Angle of Repose

Angle of Friction
Friction 2

θ
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Angle of Repose
Angle of Friction
Friction 2

θ
Magnitude of Friction
 Types of Friction

Static Friction Kinetic Friction

 f a
static kinetic static kinetic

μsN
( μs − μ k ) N
μkN
m

t N t
μsN μsN
α α

F= αt
f μ
Analysis Of Friction Shift from Static to Kinetic
 Draw f v/s t Graph & a v/s t Graph
F=t
10 kg

μs = 1.0
F f
μk = 0.8

t t
a

t
 Identify the type and magnitude of friction f v/s t Graph & a v/s t Graph.

F = αt
m

μs
F f
μk

t t
a

t
 F = αt
m

μs f
μk

t
a

t
 Identify the type and magnitude of friction f v/s t Graph and a v/s t
Graph.
F = αt
m
Solution:
Initially body will be at rest till the time some min value of force is
μs , μk
attained

Body at Rest
fs = F fs = αt
fs ≤ μsN αt ≤ μsN t ≤ μsN/α
Static Friction
Body just at the verge of motion
fs = F fs = αt
fs = μsN αt = μsN t = μsN/α

Body just after motion starts

Kinetic Friction
fk = μkN t > μsN/α
 Identify the type and magnitude of friction f vs t Graph and a vs t
Graph F = αt
m μs , μ k
Solution:
Initially body will be at rest till the time some min value of
force is attained

Body at Rest f
fs = F fs = αt static kinetic
fs ≤ μsN αt ≤ μsN t ≤ μsN/α
μsN
Body just at the verge of motion
μkN
fs = F fs = αt
fs = μsN αt = μsN t = μsN/α t
μsN
Body just after motion starts
α
fk = μkN t > μsN/α
 Identify the type and magnitude of friction f vs t Graph and a vs t
Graph. F = αt
m μs , μ k
Solution:
Initially body will be at rest till the time some min value of force is attained

Static Friction
Body at Rest 0 ≤ t ≤ μsN/α
a=0
a=0
Body just after motion starts t = (μsN/α)+
fk = μkN
( μs − μk ) N Kinetic Friction
α ( μsN/α ) − μkN
a= =
m m αt − fk
a=
Body after motion starts t > μsN/α m
αt − μkN
a=
m
 Identify the type and magnitude of friction f vs t Graph and a vs t
Graph. F = αt
m μs , μ k
Solution:
Initially body will be at rest till the time some min value of force is attained

Body at Rest 0 ≤ t ≤ μsN/α

a=0 a
Body just after motion starts t = (μsN/α)+
static kinetic
fk = μkN
α ( μsN/α ) − μkN ( μs − μk ) N
a= = m
m ( μs − μ k ) N
Body after motion starts t > μsN/α m
αt − μkN t
a=
m μsN
α
 f a

static kinetic static kinetic

μsN
( μs − μk ) N
μkN
m
t t
μsN μsN
α α
Angle of Repose

θ
Measuring Coefficient of Friction practically
➔ Place a body of mass m on a rough horizontal surface
(angle of surface with horizontal is adjustable)

The body will remain stationary

➔ Now, gradually start increasing the angle of inclination (θ) of the surface.
Angle of Repose - Calculate

θ
 Angle of Friction

f
μ
Angle of Friction (α)
➔ It is the angle made by resultant of contact forces with normal reaction
➔ Consider a body on a rough surface with normal reaction (N) & frictional
force (f) acting on it.

N
R
m

f
 Problems on Static Friction

Static, Kinetic Friction

0 < fs < μsN

fk = μkN
Angle of inclination θ of plane is double the angle of repose. The angle of
repose is α = 300. Find the acceleration of a block sliding down this plane.
g = 10 m/s2

A. 5/√3 ms-2
B. 10/√3 ms-2
C. 10√3 ms-2
D. 10 ms–2 α

θ
 Angle of inclination of plane is double the angle of repose. The angle of
repose is α = 300. Find the acceleration of a block sliding down this plane.
g = 10 m/s2

Solution:
N
Angle of inclination, θ = 2 α a f
we know, mg sin θ
1
μ = tan α= tan 300 = mg cos θ
√3 θ
mg sin θ – f = ma
N = mg cos θ
f = μ N = μ mg cos θ
Solution:

So,
mg sin θ – μ mg cos θ= ma

a = g sin θ – μ g cos θ

1
= 10 sin 600 – cos 600
√3
= 10
√3 –
1
×
1
2 √3 2

10 m/s2
a=
√3
A force of 20 N can just move a 3 kg block kept on a horizontal ground.
Calculate the coefficient of friction & angle of friction. (g = 10m/s2)

3 Kg 20 N
 A force of 20 N can just move a block kept on a horizontal ground. The
mass of the block is 3 kg. Calculate the coefficient of friction & angle of
friction. (g = 10m/s2)

Solution: N

m = 3 kg
F = 20 N
F = fL = 20N
fL

From FBD, mg = 30 N
fL = μN = 20 Newton
N = mg = 30 Newton
Solution:
fL 20 2 R N
μ = = =
N 30 3

angle of friction : α F = 20 N
fL
2 fL
tan α = =
N 3
mg = 30 N
2
α = tan–1
3
Find the minimum value of m1 for which system remains in equilibrium.

A. m2/μ m1
B. m2 μ
C. 2m2/μ μ
D. √m2μ

m2
 For the given arrangement, find the minimum value of mass m1 for which
the system remains in equilibrium. Assume, pulley & strings to be massless.

Solution: T
N
➔ For system to be equilibrium, block m1 must not move.
➔ The minimum value of mass m1 has to be in co-relation
with limiting friction acting on it.
➔ FBD of system m1 T m2
ƒ

m1g m2g
Solution:

For equilibrium
T = m2g , N = m1g
N T
ƒS = T ≤ μN
So,
m2g ≤ μ N m1 T m2
m2g ≤ μ m1g ƒ

μ m1 ≥ m2 m1g m2g

m1 m2
≥
μ
m2
∴ (m1) min. =
μ
An object of mass M = 10 kg is kept on a rough table as seen from above.
Forces are applied on it as shown. Find the direction of static friction if
the object does not move. (Take μ = 0.4)
A. 37° with 20 N force
B. 37° with 15 N force
C. 143° with 15 N force
D. 143° with 20 N force
10kg 20 N

15 N
 In figure below, an object of mass M = 10 kg is kept on a rough table as
seen from above. Forces are applied on it as shown. Find the direction of
static friction if the object does not move. (Take μ = 0.4)
N
Solution:
The FBD of the block will be:
Here limiting value of friction force:
flim = μrN = 0.4 × 10 × 10 = 40 N Mg

The resultant of external forces acting on the block

Fnet = (15)2` + (20)2 = 25N 20

N

If the block is at rest, f = Fnet = 25 N Fnet

15 N
(Since, f < flim)

Here actual friction force acting on the block is less than

flim & the friction in this case is of static nature.
Solution:
fx
For the direction of friction force, we draw the
θ 20 N
free body diagram and find the resultant force.
The direction of static friction is opposite to the θ
Fnet
direction of the resultant force Fnet. 15 N

Its magnitude is equal to 25 N at angle:

15
tan θ = = 3
20 4

⇒ θ = 37°

Then, from the figure, fx makes an

angle 143° with the 20 N force.
Assuming the block of mass of m2 to be moving downwards and m1 to be
moving upwards, on the given inclined plane of coefficient of friction μ,
Find the acceleration of two blocks.

α β
 ALTERNATIVE

α β
 Assuming the block of mass of m2 to be moving downwards and m1 to be
moving upwards, on the given inclined plane of coefficient of friction μ,
find the acceleration of two blocks.

Solution:
N1 a
For body 1 T

N1 = m1g cosα

T – m1g sinα – ƒ1 = m1a m1g sinα

f1
Also, m1g cosα

ƒ1 = μ N1 = μm1g cosα

∴ T – m1g sinα–μm1g cosα = m1a . . . (i)

Solution:

For body 2

N2 = m2g cosβ

m2g sinβ – ƒ2 – T = m2a

m2g sinβ
Also, m2g cos β

ƒ2 = μN2 = μm2g cosβ

∴ m2g sinβ – μm2g cosβ – T = m2a . . . (ii)

Solution:
Now, T – m1g sinα – μm1g cosα = m1a . . . (i)

m2g sinβ – μm2g cosβ – T = m2a. . . (ii)

+ + + +
m2g sinβ – m1g sinα – μm2g cosβ – μm1g cosα = (m1+ m2)a

m2g (sinβ – μcosβ) – m1g (sinα + μcosα) = (m1+ m2)a

m2(sinβ – μcosβ) – m1(sinα + μcosα)

a= g
m1 + m2
A block of mass 15 kg is just resting on a rough inclined plane as shown.
The block is tied by a horizontal string which has a tension of 50N . Find
the coefficient of friction between the surfaces of contact. (g = 10m/s2)
A. 0.3
B. 0.7
C. 0.6
D. 0.5

45°
45°
Solution:

Let's draw the free body diagram

N
N T cos450
450
T
fL
fL
T sin450

mg sin450
mg cos450
450 Mg
Solution:
For equilibrium
N T cos450
(Mg + T)
N = Mg cos450+ T sin450 =
√2
fL
Mg sin450 =T cos450 + fL
(Mg – T)
ƒL = Mg sin450 – T cos450 = T sin450
√2
Also, mg sin450
μ (Mg + T) mg cos450
ƒL = μN =
√2
So, μ (Mg +T ) (Mg – T )
=
√2 √2
1
μ =
Mg – T 150 - 50 100 2
μ= = =
Mg +T 150 + 50 200
The friction coefficient between the board and the floor shown in figure
below is μ. Find the maximum force that the man can exert on the rope so
that the board does not slip on the floor.

μ
Solution: (M+ m)g
T
T
T
T
T
T
Let’s draw the FBD of all the bodies: F
T
Let F is the force applied by man on rope. Hence, f
T T
tension in string, T = F. N

The man is in equilibrium in vertical direction

Along vertical direction,

∑ Fy = 0:
⇒ N + T = (M + m) g
⇒ N = (M + m)g − T

If horizontal direction of the board is not sliding on

floor, then f = T and friction should be static in
nature of f ≤ fmax.
Solution:

⇒ T = m[(M + m)g − T]

⇒ T(1+m) = m(M + m)g

μ (M + m)g
⇒T ≤
1+μ

For maximum value of T, we have:

μ (M + m)g
T =
1+μ
A worker wishes to pile a cone of sand into a circular area in his yard. The
radius of the circle is r, and no sand is to spill onto the surrounding area. If μ is
the static coefficient of friction between each layer of sand along the slope and
the sand, the greatest volume of sand that can be stored in this manner is :
A. μπr3
B. 1/3 μπr3
C. 2 μπr3
D. 3 μπr3
h

θ
r
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Step 1 Step 2

INSTALL
 11th / 9, 10

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