbôl kf o`s prbldbpb`s kf

dbnfrlâtbdc c sbstfgcs blkustrbcofs < Kblãgbdc blkustrbco.

• H`el D`oobls (32=9‒s) y H`el Ttfrgcl (3259‒s)8 Cpobdcdbôl kf

o`s prbldbpb`s kf oc kblãgbdc blkustrbco
blkustrbco c `tr`s tbp`s kf sbstfgcs
(s`dbcofs, fd`lôgbd`s, urncl`s, fd`sbstfgcs) < Kblãgbdc kf
sbstfgcs
 

KBLÃGBDC KF TBT[FGCT
• Fo g`kfock` kf sbstfgcs sf ncsc fl oc rfcobgfltcdbôl kf pcrtfs kfo sbstfgc d`g` rfsuotck` kf

ocs scobkcs kf `trcs pcrtfs kfo sbstfgc.

• Oc d`gpofhbkck drfdf duclk` fsc rfcobgfltcdbôl pr`kudf dbdo`s.
• Vlc pcrtf kfo
kfo sbstfgc sf vf cjfdtckc (c oc p`strf) p`r fo rfsuotck`
rfsuotck` kf su pr`pbc scobkc
(kbrfdtc ` blkbrfdtcgfltf).
• Vl sbstfgc sf kbdf quf fs kblãgbd` sb8
• Tf kfsdrbnf
kfsdrbnf p`r gfkb`
gfkb` kf rfdurs`s
rfdurs`s (dcltbkckfs lugârbdcs) quf vcrçcl c o` ocrm` kfo
kfo tbfgp`.
• Fstc vcrbcdbôl pufkf kfsdrbnbrsf kf j`rgc dcusco (pr`v`dckc p`r oc dcltbkck ` vcrbcdbôl

kf `tr` rfdurs`).
• Tb ckfgãs ocs rfocdb`lfs dcuscofs kfltr` kf ul sbstfgc dfrrck` tbflfl nudofs.
 

D@LDFY[VCOBXCDBÔL KF OC KBLÃGBDC KF
G`kfo` d`ldfptuco8 sf rfcobzc fl k`s pcs`s8
TBT[FGCT • fstcnofdbgbflt` kf oc ebpôtfsbs kf dcuscs-fjfdt
dcuscs-fjfdt`s
`s quf
rbmfl fo sbstfgc (bkfltbjbdcr d`ldfpt`s rfocdb`lck`s).
rfocdb`lck`s).
• Kbsfó` kf kbcmrcgcs kf dcuscobkck (mrcj` kf rfocdb`lfs
dcusc-fjfdt` fltrf o`s d`ldfpt`s).
G`kfo` oômbd`8 fstcnofdbgbflt` kf o`s løgfr`s d`ldrft`s c uscr8
  • ocs rfocdb`lfs kfo mrcj` dcusc-fjfdt` sf kfnfl ducltbjbdcr
ducltbjbdcr..
• Csbmlcr ulbkckfs c o`s d`ldfpt`s.
• Jbhcr tfgp`rbzcdb`lfs kfskf oc dcusc co fjfdt` (sb
 pr`dfkf).
G`kfo` sbguock`8 C fstf lbvfo sf kfnfl kftfrgblcr o`s cspfdt`s
d`ldrft`s pcrc oc rfs`oudbôl kfo g`kfo`8
• tâdlbdc Lugârbdc kf rfs`oudbôl kfo sbstfgc (bltfmrcdbôl `
cpr`xbgcdbôl).
• Cspfdt`s lugârbd`s (f.M., Ycs`s kf tbfgp`).
 

KBLÃGBDC KFD`ldfptuco8
• • ^fprfsfltcdbôl kfo G`kfo` TBT[FGCT
• ^fprfsfltcdb`lfs ducobtctbvcs.
• Kbcmrcgcs kf nudofs dcuscofs8
• Duãofs s`l o`s d`ldfpt`s.
• Blkbdcr sb oc bljoufldbc kf o`s d`ldfpt`s fltrf sç fs p`sbtbvc ` lfmctbvc.
• Duãofs s`l o`s oçgbtfs kfo sbstfgc (d`ldfpt`s quf sf qufkcl kfltr` kfo sbstfgc ` sf d`lsbkfrcl
fxtfrl`s).
• ^fprfsfltcdbôl kfo G`kfo` Oômbd`8
• ^fprfsfltcdb`lfs ducltbtctbvcs.
• Kbcmrcgcs kf fxbstfldbcs y jouh`s (st`da-clk-jo`w).

• Zco`rfs lugârbd`s c ocs dcltbkckfs cmrfmckcs kf ul rfdurs` (fxbstfldbc/st`da).

• Zco`rfs lugârbd`s kf oc vcrbcdbôl kf o`s rfdurs`s fl fo tbfgp` (jouh`/jo`w).
 

^FOCDB@LFT DCVTC-FJFD[@
• Culquf fl fsfldbc s`l rfocdb`lfs dcuscofs su vbsbôl gãs mflârbdc fs oc kf ‟d`ldfpt`s quf
tbflfl rfocdbôl fltrf sç kfltr` kfo sbstfgc y quf sf bljouyfl kf comulc gclfrc‗.
• Ncsckcs fl tf`rçcs ` ofyfs d`l`dbkcs (dbfldbcs fxcdtcs/fxpfrbgfltcofs)8
• ^fcddbôl quçgbdc < Yr`kuddbôl kf dco`r
• Dcgp` foâdtrbd` < Dcgp` gcmlâtbd`
• [`xbdbkck
[`xbdbkck kf ul gfkb` < Gufrtf dfouocr

• Ncsckcs fl ebpôtfsbs ` bltubdbôl (dbfldbcs s`dbcofs ` fd`l`gçc)8

• Blsfmurbkck fd`lôgbdc < Ce`rr`
• Kfsfgpof` < ^`n`
• Vs` kfo dblturôl kf sfmurbkck < Løgfr` kf gufrt`s fl cddbkfltfs
 

DCKFLCT DCVTCOFT R ^FCOBGFL[CDBÔL

• Dckflcs Dcuscofs8 Duclk` fxbstfl ulc sfrbf kf d`ldfpt`s rfocdb`lck`s fl sfdufldbc p`r

gfkb` kf dcuscs-fjfdt`s.
• ^fcobgfltcdbôl8 Duclk` ulc dckflc dcusco j`rgc ul dbdo` ` nudof.

• Bgp`rtcltf8
• Oc rfcobgfltcdbôl dcusco fs oc quf `t`rmc fo dcrãdtfr kblãgbd` co sbstfgc.
• Oc dckflc kf rfocdb`lfs dcuscofs quf j`rgcl fo dbdo` s`l
 

KBCM^CGC KF NVDOFT DCVTCOFT

Dcusco O``p Kbcmrcg (DOK)8

• D`ldfpt`s
• ^focdb`lfs

• Y`ocrbkck8 sf fstcnofdf sb oc dcusc rfcobgfltc p`sbtbvc ` lfmctbvcgfltf fo fjfdt`

• ‟+‗8 Tb sf bldrfgfltc oc dcusc sf bldrfgfltc fo fjfdt`.
• ‟-‗8 Tb sf bldrfgfltc oc dcusc sf kfdrfgfltc fo fjfdt`.
Tf utbobzc pcrc ftbquftcr ocs rfocdb`lfs.
 

KBCM^CGC KF NVDOFT DCVTCOFT

• • Y`ocrbkck kf o`s nudofs8
• Nudofs p`sbtbv`s8
• Cqufoo`s nudofs d`l ul løgfr` pcr kf sbml`s ‟-‗.
• Cgpobjbdcl fo fjfdt` kf ocs dcltbkckfs quf j`rgcl fo nudof.
• L`tcdbôl8 +

• Nudofs lfmctbv`s8
• Cqufoo`s nudofs d`l ul løgfr` bgpcr kf sbml`s ‟-‗.
• Mflfrcl fjfdt`s kf fqubobnr` ` d`lvfrmfldbc.
• L`tcdbôl8 -
 

KBCM^CGC KF NVDOFT DCVTCOFT

• Yufkfl kcrsf gãs kf ul nudof fl ul sbstfgc8
• Fo fjfdt` jblco kfo sbstfgc
sb stfgc kfpflkfrã kfo nudof ` nudofs k`gblcltfs.
• Dcgnbcl c o` ocrm` kfo tbfgp`.
 

KBCM^CGC KF NVDOFT DCVTCOFT

• Fofgflt`s fxômfl`s8
• D`ldfpt`s quf cjfdtcl c `tr`s d`ldfpt`s kfo sbstfgc.
• Yfr` quf l` sf vfl cjfdtck`s p`r `tr`s.

• ^ftcrk`s8
• ^focdb`lfs kfo sbstfgc quf sf pr`kudfl gãs ofltcgfltf.
• Cjfdtc c ulc kblãgbdc kfo sbstfgc d`l dbdo`s gãs ocrm`s.