Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality

Macro Perspective
of Tourism and
Hospitality
(Compilation of Reports)
Submitted to:
Prof. Marie Virna I. Villanueva
Submitted by:
BSHRM 1-C NABM
BSHRM 1-A ABM
2018-2019
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
Food Apparel Technology Department
Ayala Boulevard, Ermita, Manila
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TUP MANILA BSHRM 1C & 1A (SY 18-19) | 1
Overview of Tourism and Hospitality Industry Hospitality ……………………….…... 4
Overview of Tourism and Hospitality Industry Tourism ……………………………… 17
Growth & Development of Modern Tourism ………………...………………………... 28
Positive and Negative Impact of Tourism in Socio-Cultural Aspect ………………...... 39
Positive and Negative Impact of Tourism in Economic/ Socio-Economic ……...…...... 45
Positive and Negative Impacts of Tourism in Environmental Protection ……………... 49
Urban and Rural Tourism Management …………..….……………………………...… 52
Tourism Organization ………………………………………………………………….. 57
Tourism as National Development Strategy ………………………………………….... 61
Driver of Globalization ………………………………………………………………… 64
Utilization of Information Technology in Tourism and Hospitality …………………… 65
Strategic Role of International Tourism and Hospitality in the Globalization Process ... 74
Sustainable Development and Tourism Growth …...…………………………………... 79

Overview of Tourism and Hospitality
Industry
HOSPITALITY
Overview
Hospitality is the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or
strangers. The hospitality industry includes the hotel and motel, or lodging, trade. As
defined by the Council on Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Education, it also includes
food services, recreation services, and tourism. The hospitality industry provides
accommodations, meals, and personal services for both the traveling public and
permanent residents.
Establishments in the hospitality industry are divided into five categories. Transient, or
commercial, hotels make up three-fourths of the hotel business in the United States and
cater to commercial travelers, businesspeople, salespeople, and tourists. Motels, or motor
inns, are generally located near highways and airports and in small cities; residential
hotels provide permanent or semi permanent housing on a weekly, monthly, or
sometimes yearly basis; resorts are hotels that offer recreational or social activities in
addition to lodging; and convention hotels and centers are used as meeting places for
large groups or businesses, or for major exhibitions. As well as providing lodgings for the
conventioneers, convention hotels and centers must have state-of-the-art audiovisual and
technical equipment among other services to stay competitive and attract business.
Regardless of an establishment's category, all require staff to fill similar positions. The
range of employment opportunities in the hospitality industry is vast. All positions, from
bellhops to executive managers, share the same goal: serving the public. The primary
responsibilities for those who work in the hotel and lodging sector include making sure
that guests’ needs are attended to, their accommodations are comfortable, and that general
hotel operations are running smoothly. Front office, service, marketing and sales, and
accounting workers fill front-of-the-house positions, or those jobs most visible to the
public. Less visible, back-of-the-house jobs include those in food and beverage, such as
bartenders, chefs, and wait staff, as well as housekeeping, and engineering and
maintenance. Most establishments in the hospitality industry also operate on a three-shift
system, providing 24-hour service for their guests.

CAREERS IN HOSPITALITY
If you're looking for a job in an industry with continued job growth, here are 10 jobs to
try your hand at:
• Hotel general manager

Responsibilities: Directs everything involved in the operation and financial
result of the property; creates standards for personnel administration and
performance, service to patrons, room rates, advertising, publicity and food
selection.
• Hotel clerk
Responsibilities: Performs an assortment of services for hotel guests, such
as guest check-in and check-out, assigning rooms and answering inquiries to hotel
services.
• Bellhop
Responsibilities: Escorts incoming hotel guests to rooms; assists with
luggage; offers information about available services and facilities of hotel and
entertainment attractions; inspects guest's room to make sure things are
satisfactory.
• Meeting and convention planner

Responsibilities: Plans meetings and special events of various sizes.
Coordinates such logistics as budgets, speakers, entertainment, transportation,
facilities, technology, equipment, logistical requirements, printing, food and
beverage, and other related issues.
• Concierge
Responsibilities: Assists guests with everything from making restaurant
reservations to acquiring tickets to special events to helping with travel
arrangements and tours of interesting places to visit.
• Maitre d'
Responsibilities: Also known as the head waiter, the maitre d' assigns
customers to tables; makes advance reservations; oversees all aspects of the
dining room experience for patrons; makes sure all waiters are doing their jobs
effectively.
• Executive chef
Responsibilities: Oversees all kitchen activity, such as menu creation and
staff management; utilizes food surpluses and leftovers; tracks popularity of
various dishes; estimates customer food consumption; tests cooked foods by
tasting and smelling them; creates special dishes and recipes.
• Reservation ticket agent

Responsibilities: Answers phone or e-mail inquiries; offers suggestions
and information about travel arrangements, such as schedules, rates and types of
accommodation; quotes fares and room rates; makes and confirms transportation
and hotel reservations.
• Maids and housekeeping cleaner

Responsibilities: Such light cleaning duties as making beds, replenishing
linens, cleaning rooms and halls, vacuuming, emptying wastebaskets and
restocking bathroom supplies.
• Gaming dealer
Responsibilities: Operates table games such as craps, blackjack and
roulette; provides dice and dispenses cards to players; determines winners,
calculates and pays winning bets, and collects losing bets.
FORCES AFFECTING GROWTH AND CHANGE IN THE HOSPITALITY

INDUSTRY
• Demand
An economic principle that describes a consumer's desire and willingness
to pay a price for a specific good or service.
• Demographics
The study of objectively measurable characteristics of our population such
as age and income.
• Baby Boomer
A person born in the years following WWII, when there was a
temporary marked increase in the birth rate.
• Generation X
The generation born after that of the Baby Boomers (roughly from the
early 1960s to the late 1970s) often perceived to be disaffected and directionless.
• Diversity
A feature of a mixed workforce that provides a wide range of
abilities, experience, knowledge, and strengths due to heterogeneity in age,
background, ethnicity, physical abilities, political and religious beliefs, sex, and
other attributes.
• Dependency Ratio
A measure showing the number of dependents, aged zero to 14 and
over the age of 65, to the total population, aged 15 to 64. It gives insight into the
amount of people of nonworking age compared to the number of those who are
working age.
• Two-Income Families
A family that gets money from two separate incomes, meaning that
both the husband and wife have jobs
• Empty Nesters
Parents whose children have grown up and left home
• Single-Person Households
A household that includes just a single person, meaning that they are
unmarried and have no kids.
MEETING GUEST NEEDS

Special events are filled with memories that last a lifetime. Every guest wants their
wedding, anniversary, birthday, graduation, retirement, or family celebration to run
smoothly while creating lasting happy memories for all who attend. To help you with
your special events, we’ve compiled the top four tips for a successful event planning.
• Begin Planning Early
One of the worst mistakes any guest can make when planning a special
event is procrastination. Putting off the details until days before the event is a
surefire recipe for disaster. Encourage guests to begin planning their event early,
and not to wait for the week before to start planning. Be accommodating with
guests. Provide physical access to facilities to help them plan decorations, seating
arrangements, and even the guest list. Provide packaged forms for your guests that
include checklists and planning guides for common special events such as
weddings.
You can also provide your restaurant rules and regulations well in advance
to avoid any miscommunication and last minute changes due to compliance
issues. This improves the guest relationship and makes for a pleasant experience
for all involved.
• Delegate Tasks
Delegating tasks is crucial for larger events. The smart private dining
manager takes this information and uses it to the advantage of the restaurant.
Providing resources to help guests delegate tasks shows attention to detail and
personalized service are a priority with your restaurant. Provide a delegation
planner or verbal instruction for your private dining guests based on the following
model.
• Delegation Planning
Delegation begins with sorting tasks into categories. Tasks are assigned a
letter, A, B, or C, depending on the importance of the task. For example, booking
a pastor or justice of the peace for a wedding would be an A task, while ordering
the wedding cake would qualify as a B task. A tasks are vital to the event, B tasks
are important, and C tasks are optional niceties. This helps ensure that all vital and
important tasks are completed in a timely manner.
Next, sort all tasks into a timeline. This will help determine when to ask for the
most help. You will most likely need many helpers the day of the event, but there
may also be a timeframe when the workload is too much for a single person to

handle. Planning ahead helps avoid the last minute crunch and the frazzled nerves
that result.
• Stay Organized
Organization can single-handedly determine the success or failure of any
special event. Disorganized planning and execution often results in missed details,
unexpected disturbances, and unhappy guests and participants.
If your guests are receiving help from several people, consider utilizing an online
Banquet Event Order to keep everyone informed and on the same page. Using an
online format provides instant access from any computer or Internet capable cell
phone. This is especially useful during the busy days and hours just prior to the
big event.
• Stay Calm
When planning a special event, it’s easy to get caught up in the details and
lose sight of the real purpose of the special day. When unforeseen problems arise,
encourage guests to remain calm and try to keep unimportant details and problems
from creating stress and strife. Relaxation opportunities such as soft music, dim
lighting, and a warm smile can make the difference between a harried experience
and a pleasant dinning environment.
HOTEL AND LODGING OPERATIONS
Organizational Structure in the Hotel & Lodging Industry, within the lodging
industry, standard functions is handled by various departments in the hotel. The
organizational structure of the hotel helps to organize activities and tasks in a logical and
effective manner.
Every hotel, whether it’s big or small, needs an organizational structure to carry out
its daily operations. It is used to help divide tasks, specify the job for each department,
and delegate authority within and among departments. Effective job specifications will
increase work productivity and efficiency. Each hotel organizes workforce in different
ways. Here shows a medium size hotel organizational structure.

It was basically segmented into six divisions: finance, front office, human resources,
food and beverage, sales and logistics.
• Financial
The financial department’s role is to record financial transactions, prepare
and interpret financial statements, and deal with cost accounting and cost control.
• Front Office
The front office (room management) department handles customer service
including front desk service, reservation, laundry, concierge, telephone, and
housekeeping service. A hotel’s front office is where guests are greeted when they
arrive, where they get registered and assigned to a room, and where they check out.
It’s almost the most important department as it often offers contact with customers.
• Human Resources
The human resources department is given the responsibility to handle
employee recruitment, arrange staff training, make promotion and disciplinary
decisions, and check staff attendance.
• Food & Beverage

The food and beverage department is responsible for all of the dining
rooms, restaurants, bars, kitchen, clean up services, etc. Here we basically divide
F/B department into two parts: kitchen and restaurant. Kitchen department is
responsible for food preparation including main food, dessert, side food, and
beverage. Restaurant department‘s role is to provide dining room operation,
waiter service, food runner, and clean up service.
• Sales
The responsibility for sales department is to sell the hotel facilities and
services to individuals and groups. They sell rooms, food, beverage or special
services such as massage and laundry to potential customers through advertising
or direct contacts.

• Housekeeping
An essential requirement, for both business and leisure travelers staying in
limited-service or luxury properties, is that the guest room be clean. The essential
department of housekeeping is as much a production department of a hotel as the
front desk and bell staff is service departments.
FORCES SHAPING THE HOTEL BUSINESS
How Hotels get built?
• According to Michael Forrest Jones “Money Of course”. You have capital, or

access to adequate (although not unlimited) capital and financing won't be a
problem.
• Location- we want to make sure you're in the right town. But before we do even
that, let's make sure you have the right kind of hotel in mind.
Where the money comes from?
• Hotels are capital-intensive. Because most of the capital used in building a hotel—
or buying one—is borrowed, it is not surprising that interest rates, availability of
capital, taxation, and, in the international environment, exchange rates are all
important considerations.
The Hotel Business Cycle
1. Expansion – The early part of this phase is led by an upswing in the demand
momentum while the new supply comparatively remains constrained.
2. Recession –This phase is characterized by declining capacity utilization and
subsequently declining ARR. During the latter part of this phase many planned
under construction projects are deferred temporarily and at times permanently.
3. Recovery – In this phase, the industry starts consolidating, this is marked by
stabilization in ARR and capacity utilization, which see a gradual uptrend. Both
demand growth and new supply remains subdued during this phase.
The role of Real Estate in the business

• Hotel pricing can make hotel real estate more attractive than other real estate,
particularly in inflationary times, because of the ability to increase rates literally
overnight. The ability to increase revenues is not as flexible in other real estate
projects, where rents generally are fixed by long-term leases. As a result, hotels,
although they have a higher risk than other real estate, find favor with investors,
especially during the optimistic growth phase of the hotel industry cycle.
Asset management
• Asset managers and management but both work together for the benefit of the
hotel owner. The management company, as described in the previous section,
handles the day-to-day operation of the hotel, from hiring and supervising staff, to
negotiating contracts with suppliers, to planning menus and determining
marketing strategies. The asset manager acts as the “eyes and ears” of the owner.
In bridging the gap between the owner and the management company, the asset
manager delivers regular reports to the owner. Specifically, the asset manager
would be involved with the management company regarding the budget,
reviewing the franchise contract, inspecting the property and franchise
requirements, and analyzing cash flow.
COMPETITION IN A LODGING BUSINESS
Fragmented Market
The facts of the marketplace are that the ownership of hotel properties is spread among a
wide number of individuals and corporations. The presence of national and regional hotel
brands gives the appearance of a few dominant chains. Ownership in the hotel business,
however, is not highly concentrated; rather, it is a highly fragmented market. A hotel
brand or franchise has come to be called a “flag.” Although it is not as easy for a hotel to
drop a franchise as it is to take down a flag, the analogy is compelling. Sometimes
converting from a chain affiliation to becoming an independent is a voluntary move on
the part of the hotel’s ownership.

Sometimes, however, the chain drops its affiliation with the hotel for a number of
reasons.
It could be that the hotel’s owners did not pay the required fees to the chain. It may have
involved the hotel not maintaining the chain’s standards of service or cleanliness.
Franchise agreements between franchisors and franchisees stipulate in detail reasons for
terminating the relationship on both the part of the chain and the ownership of the hotel.
In a fragmented market, with many small firms seeking their own interests and survival,
competition is much less predictable. When survival is at stake, as it often is in lodging,
desperate measures taken by one or a few players can destabilize an entire market.
Cyclical Market
A second condition that shapes competition in lodging, as noted in Chapter 11, is that
lodging is a cyclical industry, one that has been characterized by periods of demand
outpacing supply as well as supply surpassing demand. The immediate outlook for the
industry depends, in large part, on where the industry is in the cycle. Generally, when
overcapacity threatens an industry, pricing stability is undermined.
Cost Structure
A third critical competitive characteristic of the lodging business is that it has a low
variable cost in relation to sales and a correspondingly high fixed cost. A low variable
cost means that there is very little cost associated with the sale of one more room. The
variable cost can be as low as $5 per rented room, ranging up to $15 or $20, while the
corresponding room rate might range from $30 to $120. This large margin over costs
makes it easy to cut prices and still show a profit—in the short run. The temptation to cut
prices is particularly strong in periods where supply exceeds demand, occupancies and
revenues fall, and the need to meet the burden of high fixed costs becomes more pressing.
Securitization
Another related condition, also discussed in Chapter 11, is the growth in securitization in
the industry. By making capital more readily available to developers, securitization
makes overbuilding more of a threat. New sources of financing clearly increase the total

financing available for purchase of hotels and bring an increased number of firms with
deep pockets (i.e., well-financed firms) to the hotel business in all of its segments.
Technological Revolution
A final factor is the impact of technology on the hotel business. Technology and the
change it brings cuts across all areas of the hotel business: improving service, facilitating
control of costs, and heightening security, for example. As a condition of competition,
however, we need to note that in the area of marketing, the technological revolution has
fundamentally altered the way hotel rooms are offered for sale. The Internet has had a
tremendous impact on the way hotels do business.
THE MARKETING MIX IN LODGING
Product
For instance, includes both physical goods and services. It also involves characteristics
that are present in the individual property, such as the guest rooms, the lobby, and the
amenities package, and services offered by a hotel.
Price
It refers not to some fixed rate but a price that varies with levels of demand and with
customer groups served. Because there is no inventory of yesterday’s rooms, there is
pressure to sell rooms each day.
Place
It is referring to the location of an individual property, is a very important aspect of the

lodging marketing mix, but the places where the hotel room is sold—for instance, travel
agents and other travel intermediaries—is also extremely important. This latter aspect, we
will find, is also a system characteristic in chains and other lodging groups.
Promotion
It refers to marketing communication, generally taken to include persuasive activities,

such as advertising, sales promotion, and public relations. We also include here
persuasive activities such as frequent-traveler programs and other individualized means to
reward customers for brand loyalty.

Overview of Tourism and Hospitality
Industry TOURISM
Overview
Hospitality, as interestingly defined in dictionary, is kindness in welcoming
visitors, guests or strangers. It refers to the relationship between guest and the host, or the
practice or act of being hospitable. Particularly, this involves the friendly and generous
reception and entertainment of visitors, guests, strangers, membership clubs, resorts,
conventions, special events, attractions, and other services for tourists and travelers.
Those successful in this career often pull off the hospitable aura.
Hospitality management, as a field of work, implies managing resorts, hotels,

restaurants, tourism, events, conventions and any other institutions engaged in the
hospitality industry. In hospitality industry, there classify many departments – those are,
housekeeping, front desk, food/ beverage, engineering, health/ sports, safety/ security.
Workforce designated to each of those departments would be required of specific traits,
capability and training. This industry has, for long, claimed its special importance in
economic and society development. Its hospitality effect that customer satisfaction is
secured. Hospitality also helps improve the country’s image, and captivate tourists and
business markets.
In most cases, tourists would be satisfied with their travels and want to reuse your
services if your tourist guide is friendly, thoughtful and does a good job as a mood raiser.
That’s not all; the hospitality industry helps create quality employment. Employees in this
industry are meticulously trained about technical and behavioral skills for best customer
satisfaction. They are required to show off aesthetic, emotional and other types of labor in
a sustained fashion. Very often, they must interact with customers with different cultural
dimensions and quality perceptions. That is more than enough to prove how clever,
flexible and knowledge they are.
Evidently, the hospitality industry has been significantly thriving around the
globe. While other industries struggle to regain from the global economic downturn,
hospitality has still proved resilient. For example, the hotel sector has bounced back
promptly and been increasing from its 2009 decline. The travel and tourism industry is
generally well positioned on tops of globally most important drivers of economic growth,
holding almost 9% of global GDP. It also tops the list of largest employers.
TOURISM
Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the

movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or
business/professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which may be either
tourists or excursionists; residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do with their
activities, some of which imply tourism expenditure (United Nations World Tourism
Organization, 2008).
TOURISM DESTINATION

Agglomeration of companies and organizations involved in producing and
marketing the overall tourism product within a geographical area; strategic unit providing
all necessary resources whose integrated activities allow tourists with the kind of
experiences they expect.
A geographic area consisting of a set of resources and attractions that is visited by

tourists.
Different types of Tourist Destinations
• Water sports & scuba diving destinations
• Adventure & hiking
• Ecotourism
• Cultural-for museums, local traditions
• Culinary-where local food is the dominant criteria
• Religious destinations
• Shopping destinations-flea markets and duty free outlets
What is Tourist Attraction?
A tourist attraction is a place of interest where tourists visit, typically for its
inherent or exhibited natural or cultural value, historical significance, natural or built
beauty, offering leisure and amusement.
MANAGEMENT IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
What is Hospitality Management?
Simply defining as "the practice of running a hotel"
Managing a Hotel

According to the Oxford English Dictionary. Hospitality means the friendly and
generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers.
Management (or managing) is the administration of an organization, whether it is
a business, a not-for-profit organization, or government body. Management includes the
activities of setting the strategy of an organization and coordinating the efforts of its
employees (or of volunteers) to accomplish its objectives through the application of
available resources, such as financial, natural, technological, and human resources. The
term "management" may also refer to those people who manage an organization.
How to manage the Hotel?
Basic Functions of Management

a. Planning - is the conscious determination of future course of action. This
involves why in action, how to take action, and when to take action.
b. Organizing - (Implementation) making optimum use of the resources required to
enable the successful carrying out of plans.
c. Leading - determining what needs to be done in the situation and getting people
to do it.
d. Controlling - Monitoring checking progress against plans, which may need
modification based on feedback.
PLANNING IN HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

Why study Planning?
A study plan is an effective way to help you navigate through your college
education in an organized way. Every student will develop a different study plan; there is
no correct study plan for everyone. When creating your personalized study plan, you will
need to do some self-evaluation of your current schedule and time management. Find
days when you have fewer personal commitments when you can squeeze some study
time. Remember, each student studies differently, so the amount of time you need to
study will differ from the time your classmates devote to studying. Some students find
that studying nightly for thirty minutes is more realistic than studying a few times a week
for a longer period of time.
You’ll have to identify your learning goals for each study session in order to
maximize these scheduled study times. Determine why you are studying, and develop a
plan that can help you achieve those goals. Take into consideration upcoming tests, your
average in certain courses, and projects that you anticipate will take more time than
others. Lastly, create a study plan that is reasonable. Although you must set aside enough
time in your schedule dedicated to your studies, blocking off five hours with no break
will set you up for failure. You can spend less time studying if you do it correctly. For a
detailed look at how to make a personalized study plan, explore the step-by-step
instructions below.
Policies
A policy is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve
rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent, and is implemented as a procedure or
protocol. Policies are generally adopted by a governance body within an organization.
Policies can assist in both subjective and objective decision making. Policies to assist in
subjective decision making usually assist senior management with decisions that must be
based on the relative merits of a number of factors, and as a result are often hard to test
objectively, e.g. work-life balance policy. In contrast policies to assist in objective
decision making are usually operational in nature and can be objectively tested, e.g.
password policy.
Goal setting
Goal setting involves the development of an action plan designed
to motivate and guide a person or group toward a goal. Goal setting can be guided by
goalsetting criteria (or rules) such as SMART criteria. Goal setting is a major component
of personal-development and management literature.
Planning in Operations
Strategic Issues - strategy concerns long range basic plans.

These three areas conveniently illustrate how policy guides decisions and
implemented by both planning and action.
• Product and Service Strategies – in food service a menu is a plan the general
pattern of operation menus represents a str45ategy and the customer you intend
to reach dictates the strategy you will develop.
• Human Resource Strategies – here we briefly examine two important

personnel related issues to suggest the policies and strategies they dictate. Many
co0mpanies wishing to avoid unionization use a compensation strategy that
offers pay and fringe benefits well above union scale.
• Community Relations Strategies- Not surprisingly different sectors of the

hospitality industry court community favor in different ways. Let us look briefly
at policy and resulting in the commercial restaurant hotel, health care, and
school food service sectors.
ORGANIZING IN HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
What is organizing?
A structure through which individuals cooperate systematically to conduct
business.
The work managers do to bring order to the relations between people and work as
well as among the various people at work.
The Basis of Authority

• Authority in management is the formal or legitimate authority specified in a
charter gives a project manger the authority to act in the name of the sponsoring
executive or on behalf of the organization.
• Power that is recognized as legitimate.
What authority do you practice?

Two bases of Authority
1. Formal Organization

- follows series of steps, authority must be shared
- Top to bottom
- Specifically involved legal systems that commonly imply a community’s
potential use of force to maintain order.
2. Informal Organization
- Usually has a leader who is consciously or unconsciously recognized by the
group.
- Manager comes to accept the work group and establishes working relations with
this structure that constitutes a real limitation on his formal authority.
What is Delegation?
Delegation is a very important aspect of leadership skills as is human resource
management.
Why?
- Authority must be delegated
- It develops management talent in the organization
- Through assigning, it increased employees’ responsibility
Span of Control
• Refers to the number of people the manager supervises directly
• Refers to formal reporting relationships “Direct report” no other manger in
between the manager and employee
Narrow span of control

• When a manager directly supervises only a few subordinates
• Ex. CLC College President- directly supervises 3 Senior VP’s
Wide span of control
• Fewer managers needed but tend to have decentralized decision making.
• Ex. Lyn Wells-AVP of Academic Affairs at CLC directly supervises 50 faculties.
General Rule: The narrower the span of control, the more mangers needed. Why?
• If all managers have narrow span of control, then the organization must be “tall”.
• If the managers have wide spans of control, then the organization can be “flat”
Note: Consultation and interaction extend beyond the span of control
Span of control in hotel is being reevaluated
What is Departmentalization?
Departmentalization involves dividing an organization into different departments,
which perform tasks according to the departments' specializations in the organization.
Departmentalization as a means of structuring an organization can be found in both public
and private organizations. It changes the institutional structure of the program for the staff
effectiveness.
There are five traditional methods for grouping work activities.

a. Functional departmentalization - jobs are grouped by the functions (i.e.,
marketing, finance, human resources) performed. This approach can be used in all
types of organizations, although the functions change to reflect the organization’s
objectives and work activities.
b. Product departmentalization - jobs are grouped by product line. In this
approach, each major product area is placed under the authority of a manager
who’s a specialist in, and is responsible for, everything having to do with that
product line.
c. Geographical departmentalization - jobs are grouped on the basis of a territory
or geography such as southern, Midwestern, or northwestern regions for an
organization operating only in the United States; or for a global company, maybe
U.S., European, Canadian, and Asian-Pacific regions.
d. Process departmentalization - this method groups jobs on the basis of product or
customer flow. In this approach, work activities follow a natural processing flow
of product or even customers.
e. Customer departmentalization - jobs are grouped on the basis of common
customers who have common needs or problems that can best be met by having
specialists for each.
What is Bureaucracy?

Bureaucracy refers to both a body of non-elective government officials and an
administrative policy-making group. Historically, a bureaucracy was a government
administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials. [2] Today,
bureaucracy is the administrative system governing any large institution, whether publicly
owned or privately owned. The public administration in many countries is an example of
a bureaucracy, but so is the centralized hierarchical structure of a business firm.
What is Adhocracy?
An adhocracy, in a business context, is a corporate culture based on the ability to
adapt quickly to changing conditions.
Adhocracies are characterized by flexibility, employee empowerment and an
emphasis on individual initiative. Although corporate levels exist in an adhocracy, they
are less strictly defined than in more hierarchical environments. In a more general sense,
adhocracy contrasts with bureaucracy, which is characterized by inflexibility and a rigid
adherence to rules.
Staff
Roles were originally limited to providing specialized assistance to line manager.
Staff people, in effect, service the people who serve the guest. The staff’s person’s special
enterprise is important, but a number of related kinds of staff activities have also become
common.
Human Resource Management

Human Resource Management (HRM) is the term used to describe formal systems
devised for the management of people within an organization. The responsibilities of a
human resource manager fall into three major areas: staffing, employee compensation and
benefits, and defining/designing work. Essentially, the purpose of HRM is to maximize
the productivity of an organization by optimizing the effectiveness of its employees. This
mandate is unlikely to change in any fundamental way, despite the ever-increasing pace
of change in the business world. As Edward L. Gubman observed in the Journal of
Business Strategy, "the basic mission of human resources will always be to acquire,
develop, and retain talent; align the workforce with the business; and be an excellent
contributor to the business. Those three challenges will never change."
STAFFING
Selection of the best people, concerned with developing & selecting Types
of Financial
• Direct Financial Compensation - paid directly to the employees
• Indirect Financial Compensation - not paid directly to the employees Benefits
1. Financial Benefits
• The Legally Acquired Benefits - includes social security and unemployment
compensation
• The Voluntary Benefits - not tied to an employee’s performance
2. Nonfinancial Benefits - intangible benefits
CONTROL IN HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
Control/Controlling - helps to check the errors
Process of Controlling
1. Setting performance standard
2. Measurement of actual performance
3. Comparing actual performance with standards
4. Analyzing Deviation
5. Correcting Deviation
LEADERSHIP AND DIRECTING

• Leadership - a person who can influence people to cooperate
• Leading - about taking the lead or initiating
• Directing - focusing the company in a specific direction
THE ROLE OF SERVICE
Characteristics of Service
• Involves the guest experience and the staff’s performance

• Guest and server are both part of transaction
• Quality control is difficult
• Standard must be zero defects
• Production and consumption are simultaneous
Three Types of Service Transaction
1. Electronic-mechanical
2. Indirect Personal
3. Face to Face
Managements Responsibilities in Establishing & Maintaining a Service Culture
• Treat employees as internal customers

• Remove obstacles that keep people from doing their job
• Keep stated service policies and actual practice the same
Making the Employee the Product

• Empathize Cross training
• Provide Core Training
• Motivate through feedback and reward

GROWTH &
DEVELOPME
NT OF
MODERN
TOURISM
Overview
Tourism has been a major social phenomenon of societies all over the world. It is
driven by the natural urge of every human being for a new experience, and the desire to
be both educated and entertained. The motivations for tourism also include religious and
business interest; the spread of education has fostered a desire to know more about
different parts of the globe.
The basic human thirst for new experience and knowledge has become stronger,
as communication barriers are getting overcome by technological advances. Progress in
air transport and development of tourist facilities has encouraged people to venture
beyond the boundaries.

CAUSES OF RAPID GROWTH
(1) A rise in industrial output associated with the Industrial Revolution that in turn
led to an increase in the standard of living.
(2) Improvements in transport technology, which led to cheaper and more accessible
travel. Railways and ocean liners appeared in the nineteenth century and cars and
aircraft in the first half of the twentieth century.
(3) The introduction of annual holidays towards the end of the nineteenth century.
(4) Changing perceptions of the environment. Locations that were once viewed as
hostile, were now seen as attractive.
(5) An increasing desire to travel. This was related partly to improvements in
education and also to greater overseas travel, which was mainly the result of war.
This created interest in foreign locations and also overseas business travel.
MEANING & NATURE OF TOURISM

Tourism is a study of man (sic) away from his usual habitat, of the industry which
responds to his needs and the impacts that both he and the industry have for the host
sociocultural, economic and physical environments
Nature of Tourism
The nature of tourism is closely connected with travelling. It has been a human
phenomenon since the beginning of human civilization. It is a sensitive factor of the
human nature in the context of moving to survive, explore, and to know the unknown.
In the early times, they started travelling as nomads in search of prey and foods.
Later, the development of the agriculture activities created a base of the movements of
people as a traveler. Then the movement of industrial revolution made travelling
prominent to various destinations. It made the traveler's lifestyle easier and safer to
realize their tourism activities.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF TOURISM

1. Attraction
It is considered as the most important basic component of tourism attraction
means any things that create a desire in any person to travels in a specific to visits
destination or places. In others, Attraction is those elements, which determines the
choice of tourists to visit one destination rather than others. Tourists are attracted by
cultural sites, historical building and monument, an area of archaeological interest,
scenic beauty, flora and fauna, beach resort, Himalayan, national parks, like a trade
fair, sports events, art and music, festivals could be the factors which generate the off
tourist to a particulars location.
Attraction may be classified in two ways:

a. Core attraction
Core attraction represents the basic assets or attributes the basic assets or
attributes of their community they from the main theme of the destination. They
may be nature or manmade, historic or cultural recreations or spectator events.
b. Supporting attraction
Supporting attractions represent the facilities and service that serve the
needs of visitors -lodging food service, local transport and shopping, foreign
currency exchange and so on.
Moreover, the success of a destination depends not only on its power to
attract visitors but its ability to hold them. This means that destination must have
sufficient attraction that is appealing to the wide market.
2. Accessibility
Accessibility means reachability to the place of a destination through various
means of transportation. A tourist can reach the area where the attraction is located by
the means of transportation. So, transportation should be regular, comfortable,
economic and safe. Access is a subject of transport infrastructure and transport
technology become important in the form of costs of travel and the time consumed in
reaching the destination, therefore, accessibility can be specified in terms of the
extent of comfort or hassle with which visitors can reach the destination of their
liking.
Moreover, tourist required transport in order to visit the different tourist sport
throughout the country. It is the primary tourist's service needed by the tourist to
reach the destination. It is the means of movement at the destination most of tourism
activities are concerned with transportation. Different means of transportation that has
made travel possible for different people all over the world.
The passenger transport may be categorized as public or private, international air and
surface etc.
a. Air transport: It is the faster-growing means of long distance tourist transport
constitutes the primary means of transport on many routes.
b. Sea transport: It plays a prominent role on short sea routes and waterways and
also for cruises.
c. Rain transport: It is good for short and medium distance within and between
countries. It helps in reaching a destination and for movements at the
destination.
3. Accommodation
Another important component of tourism is accommodation which is primary
tourist service needed at the destination. It is a place where tourists can find food and
shelter provided to them. If s/he is in a fit position to pay for it, Tourism can stay in
various types of accommodation such as stay with relative's friends and other private
accommodation or their own means of accommodation like caravans and tents. It also
includes the provision of food and beverage for tourists.
The traveler or tourists always require accommodation at the destination.
Accommodation and food and beverage are essential for everyone spending time
away from the home weather, it's for business or pleasure. An adequate supply of
accommodation suitably tailored to the requirements of tourist market is one on the
basic condition of tourism development of accommodation to provide space and loan
to people interested in it. There are various types of accommodation from a seven star
deluxe to a normal budget class hotel.
Therefore, the need and necessity of accommodation cannot be ignored in a
tourist destination. Accommodation plays a vital role in the field of tourism. Many
changes have taken place in accommodation recently.
ELEMENTS OF TOURISM
1. Tourists:
The tourist is the key player in this system. Tourism, in fact, is a human
experience, enjoyed, anticipated and recalled by a lot as a historic and/or life time

aspect. Therefore, defining the tourist and its classification turns out to be equally
relevant.
2. Geographical Elements:
Leiper describes three main geographical elements in his system’s model. These are
a. Traveler-generating region
b. Tourist destination region
c. Transit route region
The traveler-generating region (TGR) exemplifies the area breeding markets for
tourism, and practically acts as the ‘push’ force to motivate and stimulate i.e., set off and
encourage travel.
It is this region where the tourist tries to seek information, goes for reservations
and makes the departure. This region is basically related to the demand aspect of travel
and tourism.
Further, the tourist destination region (TDR) symbolizes the ‘sharp end of
tourism’ and is, indeed, the raison d’ etre for tourism. The pull force of the destinations
activates the whole tourism system besides begetting demand for travel in the traveler
generating region.
According to Leiper, it is at the destination where the most noticeable and
dramatic consequences of the system occur. Since, it is the destination where the utmost
impact of tourism is felt, therefore, the planning and management strategies are
implemented in this region.
Furthermore, the transit route region (TR) typifies not only the in-between places
which may be visited en route, but also the short period of travel to get to the destination.
Leiper highlights that ‘there is always an interval in a trip when the traveler feels
they have left their home region but have not yet arrived. Where they chose to visit’.
4. Tourism Industry:
The third element of the model is the tourism industry comprising the variety of
businesses and organizations responsible for supplying the tourism product. The model
provides for the location of the different industrial sectors to be identified.
For instance, the tour operators and the travel agents are primarily set up in the
traveler- generating region, attractions and the hospitality business are located in the

tourist destination region and the transport industry is largely situated in the transit route
region.
The operation of the Leiper’s tourism system is such that there is not only an
interaction between each element of the system but with other sectors as well so as to
deliver the tourism product, to assess the occurrences and impacts of tourism, and the
varied backgrounds influencing the occurrence of the tourism activity as represented.
An analysis of two major elements of Leiper’s model well illustrates the fact that
tourism industry is an industry of noticeably different qualities. Whilst on the one hand,
the demand for tourism in the traveler generating region is essentially erratic,
inconsistent, seasonal and illogical, the supply is fragmented, unadoptable and rigid in the
destination region, on the other.
Interestingly, supply is able to match the demand, a sure recourse for the financial
fluidity and unpredictability in tourism. Again, the characteristic features of the Leiper’s
model can be found in its generalization and lack of sophistication, and these are
instrumental in facilitating a practical and effective viewpoint respecting tourism.
However, there are other features as well.
i. Leiper’s model is not based or focus on any particular discipline rather makes
available a generalized framework capable of incorporating interdisciplinary
approaches to tourism.
ii. The model is not a specific one but has a vast scope i.e., tailored to being put to use
to any degree or level of generalization, from a local resort to the international
industry.
iii. The system’s model also substantiates the basic principle of tourism that there is an
interrelationship and interaction amongst the different elements of tourism. Even
though, the different elements need to be analyzed individually but these are the
interrelationships that provide a perfect comprehension of tourism.
It is, by and large, an agreed proposition that tourism comprises of four primary
elements travel demand, tourism intermediaries/agents, destination influences, and the
resulting range of impacts. All these elements can be mutually joined in the form of a
layout as illustrated.
Tourism System
A group of interrelated, interdependent and interacting three basic elements –
tourists, geographical elements (traveler generating region, tourist destination region and
transit route region) and tourism industry that together form a single functional structure.
TOURISM SUPPLY COMPONENTS
Classified into five main categories:

1. Natural resources — includes elements in an area for the use and enjoyment of
visitors such as climate, landforms, terrain, flora, fauna, bodies of water, beaches,
natural beauty and water supply for drinking, sanitation, and similar uses.
2. Infrastructure — consists of all underground and surface developmental
construction such as water supply systems, sewage disposal systems, gas lines,
electrical and communications systems, drainage systems and other constructed
facilities such as highways, airports, railroads, roads, drives, parking lots, parks,
night lighting, marinas and dock facilities, bus and train station facilities and
similar tourist service installations.
3. Superstructure- The above ground facility services such as airport buildings,
passenger traffic terminals, hotels, motels, resorts, restaurants, shopping centers,
places of entertainment, museums, stores and similar structures.
4. Transportation and transportation equipment- includes items such as ships,
airplanes, trains, buses, limousines, taxis, automobiles, cog railways, aerial
tramway, and similar passenger transportation facilities.
5. Hospitality resources — include the cultural wealth of an area which makes
possible the successful hosting of tourists. Examples are the welcoming spirit of
tourist business employees, attitudes of the residents towards visitors, courtesy,
friendliness, sincere interest, willingness to serve and to get better acquainted with
visitors, and other manifestations of warmth and friendliness. It also includes the
cultural resources of an area such as fine arts, literature, history music, dramatic.
There are also other components of Tourism Supply such as:
1. Attractions - These are the places the tourists perceive as the satisfaction of their
leisure-oriented needs.
• Natural Attractions: Caves, canyons, rocks, water bodies, landscapes.
• Man-Made Attractions: Theme parks, towers, bridges, architecture,
temples, mosques, churches, and monuments.
• Cultural Attractions: Historical sites, monuments, local arts and crafts,
local folk core, music and dance.
2. Transportation- These are the modes of commuting.
• Road: Car, bus, cycle.
• Rail: Long distance, high speed, commuter, or intercity trains.
• Water: Boats, ferries, cruises.
• Air: Carriers that operate on fixed schedule, Charters that operate as and
when required.
3. Intermediaries- These are the mediators.
• Travel Agents: The business of selling hospitality and tourism products.
• Tour Operators: They deal with the operating components for rates.
4. Destination - It is the place that the tourists visits and mostly composed of:
• Accommodation: Hotel, motel, lodge, guest house, B&B.
• Restaurant: Specialty restaurants, themed restaurants, branded restaurants
such as CCD, KFC, Bistros, and takeaway food joints.
• Tourist Facilities: Pubs, entertainment parks, shopping centers, and casinos.
5. Activities - These includes activities that the tourists are interested to engage in:
• Adventure Sports: Mountain biking, bungee jumping, rafting, and other
similar activities.
• Leisure: Basking on beaches, swimming, dining near water body.
• Business Activities: Attending seminars, business meetings, promotions.
• Health Activities: Attending Yoga sessions, exercising, undergoing
naturopathy, and similar such activities.
MEASURING & FORECASTING DEMAND

Forecasting method is highly important for the tourism industry, which needs
accurate predictions of demand so that it can plan effectively from year to year, season to
season. If a bad year for tourist arrivals is predicted, then a tourism/ tourist operator may
want to reduce casual staff and reduce the scale and extent of his operation. When a good

year is expected, she/he may want to hire more new staff, make more rooms/beds
available and increase the frequency of excursions. Accurate tourism demand forecasts
improve the efficiency of businesses, increase earnings and strengthen economies.
But important issue, how can one predict the future demand for tourism in a world
that is so complicated and when there are so many factors that can influence the number
of tourists visiting a country, a town, a region, a resort, or even a hotel.
The elements of tourism demand that are forecasted are known as ‘factors’
because their quantities vary in space and time. The essence of forecasting is that these
factors (e.g. visitor numbers, visitor pay out, hotel residence rates, etc.) are dependent
upon other factors and that it is the consistent relationship between these factors that
allows to makes a forecast.
The factor that one is interested known as the dependent factor and the factors
used to predict the value of the dependent factor are known as independent or predictor
factors.
Predictor/ Independent Factor:
• Economic Variables
• Demographic Variables
• Cost of Travels
• Political Variables
• Market Variables
• Climate
• Time
• Tourist Taxes
• Income
• Marketing Expenditure Dependent Factor:
• Hotel Occupancy Rate
• Total Arrivals
• International Tourist Arrivals
• Domestic Tourist Arrivals
• Overnight Stays
• Same-day Visitors

• Excursions Sold
• Visitors pay out
• Tourism Contribution to GDP (Gross Domestic Products)
• Passengers seats occupied
The Tourism Demand and Forecasting can be classified by two dimensions:
- Qualitative and Quantitative forecast - are considering the data information

available. Both forecasting can use to make predictions about dependent factors
and the choice of method often depends upon exactly what one is trying to predict
(the dependent factor), the level of accuracy required, and occasionally the
timeframe of the forecast.
- The Qualitative Forecast requires the use of historical data in conjunction with
mathematical models and is aimed to identify relationships and patterns of future
tourism demand and its determinants.
- The Quantitative Forecast does not necessarily require the existence of historic
data since they rely on pooled expert opinions.
TOURISM SATELLITE ACCOUNTING
A Satellite Account is a term developed by the United Nations to measure the size
of economic sector that are not defined as industries in nation accounts.
The Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) is a standard statistical framework and the
main tool for the economic measurement of tourism. It has been developed by the World
Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD), the Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat) and
the United Nations Statistics Division. It is also designed to measure the goods and
services according to international standard of concepts, classifications and definitions
which allow for valid comparisons with other industries and eventually from country to
country and between groups of countries.
The TSA can be seen as a set of 10 summary tables, each with their underlying data:
1. inbound, domestic tourism and outbound tourism expenditure,
2. internal tourism expenditure

3. production accounts of tourism industries
4. the Gross Value Added (GVA) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) attributable to
tourism
5. Employment
6. Investment
7. government consumption
8. non-monetary indicators
Tourism Impacts – Positive and Negative

Impact of Tourism in
SOCIO-CULTURAL
ASPECT
Positive and Negative Impacts of Tourism
Tourism can provide jobs and improve the wealth of an area. Many developing
countries are keen to develop tourism in order to become richer and to improve the
quality of life for their people. However, when large numbers of visitors go to one place it
is called mass tourism. This can have both positive and negative impacts on the area.
Tourism can create lots of different types of jobs. Most of these are tertiary jobs.
This is because they involve providing a service to other people.
Some countries rely heavily on tourism and this can be a problem if tourists stop
coming. Sometimes tourist numbers fall due to natural disasters such as floods or because
of war or unrest.
For example, some countries suffered from a fall in tourism after the 2004 Asian
Tsunami and tourists were encouraged to leave Tunisia and Egypt during protests and
unrest in 2011.
SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS
Social & cultural impact signifies the impact which it creates in terms of social
changes in the lives of local people, improvements in infrastructure, lifestyle changes etc.
Associated with interactions between peoples and culture background, attitudes

and behaviors, and their relationships to material goods. The introduction of tourists to

sensitive areas can be detrimental, cause a loss of culture, or, alternatively, contribute to
the preservation of culture and cultural sites through increased resources.
It is an inherent aspect of tourism is the seeking of authenticity, the desire to

experience a different cultural setting in its natural environment. Although cultural
tourism provides opportunities for understanding and education, there are serious impacts
that arise as a result. It is not only the volume of tourism at work, but the types of social
interactions that occur between tourist and host. There are three broad effects at the local
level: the co modification of culture, the demonstration effect, and the acculturation of
another culture.
Positive socio-cultural impacts
There are number of benefits for the host community as a result of tourism. This
includes economic benefits such as opportunities for local businesses which allows for
increased trade among the increased number of visitors and then develops a variety of
local businesses. In addition, tourism also brings employment opportunities, enhances the
economy of the region, and creates revenue for the local government. Tourists also use
public services, creating funding for public services, such as health, the police and the fire
department, as well as increasing the demand for public transport. Other public facilities,
such as parks and benches are also well kept by the community for the tourists, improving
the overall aesthetics (of or relating to art or beauty) of the host community. On a more
social level, tourism leads to intercultural interaction. Tourists often engage and learn
from the locals. Tourism can also increase pride in locals. They want to show off their
community that tourists have chosen to visit. The increase in people also leads to creating
more social venues and experiences where locals and tourists can interact in
Entertainment and recreational facilities will allow for more opportunity to socialize and
engage with each other. Tourism can be beneficial for the host community as it provides
the financial means and the incentive to preserve cultural histories, local heritage sites,
and customs. It stimulates interest in local crafts, traditional activities, songs, dance, and
oral histories. It also opens up the community to the wider world, new ideas, new
experiences, and new ways of thinking.

Negative socio cultural impacts
There can be negative effects from cultural interactions. In terms of economic

disadvantages, local communities need to be able to fund the tourist demand, which leads
to an increase of taxes. The overall price of living increases in tourist destinations in
terms of rent and rates, as well as property values going up. This can be problematic for
locals looking to buy property or others on a fixed income. In addition, to balance out
tourist destinations, the number of locals to tourists must be relatively equal. This can be
more problematic for tourists as their access could be denied. Other negative socio
cultural impacts are differences in social and moral values among the local host
community and the visiting tourist. Outside of affecting the relationship between tourist
and local, it can also cause friction between groups of the local population. In addition, it
can cause drifts in the dynamics between the old and new generations. Tourism has also
correlated to the rise of delinquent behaviors in local host communities. Crime rates have
been seen to rise with the increase of tourists. Crimes are typically those of rowdy
behavior, alcohol and illegal drug use, and loud noise. In addition, gambling and
prostitution is increased due to tourists looking for a “good
time”.
Tourism has also caused more disruption in host communities. Crowding of locals
and tourists may create a vibrant
ambiance; it also causes frustration and Positive effects Negative effects
leads to the withdrawal of local residents
in many places. Increased tourists also
Money from tourists Damage to the natural
result in increased traffic which can
can be used to protect environment, example
hinder daily life of the local residents. the natural landscape footpath erosion,
litter, habitats
Tourism may have different effects on destroyed to build
the social and cultural aspects of life in a hotels
particular region depending on the
New facilities for the Overcrowding and
strengths of the region. The effect can be tourists also benefit traffic jams
positive or negative. locals, example new
roads
Examples: Prices increase in
Greater demand for
TUP MANILA BSHRM 1C & shops
local food and crafts local 1A (SYas
18-19) | 40
tourists
are often wealthier
than the local
population
Positive Impact:
To boost tourism huge money is invested to preserve the local heritage, to
improve infrastructure, to provide better local facilities which in turn creates better
education, better leisure facilities, organizing frequent social events and thus a better
lifestyle for the locale people. They interact with the tourists; mix with people from
diverse backgrounds which create a cosmopolitan culture in the region. Due to the
demand for better services, varied employment opportunities are created within the region
and therefore people do not feel the need to migrate to other cities to earn their living.
Negative Impact:
Due to the heavy traffic in the region, the infrastructure may not be able to cope
up the increased rush thus leading to overcrowding, poor sanitation which may further
lead to diseases both to the tourists as well as local people. The intrusion of outsiders in
the area may disturb the local culture and create unrest among the people.
The local people may copy the lifestyles of tourists through the demonstration effect
and the result could be loss of native customs and traditions. Some people may enter into
criminal activities to fetch easy money from a tourist who leads to increased crime and
anti-social activities and loss of moral and religious values.
Positive and Negative Impact of Tourism
There are both positive and negative effects on communities related to the
economic impacts of tourism in their communities. A positive impact can refer to the
increase in jobs, a higher quality of life for locals, and an increase in wealth of an area.
Tourism also has the advantage of rebuilding and restoring historic sites and encouraging
the revitalization of cultures. A positive impact is to increase or to make better either for
the tourist, the host community and residence and/or the tourist destination. Positive
impacts are related more to the materialistic well-being, rather than to the happiness of a
host community or tourist.
The tourist destination enjoys positive impacts; if there have been improvements
to the natural environment such as protection, national parks, or man-made infrastructure,
waste-treatment plants. Tourism provides the economic stimulus to allow for

diversification of employment and income potential and develop resources within the
community. Improvements in infrastructure and services can benefit both the locals and
the tourists. Whereas, heritage tourism focuses on local history or historical events that
occurred in the area, and tends to promote education. Positive impacts begin when there
is an increase in job opportunities for locals as the tourism industry becomes more
developed. There is also an increase in average income that spreads throughout the
community when tourism is capitalized on. In addition, the local economy is stimulated
and diversified, goods are manufactured more locally, and new markets open for local
business owners to expand to. Unfortunately, these benefits are not universal nor
invulnerable. While more employment may be available, tourism-related jobs are often
seasonal and lowpaying. Prices are known to fluctuate throughout the year. They rise in
the high tourist season to take advantage of more tourist dollars but have the side effect of
pricing goods above the economic reach of local residents, effectively starving them out
of a place that was once their home.
Negative impacts are the effects, that are caused in most cases, at the tourist
destination site with detrimental impacts to the social and cultural area, as well as the
natural environment. As the population increases so do the impacts, resources become
unsustainable and exhausted, the carrying capacity for tourists in a destination site may
become depleted. Often, when negative impacts occur, it is too late to impose restrictions
and regulations. Tourist destinations seem to discover that many of the negative impacts
are found in the development stage of the tourism area life cycle (TALC).
Additionally, the economics of tourism have been shown to push out local tourism
business owners in favor of strangers to the region. Foreign ownership creates leakage
(revenues leaving the host community for another nation or multinational business) which
strips away the opportunity for locals to make meaningful profits. Foreign companies are
also known to hire non-resident seasonal workers because they can pay those individuals
lower wages, which further contributes to economic leakage. Tourism can raise property
values near the tourism area, effectively pushing out locals and encouraging businesses to
migrate inwards to encourage and take advantage of more tourists spending.

Tourism Impacts – Positive and Negative
Impact of Tourism in
Economic/
Socio-Economic
Introduction:

We have many factors affecting our Economic and Socio- Economic due to
Tourism. It may affect us in a positive way or maybe in a negative way. This report will
help you know and understand the Positive and Negative Effects of Tourism in our
Economy/Socio Economic in Tourism.
POSITIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM IN ECONOMIC / SOCIO- ECONOMIC:

1. Employment Generation – can generate jobs directly through hotels, restaurants,
nightclubs, taxis, and souvenir sales, and indirectly through supply of goods and
services needed by tourism-related business.
2. Generates Income for the local economy- booking with local travel agents, hotel
accommodations / phone/ car companies.
3. Increased demand for local food and crafts- it increased the demand because
many tourist wants to taste their delicacies and to buy souvenirs as remembrance
and gifts.
4. Tourists mainly come to see the scenery and wildlife so there is pressure to
conserve habitats and wildlife.
5. Natural Attractions can be protected using income from tourism
6. Provides business opportunities for small scale business enterprises which is
important to rural areas
7. The income from tourism can help in rebuilding, and restoring historic sites and
encouraging the revitalization of cultures.
8. Economic Diversification – increase in manufacturing local good and also in terms
of agriculture.
9. Contribution to government revenues – generated by taxes on incomes from
tourism employment and tourism businesses, and by direct charge on tourists such
as departure taxes.
NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM

1. Leakage-(The direct income for an area is the amount of tourist expenditure that
remains locally after taxes, profits, and wages are paid outside the area and after
imports are purchased; these subtracted amounts are called leakage).
a. Import Leakage
This leakage occurs when tourists demand standards of equipment,
food, and other products that the host country cannot supply especially in
Less Economically Developed Country (LEDC’s). Food and drinks are
must often be imported since local products are not up to the hotel’s (i.e.
tourist’s) standards or the country simply doesn’t have a supplying
industry. As a result, much of the income from tourism expenditures
leaves the country again to pay for these imports.
2. Enclave Tourism- On many ships, guests are encouraged to spend most of their
time and money on board, and opportunities to spend in some ports are closely
managed and restricted.
3. Infrastructure cost – public resources spent on subsidized infrastructure or tax
breaks may reduce government investment in other critical areas such as
education and health
4. Increase in prices- makes difficulty for local people to meet their basic needs.
Increases demand and price for services and goods for tourists that can negatively
affect local residents whose income does not increase proportionately. It also
affects the tourism development and real estate demand because it increases
building costs and land values.
5. Economic dependence – overreliance on tourism carries risks to tourism-
dependent economies. Economic recession, the impacts of natural disasters such
as tropical storms and changing tourism patterns cal all have a devastating effect.
6. Seasonal Character of jobs – poorly paid locals, no guarantee of employment
from one season to the next, difficulties in getting training, employment- related
medical benefits, and recognition of their experience.
7. Damage to landscapes- litter, erosion fires, disturbance to livestock and
vandalism.
8. Traffic congestion and pollution- the population increases when tourist visits.
9. Local goods can become expensive - It becomes expensive because they want to
gain more profit from tourists and tourist can pay more so locals are affected due
to the increase of price.
10. Shop Stocks - products for tourists and not everyday goods needed by locals
11. Demand for development –development of more shops and hotels.
12. Crime rate – when tourists came crime rates increases because of their wealth
13. Higher land values - Higher number of tourists would require more
accommodation. Therefore hotels, lodges and rest houses are built. These results
in shortage of land and the prices shoot up, which affect the locals.

Tourism Impacts - Positive and Negative
Impacts of Tourism in
Environmental
Protection
The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism.
However, tourism's relationship with the environment is complex.
The tourism industry can contribute to conservation through:
• Direct financial contributions
• Improved environmental management and planning
• Environmental awareness raising
• Protection and preservation

Negative Environmental impacts of tourism
• It puts natural resources through over-consumption
• May lead to destruction of natural habitat
• Land degradation
• Sewage
Sustainable tourism is the concept of visiting a place as a tourist and trying to make a
positive impact on the environment, society, and economy
Responsible Tourism is about “making better places for people to live in and better
places for people to visit.”
Ecotourism is defined as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the

environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and
education"
Objectives of ecotourism
• Minimize physical, social, behavioral, and psychological impacts.
• Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect.
• Generate financial benefits for both local people and private industry.
Corporate social responsibility- is a business approach that contributes to sustainable
development by delivering economic, social and environmental benefits for all
stakeholders. Environmental management defined as an attempt to control human impact
on and interaction with environment to preserve natural resources.

Urban and Rural
Tourism
Management
SOCIAL & CULTURAL EFFECTS OF TOURISM (impact)

Tourism may have different effects on the social and cultural aspects of life in a
particular region depending on the strengths of the region. The effect can be positive or
negative.
Positive Impact:
To boost tourism huge money is invested to preserve the local heritage, to
improve infrastructure, to provide better local facilities which in turn creates better
education, better leisure facilities, organizing frequent social events and thus a better
lifestyle for the locale people. They interact with the tourists; mix with people from

diverse backgrounds which create a cosmopolitan culture in the region. Due to the
demand for better services, varied employment opportunities are created within the region
and therefore people do not feel the need to migrate to other cities to earn their living.
Negative Impact:
Due to the heavy traffic in the region, the infrastructure may not be able to cope
up the increased rush thus leading to overcrowding, poor sanitation which may further
lead to diseases both to the tourists as well as local people. The intrusion of outsiders in
the area may disturb the local culture and create unrest among the people. The local
people may copy the lifestyles of tourists through the demonstration effect and the result
could be loss of native customs and traditions. Some people may enter into criminal
activities to fetch easy money from a tourist who leads to increased crime and anti-social
activities and loss of moral and religious values.
Country Economics &Environmental Effects of Tourism

Tourism may have different effects on the Country & Environmental aspects of life.
Positive Impact:
In order to attract more tourism special emphasis is given on overall beautification
of the surroundings; regular planting of trees and landscaping are done to enhance
aesthetics. Huge investment is done to improve the facilities in the area like sitting areas,
shades, proper sanitation, drinking water etc. More emphasis is given to preserve the
monuments, heritage structures to attract more tourists.
Negative Impact:
Any kind of development requires some interference with the nature.
Overdevelopment comes at the cost of nature. There may be damage to the natural flora
and fauna. Local people are displaced for want of coastal area development. With more
people in the area, more natural resources are required which leads to depletion of natural
resources. Waste disposal problems crop up and without proper measures to handle this
problem it may worsen the situation. Due to more footfalls, more transport, more noise,
improper waste disposal, pollution increases in the area and disturbs the ecological
balance of the region.

Economic Impact
Tourism industry has contributes to the economic growth of a country through
factors like industrialization, education, advance technology, higher number of qualified
professionals, opening up of foreign markets, liberal trade policies and better advertising
and strategic marketing.
Rural tourism can be defined as the ‘country experience’ which encompasses a

wide range of attractions and activities that take place in agricultural or non-urban areas.
It is essential characteristics include wide-open spaces, low levels of tourism
development, and opportunities for visitors to directly experience agricultural and/or
natural environments.
The growth in rural tourism and the importance of the environment to its
sustainability have given rise to a growing interest in analyzing the impact of tourist
activity and in studying how the environmental resource fits into business management in
the industry. But the characteristics of rural tourism businesses and the diversity and
complexity of their environmental impacts have made it difficult for a generally accepted
framework for such analyses to emerge.
Urban tourism is a term describing multiple tourist activities in which city is

main destination and place of interest. This form of tourism is relatively old and very
complex. Cities were always purpose of many journeys and trips although it becomes
more and more popular phenomenon since 50’s. As a subject of research urban tourism
didn’t exist before 80’s and till 90’s was much underestimated. Tourism within cities is
strongly connected with their growth and technology development as well (roads,
transportation, and railway).
Travelling to cities became easier, faster and in many cases cheaper than it was
decades ago. Important fact is that the awareness of possibilities that come with urban
tourism rose significantly over the years.
Urban tourism is becoming one of the fastest growing tourism sectors in the
world. The unexplored opportunities and the rising adverse effects on the local
communities, however, are increasingly highlighting the importance of dealing with the
sector in relation to the urban economy, environment, society, and cultural specifics.
They draw tourists to their attractions because these are often much better
developed than in other types of destinations. They are easily accessible through airports
and scheduled services. There is a large stock of accommodation built to serve the
business traveler and finally, urban destinations appeal to a number of different tourist
markets as they offer the communications, transport, services and facilities which meet
tourist needs.
CULTURAL TOURISM
The journey of people to specific destinations that offer cultural attractions,
including historic sites and artistic and cultural events and shows, with the aim of
acquiring new knowledge and experiences that meet the intellectual needs and individual
growth of the traveler.
An economic activity that is related to events and organized trips and directed to
knowledge and leisure with cultural elements such as: monuments, architectural
complexes or symbols of historical nature, as well as artistic / cultural / religious,
educational, informative events or of an academic nature.
The concept of agri-tourism is a direct expansion of ecotourism, which
encourages visitors to experience agricultural life at first hand. Agri-tourism is gathering
strong support from small communities as rural people have realized the benefits of
sustainable development brought about by similar forms of nature travel. Visitors have
the opportunity to work in the fields alongside real farmers and wade knee-deep in the sea
with fishermen hauling in their nets.
Ecotourism is now defined as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves
the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation
and education" (TIES, 2015). Education is meant to be inclusive of both staff and guests.

TOURISM
ORGANIZATION
OBJECTIVES AND ROLE OF TOURISM DEPARTMENT
The department of tourism is the executive department of the Philippine

government responsible for the regulation of the Philippine tourism industry and the
promotion of the Philippines as a tourist destination.
• Provide a comprehensive planning framework for the development of tourism so
that it can play a key role in the development of the regional economy.
• Elaborate a vision of the future direction and content of tourism development,
which can help to focus and guide the actions of the various stakeholders towards
a shared goal.
• Identify areas for tourism development, related tourism facilities and supporting
infrastructure.
• Specify the major programs, roles and responsibilities of key players, institutional
arrangements and resource requirements for achieving the vision.
Role: The Department of tourism shall be the primary government agency charged with
the responsibility to encourage, promote, and develop tourism as a major socio-economic
activity to generate foreign currency and employment and to spread the benefits of
tourism to both the private and public sector.
OBJECTIVES AND ROLE OF VARIOUS TRANSPORT AGENCIES

• Transportation Safety- Safety goals are established for the well-being of both
employees and customers. Workplace safety for transportation companies
includes the front office, warehouse, loading dock and highway.
• Quality Shipping Standards-Transportation companies have the knowledge and
expertise to get goods delivered without delay or damage. The goal should be that
every product will be delivered to the final destination without any damage or loss
of value.
• Quality of Employees- Goals should include a commitment to hire the
highestquality drivers, warehouse personnel and support staff in the industry.
Role: Transportation is a major contributor to the economy and competitive force in
business. It is the activity that physically connects the business to its supply chain
partners, such as suppliers and customer’s satisfaction with the company.
OBJECTIVE AND ROLE OF CIVIL AVIATION IN DEVELOPMENT
• Ensure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the
world.
• Encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for operation for peaceful
purposes.
• Meet the needs for the people of the world for safe, regular, efficient, economical
air transport.
• Prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable competition.
• Avoid discrimination between contracting countries.
• Promote safety of flight in international air navigation.
Role:
• The drafting implementation and monitoring of legislation and regulation on civil

aviation.
• Managing the air space and the heliport, and supervision of helipads.

• Supervising aircraft operators and private aircraft.
• Monitoring air security and participation in air inspections.
AN OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION

AND ASSOCIATION
National Organization and Association

• The Public Sector is the part of economy composed of both public services and
enterprises.
• Public services include public goods and governmental services such as military,
police, infrastructure, public transit, public education, along with health care and
those working for government itself, such as elected officials.
International Organization and Association- The United Nations is an international

organization founded in 1945. It is currently made up of 193 Member States. The mission
and work of the United Nations are guided by the purposes and principles contained in its
founding Charter.
Due to the powers of vested in its charter and its unique international character,
the United Nations can take action on the issue confronting humanity in the 21 st century,
such as peace and security, climate change, sustainable development, human rights, and
more.

TOURISM AS NATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
AND DRIVER OF
GLOBALIZATION AND
UTILIZATION OF
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
IN TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
TOURISM AS NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
What is a national development strategy?
Most countries have national development strategies relating to aspect of their

economic or social development; for example, China has had a series of five year plans
since 1953 where goals are set and initiatives to meet those goals are outlined.
At the time of writing, China is currently implementing the ‘Thirteenth Five Year Plan’
(from 2016-2020) which includes plans for the economy, national defense, and even
demographic change.
Many lower income countries have adopted national plans for tourism. Tourism is
seen as a beneficial industry to focus on for several reasons, including:
• It is one of the world’s largest industries, accounting for around 10% of global
GDP, 7% of global trade and 10% of global employment (UNWTO, 2017) (see
graphic below)
• It can begin with relatively little investment by attracting small groups of
explorers and gradually growing the infrastructure over time
• Tourism can operate at a variety of scales
• Sustainable tourism can help to preserve the economic, social and environmental
‘uniqueness’ of the country, especially when compared to some other industries
such as steel production
▪ Features of national tourism strategies- Most countries include a commitment to
sustainable tourism in their national tourism development plans. In practical terms,
there are some other common elements that most national tourism strategies focus
includes:
▪ Reduce barriers- Promote English (and increasingly Chinese) speaking in the
country, so that international visitors can travel more easily Reduction of visa

requirements. Visas are permits that allow people to enter countries. Many countries
require visitors to have a visa because the visitor has to pay for it, and it is a way for
countries to gain foreign income. (For example, visitors to Egypt usually pay the visa
cost in US dollars, British pounds or Euros). However, many countries are scrapping
their visa entry requirements because they want to encourage people to come to the
country and visas are a barrier to this.
▪ Improve secondary tourist facilities, including updating (and in some cases, building)
airports, railways and roads
▪ Encouraging investment- Allowing more investment from TNCs. Many countries
charge taxes on foreign companies, but big companies such as airlines and hotel
chains may invest more if these taxes are reduced.
▪ Open tourism offices in other countries to promote the country as a destination
Reduce regulation. Foreign companies may invest more if they do not have to abide
by strict labor laws and so on.
▪ Costs and Benefits of tourism for development- The costs and benefits of tourism
as a development strategy can be evaluated by the geographical themes of economic,
social and environment issues.
▪ Economic issues- Economic development is often seen as the priority for lower
income countries because without additional money, projects to improve health,
education, environment and so on cannot be funded.
▪ Cumulative causation- The theory of cumulative causation is relatively simple, as
shown in the diagram below. The impact of tourism can be positive because the
money from tourists circulates through the economy, benefiting people at different
stages.
▪ Leakage- Leakage refers to the loss of economic benefit from tourism due to the
foreign ownership of parts of the tourist experience. Usually the profits from each
part of the tourist experience are repatriated back to a high income country.
▪ Other economic
There are several other economic impacts:

• Currency fluctuation – the varying price for the currency of a country can make it
less or more expensive for tourists to go, so the tourist industry is quite vulnerable
to changes in the value of the national currency.
• Jobs – these are often jobs like cleaners, gardeners and waiters. They are often
low skill, informal work and poorly paid. Management is often brought in from
the country where the TNC is based.
• Inflation – as tourists are willing and able to pay higher prices, the local people
can find that the cost of items goes up.
• Entrepreneurship – a positive impact is that local people may take it upon
themselves to offer a service e.g. a guide of the local area, which can stimulate the
local economy.
• Inequality and regional imbalance – as an area (e.g. a coastline) becomes wealthy
through tourism, non-tourist areas can be left behind. This can later result in
migration and other effects.
• Social- Social impacts are those that primarily affect people and culture, although
they can overlap with economy and environment. New infrastructure can be used
by both locals and tourists
• Language development – local people can learn foreign languages which later
help them to get jobs
• Pressure to stay in school to become skilled for tourism work – a positive impact
is that school children may stay in school longer in order to become qualified for a
specific tourist-related job e.g. construction
• Dissatisfaction with their situation – local people can see the difference between
the living standards of themselves and the tourists
• Cultural changes e.g. tipping – tipping is not common in many parts of the world
but ignorance on the part of tourists leads it to occur, which can gradually alter the
culture of the economy Exploitation and job insecurity
• Environmental- There are several negative impacts but also some positives:
o Land grabbing – this occurs where land is taken for tourist development
without payment or consultation with local people, often because the land
is not registered in any individual person’s name
o Water supplies to cater for tourists can withdraw more water than is
available, leading to shortages for those who cannot pay
o Increased pollution (air pollution from traffic, noise pollution from tourists
etc.) o Incentive to preserve natural features as they now have a ‘value’
e.g. prevent deforestation because ecotourism is a good way to earn money
TOURISM AS DRIVER OF GLOBALIZATION
5 Drivers of Globalization
a. Economic
Globalization drives the integration of national economic systems,
including greater trade in goods and services, the creation of trading blocks, with the
ability to move goods and services freely across borders, substantial, and increasing,
volumes of world trade. The center of gravity of the world economy is shifting from
west to east and north to south. Rapid income growth within emerging economies is
creating new markets and new sources of competition. Newly emerging economies,
particularly China and India, are driving this growth in trade. b. Technological
The globalizing economy and technological change inevitably require a

more highly skilled labor force. Developments in information and
communications technology (ICT) and transportation have accelerated the pace of
globalization, lowering operating costs and making it more economically feasible
for a firm to locate in different countries.
Technology makes it possible to produce customized services on a large

scale at cost competitive prices (mass customization). Technological spillovers
are particularly important for developing countries providing opportunities for
them to narrow the productivity gap with the developed economies.
c. Demographic
Major demographic shifts have profound effects on most social institutions
important drivers involve the related areas of population growth and age structure
change, driven by differential fertility rates and improved health care. A high
standard of public health in developed countries has contributed to increased
longevity. With increasing longevity, the growing world population is ageing,
especially in rapidly expanding urban areas Population is ageing in developed
countries but getting younger in developing countries.
d. Social
Globalization has produced a generation that is more international in its
outlook than any before. This is demonstrated in membership of international
organizations, studying abroad, taking part in human rights campaigns and so on.
The migration and movement of people – either from rural to urban
environments within countries or migration related between countries is a
prominent feature of the globalization process. Provides better opportunities for
people all round the world to gain access to jobs.
e. Political
Increasing liberalization of trade and capital markets. International bodies
such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) have facilitated globalization by respectively reducing trade barriers
(such as tariffs and subsidies) and the deregulation of world financial markets.
The organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
and the World Bank support continued liberalization of trade through their
lending and debt relief policies.
UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN TOURISM AND
HOSPITALITY
The best resource management software & resource scheduling software
So here are some of the best resource management software tools for agencies and
studios if you’re looking for a replacement for yours excel sheet and resourcing
management doom. They’ve been picked because they’re tools that are trying to do one
thing well – resource management. At a minimum to be featured on this list we were
looking for tools which had:
• Resource planning, scheduling, and management – putting the right people on the
right projects and moving them around easily on a simple, collaborative, calendar
grid that’s as simple as working with Excel or Google Sheets
• Clients and project planning – managing client and project details and having a
single source of truth to feed all the other features
• Analytics and reporting – giving insight into capacity, utilization and performance
for projects, clients and individuals
It’s worth comparing different resource management software tools as they’re set
at different price points, different functionality (such as timesheets, expenses,
approval workflows, task management), and different 3rd party integrations. In this
post, we’ve tried to cover a broad spectrum of resource management software tool
price points and functionality. But as much as anything, it’ll come down to your
agency or studio resourcing workflow and what functionality you need to make that
function better. Have a look and sign up for some trials to test-drive and find the best
resource management software tool for your agency or studio.
SOFTWARE USED IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND RESERVING

SYSTEMS
1. Float – https://www.float.com/
• Float resource scheduling software Float is a simple, flexible resource
scheduling application used by the world’s top agencies and brands including
Vice, NASA and RGA since 2012. Float’s resource scheduling features
include: click and drag resource assignment, different views, live updates,
utilization, holidays, sick days, and powerful filtering.
• Helpfully, in Float, multiple people can have access to the schedule and make
changes at the same time as live updates ensure you and your team are always
seeing the latest changes. Resources are updated with their weekly schedule
via email and with live notifications so that everyone’s always up-to-date.
They don’t need their own login information, which keeps the system simple.
Plus,
Float offers an iOS app so you can make updates to your team’s schedule on
the go.
• There’s a powerful reporting component that you can view by resource,
department, client and project so you can keep track of utilization, compare
staff and contractors, drill down t a department and compare billable with
nonbillable time as well as including holidays and time off.
• Float have been evolving their product and so using their API and Zapier you
can connect with 100’s of your favorite apps including Basecamp, Asana and
Trello. Float costs from $5/user/month (they offer a 30-day trial).
2. Resource Guru – http://resourceguruapp.com/
• Resource management software from Resource GuruResource Guru is a
veteran in the resource management software world and used by some of the
world’s top agencies with some solid resource management features
including: visual calendar style interface, custom views, fields and filters,
availability indicator, drag and drop resources, scale view, see utilization,
reporting, overtime tracking, data import and phone support.
• Helpfully Resource Guru tried to make sense of the gong show that can be
resource conflict resolution and so resource management and team
collaboration is built in to make resource booking more straightforward, with
clash management leave management and a waiting list to prevent
overbooking. The tool allows Project Managers to make bookings
simultaneously with no chance of stepping on each other’s toes. Clashes are
automatically prevented.
3. Hub Planner- https://hubplanner.com/
• Resource management software from Hub Planner Hub Planner is a new,
versatile and quickly evolving online resource scheduling management
software tool with powerful resource management features including:
different views (by resource, team or project), drag and drop resources, split
tasks, scale view, utilization, check budgets, holidays, sick days, iCal
integration, and powerful filtering. Beyond the resource scheduling it also
helpfully includes timesheets which integration with a powerful approval
workflow, and dynamic dashboard and reporting tools so you can keep track
of your projects better and establish progress, billability, and profitability at a
glance as well as a tasks module to brief your resources.

• What’s interesting about Hub Planner is that if you get on board, you get the
opportunity to help shape the product roadmap and can even sponsor new
features. There’ve taken a modular approach so you have the option to add or
remove extensions to the base product such as timesheet approval workflows
or tasks so you can increase functionality or turn off bits you don’t need.
• They’ve also developed an API which gives access to projects, resources,
timesheets, bookings, events, holidays, groups and milestones in case you
want to do something fancy with the data. Hub Planner costs from
$7/user/month (they offer a 60-day free trial so you can properly test drive it).
4. Saviom – http://www.saviom.com
• Saviom resource management softwareSaviom is a great enterprise grade
solution if you’re looking for an intuitive but powerful resource management
or workforce planning software and optimization solution. It’s built for
enterprise level planning and scheduling with features including: Visual
scheduler with multi-dimensional viewing to view/edit your schedule by
resource, project, team, location, drag and drop resourcing, resource selection
filtering and utilization tools.
• In addition to its powerful Gantt chart that allows for intelligent scheduling
(i.e. drag and drop bookings), the tool also allows you to make accurate
resource forecasting decisions with its powerful reports- including its capacity
v. demand and resource utilization report.
• The software is user-configurable, allowing it to be scaled and adjusted based
on company size and industry, and is also well equipped to integrate with
most existing software as well as ERP systems. Perhaps uniquely in the
resource management software world, Saviom is not a SaaS (software-as-a-
service) solution, so you retain full control of the product. It can be hosted on
a company server or a cloud server of your choice.
5. 10,000ft Plans – https://www.10000ft.com/
• Resource management software from 10k plans 10,000ft Plans is a powerful
resource management software tool used across a host of different industries
including architecture & engineering, design, and of course, marketing &
advertising. Their features including: a very simple drag-and-drop interface
for resource assignment, powerful project dashboards, simple task
management, and easy reporting.
• 10,000ft has a unique project and resource matching feature which helps
match individual resources to the project’s requirements by finding team
members according to different criteria like disciplines, skills, availability, or
custom options to help you maintain consistency on projects.
• With built-in timesheets (and mobile time tracking) as well as expense
tracking, you can create rich and complex project reports by filtering and
customizing project data with just a few clicks. Reports can give you a look
back or forecasted view of things like team utilization, actual vs. planned time
reports, budget tracking, expense reports, and projects in the pipeline. 10,000ft
costs from $10/user/month (they offer a 30-day free trial and consultation
sessions to help see if it’s a good fit).
6. Elapseit –https://elapseit.com/
• Logo elapseit - resource management software elapseit is an online tool built
to offer a secure and complete user experience while allocating and managing
company’s resources.
• Assign resources on multiple projects, phases or task components by using the
resourcing planner. The interface is easy to use, just drag & drop an allocation
from a person to another, add a new one or modify an existing allocation in
seconds. Get the best performance and results from your team and avoid
resources over-allocation or under-allocation using the elapseit’s planner.
• The resource scheduling integrates also vacations and bank holidays. Includes
a leave planner with approval workflow and evidence of remaining vacations
days. Once a manager approves a vacation request, all the allocations are
automatically updated. The timesheet of each person will be pre-filled based
on the allocation and you can generate multi-language invoices based on hours
submitted and approved.

• Elapseit is smart enough to let you know in seconds if you have enough
resources to take a new project on board based on the “Available Capacity”
report. You can check the resource utilization and many other reports.
7. Forecast – https://www.forecast.it/
• Resource scheduling tool / software – Forecast Using artificial intelligence
(AI)
Forecast is able to aid with scheduling and finding the right people to book on projects
and tasks. The AI learns from the work being performed and helps optimize all parts of
people, planning and projects.
• Forecast is a full resource & project management solution used by agencies
and professional service companies all around the world. For resource
management and people scheduling you can book people to projects, shuffle
around tasks across multiple projects on a single timeline to make sure no one
has too little or too much work at any given time; all using drag & drop to
make it intuitive and simple to use. Quick booking lets you find the person
with the right role and/or skills that is most likely to be available for
performing a given task and/or project, so you don’t have to spend time
planning, but doing the fun stuff instead.
• Timesheets and tracking are built right into the product, and apps for both iOS
and Android can be used for planning and working on the go. You can build
and filter your own insights and safely share with clients and stakeholders.
These enable you to see things such as real-time utilization, compare actual vs
scheduled utilization, tracking project progress, profitability, budgets etc. very
simply.
8. Epicflow – https://www.epicflow.com/
• Epicflow - resource management and resource scheduling software. Epicflow
is an easy way to manage multiple complex projects with a shared resource
pool in MS Project and Jira. The Epicflow value-added extension works in
tandem with these PM systems to enable faster and cheaper delivery of
multiple projects simultaneously.

• Epicflow is used by BIC, De Keizer Marine, Pilz, TKF, CWZ Hospital, KPN,
and other globally recognized businesses worldwide to get their projects
finished on time and on value. Whether you’re a consumer goods producer, an
electronics manufacturer, or you’re a company in any other industry that
requires resource allocation in complex environments, Epicflow will make
your projects run smoothly by prioritizing tasks based on demand and
workload and constantly identifying bottlenecks.
• Epicflow’s science-based algorithm performs calculations in real time. The
pipeline visualizes multiple projects and milestones, predicting future
bottlenecks in red so you can release them by adding more resources before
the delay comes. The historical load graph presents group performance,
capacity, load, and output over time. The future load graph helps you take
control of resource planning and predict the impact of additional projects on
your pipeline. The task list prioritizes all tasks under one roof based on project
needs and available resources. You’ll be able to see a real-time overview of all
projects in your portfolio, sorted by priority, and identify the most urgent
issues on the work floor in a click.
• They offer a free “health check of your organization,” an opportunity to check
in your projects into the Epicflow system and get analytics regarding your
team performance, project statuses, and the best possible combination of
priorities to finish your projects on time. A free trial is available after a live
product demonstration.
9. Harvest Forecast – https://www.getharvest.com/forecast

• Resource management software from Harvest ForecastHarvest is a
wellestablished time tracking tool used by Amazon, Kiva, and they recently
released Harvest Forecast, a way to schedule your team across projects with
features including: click and drag resource assignment, different views,
utilization, holidays, sick days, and powerful filtering.

• If you’re not familiar with Harvest – a time tracking tool, which you have to
pay for separately, it’s one of the key reasons to choose Forecast; the ability to
tie together Harvest’s features of time tracking, expenses, invoicing and
powerful 3rd party tool integrations and an API, together with resourcing and
forecasting is a powerful combination.
• Combining timesheets and resourcing gives you the full picture of your
projects of what you did and what you will do. With the built-in reporting
tools, you can
see your project health in real-time with visual updates on estimate vs actuals
and projections. Harvest costs $5/user/month (and they offer a free 30-day trial). 10.
Teamdeck – https://teamdeck.io/
• Teamdeck logo - resource management softwareTeamdeck is a complete
resource management tool to help you plan and measure your team’s work. It
covers resource scheduling, time tracking and leave management to give you a
better overview of your projects.
• The tool aims to improve your resource allocation, employee utilization and
forecasting capacity. At the same time, employees can use it to manage their
availability, request time off and track their time. Teamdeck’s new report suite
also allows you to analyze the data, optimize your team’s work and plan
future projects.
• Teamdeck is a free resource management tool for teams up to 6 and paid
versions cost from $3.99/user/month. This covers all of the functionalities,
integrations, support and custom onboarding. You can try Teamdeck for free
with a 14-day trial to see if the tool is a good fit for you.

STRATEGIC ROLE OF
INTERNATIONAL
TOURISM AND
HOSPITALITY IN THE
GLOBALIZATION PROCESS

Globalization
Is a complex web of social processes that intensify and expand worldwide
economic, cultural, political and technological exchanges and connections. It can also be
simply described as the movement of goods, ideas, values, and people around the world.
It is used to recognize the increasing interdependence of economies and societies around
the world.
The Impacts of Globalization on Tourism
• Global Mobility and Ease of Travel
The advances made in transportation that have enabled global mobility are
particularly significant. Modern aircraft, cruise ships, trains, and other modes of
transport allow people to move quickly and relatively cheaply. These changes have
allowed more people to travel more often in less time.
Ease of travel has also helped to overcome the barriers of fear, frustration,
and expense. Examples of these are the international banking system and the help
of handheld devices.
• Terrorism, Safety, and Security
Lack of safety and security often eliminates a location from travelers’

“wish lists.” Safety and security for travelers is becoming more important as
countries move to protect their citizens. Government agencies around the world
produce advisories and warnings for their citizens to stay away from dangerous
locations and political unrest.
• Travel Advisories
Travel advisories serve as warning systems for people from specific

countries to avoid particular destinations because of actual or potential
threats to citizens. The focus on safety and security has had several impacts
on travelers

• Increased Awareness of New Destinations
Another influence of globalization on tourism is a greater awareness
of destinations and the range of leisure activities, sites, and cultures to visit
around the world. Generating knowledge of a destination is obviously a key
first step in marketing a destination, and this is achieved by way of travel
shows, films, blogs, and other forms of communication.
• Poverty- the gap between the richest and poorest has expanded. A significant
portion of the world’s population is simply unable to participate in, or benefit
from, tourism. The economic gains from a tourism economy in a developing
country such as Honduras versus a developed country such as Canada are unequal.
Simply put, not everyone has the same opportunities to profit.
STRATEGY VERSUS BUSINESS MODEL
Strategy- is about the external logic of a business. It is a plan of action intended to

accomplish a goal. A business strategy is a method used to achieve a core company
objective. Strategy is about positioning yourself relative to the competition.
According to Hambrick & Fredrickson, there are four types of strategy decisions: Arena,
Differentiation, Vehicles and Staging.
• Arena. Where will we compete? What products, markets, geographies and core
technologies will we use to compete?
• Differentiation. How will we be different from our competition? What image,
price, styling and level of customization will we provide?
• Vehicles. How will we achieve our strategy? Will we use internal growth, joint
ventures, licensing or acquisitions?
• Staging. How will we stage our strategy? What are the speed and sequence of our
initiatives?
Business Model- The simplification of the business idea and its underlying logic. It is the
systematic method used to generate revenue in a profitable company. It is the story of the
internal logic of the business. The model covers the entire scope of how the company

makes revenue and controls costs to gain a profit. It encompasses every aspect of
business direction, goals and strategies.
STRATEGIES OF INTERNATIONAL HOTEL CHAINS
Hotel groups have expanded extensively over recent years, with key players now
operating on a global basis. Presents a critical evaluation of the literature relating to the
internationalization of hotel groups and previous success studies and prescriptive strategic
management models in relation to multinational hotel groups. Addresses issues which
include the measurement of internationalization, overreliance of profitability as a single
measure of success and the dominance of western business cultures.
IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGIES AND STRATEGIC DECISION-

MAKING
Strategy implementation is the translation of chosen strategy into organizational

action so as to achieve strategic goals and objectives. Strategy implementation is also
defined as the manner in which an organization should develop, utilize, and amalgamate
organizational structure, control systems, and culture to follow strategies that lead to
competitive advantage and a better performance
Management Techniques
• Decide the magnitude of the plan being implemented

• Approach smaller plans with a project management style
This style is suitable for plans with one clear task, and requires smaller budgets and
human resources. Larger plans utilize a program management technique to coordinate
several dependent tasks simultaneously and are more expensive to implement.
Consultants or program managers may be hired.
Leadership Styles
While both the decision-making and implementation stages of a project or plan

require strong leadership, the type of leadership strategies used differ. Leadership for
decision making requires experienced, creative individuals capable of assimilating and

analyzing research. They study the results of planning tools and techniques to reach a
decision regarding a plan to be implemented. Leaders of successful implementation focus
actions on specific tasks to achieve measurable results. They monitor progress and are
accountable for meeting the timeline and budget set during decision making.
Following are the main steps in implementing a strategy:
• Developing an organization having potential of carrying out strategy successfully.
• Disbursement of abundant resources to strategy-essential activities.
• Creating strategy-encouraging policies.
• Employing best policies and programs for constant improvement.
• Linking reward structure to accomplishment of results.
• Making use of strategic leadership.
Excellently formulated strategies will fail if they are not properly implemented. Also,
it is essential to note that strategy implementation is not possible unless there is stability
between strategy and each organizational dimension such as organizational structure,
reward structure, resource-allocation process, etc.
Strategy implementation poses a threat to many managers and employees in an

organization. New power relationships are predicted and achieved. New groups (formal
as well as informal) are formed whose values, attitudes, beliefs and concerns may not be
known. With the change in power and status roles, the managers and employees may
employ confrontation behavior.

SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT AND
TOURISM GROWTH
LOCAL AND GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM
Ecology - A science that deals with the relationship between groups of living things and
their environments.
Local Ecological Problems
The Philippines evident risk to natural disasters is due to its location being a
country that lies in The Pacific Ring of Fire; it is prone to earthquake and volcanic

eruptions. In addition, the country is surrounded by large bodies of water and faces the
Pacific Ocean where 60% of world’s typhoon is made. One of the most devastating
typhoons that hit the Philippines in 2013 was Typhoon Yolanda that killed over 10,000
people and destroyed over a trillion pesos’ worth of properties and damage to various
sectors.
Other Environmental problems

Pollution- the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause
adverse change.
▪ Water Pollution
The Philippines as a whole has more than enough surface and groundwater.
However, neglecting to have a coherent environmental policy has led to the
contamination of 58% of the groundwater in the Philippines. The main source of
pollution is untreated domestic and industrial wastewater. Only one third of
Philippine river systems are considered suitable for public water supply.
Besides severe health concerns, water pollution also leads to problems in the
fishing and tourism industry.
According to Asia Development Bank Pasig River is the one of the world’s
polluted river. 8th in the top 20 polluting river in the world
Causes of Water Pollution
• Untreated Raw Sewage

Due to a lack of sufficient and effective sewage treatment infrastructure,
only about 10% of the sewage in the Philippines is properly treated. Much of this
waste is directly discarded into waterways, particularly in low income urban areas
that lack sufficient infrastructure to support proper treatment of this waste. Such
waste can spread disease causing organism and cause waterborne diseases, such
as gastroenteritis, diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis.
• Industrial Wastewater
Specific pollutants vary by each industry, but common industrial
pollutants include chromium, cadmium, lead, mercury and cyanide. Such
pollutants are dumped directly into water bodies on a daily basis.
• Agricultural Wastewater
Pollutants from agriculture can include dead plants, manure, dead animals,
soil erosion runoff, and pesticides fertilizers.
• Domestic Wastewater
This can contain disease-causing organisms or toxic chemicals. Each type
of pollutant can have different toxic and negative effects that can hurt human
health and the environment, resulting in high economic cost for both the
population and government entities. There are an estimated 2.2 million metric
tons of organic water pollution that occur in the Philippines each year.
Solutions
There are a number of actions that the nation of the Philippines can take
address its national problems associated with water pollution.
• The people of the Philippines need to be made aware of the health and economic
impacts of water pollution, and they should be encouraged to be become involved
in decision making processes that affect water management policies.
• Wastewater fees should be increased with high fees and fines for those who
pollute resources
• Organic and ecological farming practices such as the use of permaculture and
biodynamic growing methods, should be adopted throughout the country, to
reduce soil erosion and eliminate the need for polluting agricultural chemicals
• The focus of the law is to create effective wastewater treatment, production that is
cleaner, and the adoption of those technologies that help to reduce waste.
Incentives include tax exemptions and tax credits on imported and domestic
capital equipment.
• In order to ensure that sectors fulfill the requirements associated with the
incentives, partnerships with the local government and non-governmental
organizations are required.
▪ Air Pollution
Due to industrial waste and automobiles, Manila suffers from Air pollution,
affecting 98% of the population. Annually, the air pollution causes more than 4,000

deaths. Ermita is Manila’s most air polluted district due to open dump sites and
industrial waste.
▪ Deforestation
The act or result of cutting down or burning all the trees in an area. Over the
course of 20th century the forest cover of the Philippines dropped from 70% down to
20%. In total 46 species are endangered, and 4 were already eradicated completely.
3.2% of total rainforest has been left. Based on an analysis of land use pattern maps
and a road map an estimated 9.8 million hectares of forest were lost in the Philippines
from 1934 to 1988. Illegal logging occurs in the Philippines and intensifies flood
damage in some areas.
Widespread logging was responsible for much of the historical forest loss in
the Philippines. Despite government bans on timber harvesting following severe
flooding in the late 1980s and early 1990s, illegal logging continues today.
Additional threats to Philippines forests come from legal and illegal mining
operations which also cause pollution.
In recent years, deforestation has been increasingly blamed for soil erosion,
river siltation, flooding, and drought.
The continuing disappearance of Filipino wild lands is of great to concern to

ecologists due to the high levels of endemic species. Of the 1,196 of species of
amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles in the country, nearly 46 percent are
endemic. Among plants, the number is around 40 percent. Only about 5 percent of the
Philippines land area is under some form of protection.
Effects
• Climate Imbalance
Trees release water vapor in the air, which is compromised on with the
lack of trees. Trees also provide required shade that keep the soil moist. This leads
to the imbalance in the atmospheric temperature further making conditions for the
ecology difficult.
• Increase in Global Warming
Trees play major role in controlling global warming. The trees utilize the
greenhouse gases, restoring the balance in the atmosphere. With constant
deforestation the ratio of greenhouse gases in the in the atmosphere has increased,
adding to our global warming woes.
• Soil Erosion
Also due to the shade of trees the soil remains moist. With the clearance if
the tree covers, the soil is directly exposed to the sun, making it dry.
• Floods
When it rains trees absorb and store large amount of water with the help of
their roots. When they are cut down, the flow of water disrupted and leads to
floods in some areas and droughts in other.
• Wildlife Extinction
Due to massive felling down of trees, various species of animals are lost.
They lose their habitat and forced to move to new location. Some of them is even
pushed to extinction.
Solutions
• The best solution to deforestation is to curb the felling of trees, by employing a

series of rules and laws to govern it.
• Clear cutting of forests must be banned.
• Cutting must be replaced by planting young trees to replace the older ones were
cut
PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENT POLICIES

Environmental Policy is the commitment of an organization to the laws,
regulation, and other policy mechanism concerning environmental issues.
The Environmental Principles
▪ The Sustainability Principle
Sustainability is the process of change, in which exploitation of resources, the

direction of investments, the orientation of technological development and
institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential
to meet human need and aspirations.
▪ The Polluter pays Principle
The Polluter pays principle is enacted to make the party responsible producing
pollution responsible for paying for the damage done to the natural environment.
▪ The Precautionary Principle
This principle is used by policy makers to justify discretionary decisions in

situations where there is possibility of harm from making a certain decision when
extensive scientific knowledge on the matter is lacking.
▪ The Equity Principle
Is a concept that applies concern of justice and fairness to social policy.
▪ The Human Rights Principle
Moral principle or norms that describe certain standards of human behavior

and are regularly protected as natural and legal right in municipal and international
law.
▪ The Participation Principle
The principle of public participation holds that those who are affected by a
decision have a right to be involved in the decision making process.
SUSTAINABLE USE OF THE RESOURCES
Sustainable use means the use of components of biological diversity in a way and
at a rate that does not lead to the long term decline of biological diversity, thereby
maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future
generations.
Agriculture and land use

Agriculture and land use applications are working areas in which we develop,
demonstrate and evaluate techniques and systems for the cultivation of arable crops for
production of heat, electricity and motor fuels, with the emphasis on the chain from field
to conversion plant. We are also involved in work on the processing and combustion of
energy crops, water and effluent treatment, and the return of ash to source land.
Energy system modeling
In future energy systems, biomass will be limited resource that must be used in the
most efficient manner, both environmentally and in cost terms. In practical terms, this
means that we can, for example, assess the risks, cost efficiencies and environmental
benefits of different technologies such as for renewable motor fuels.
Food, environment and climate
We possess world leading expertise in life cycle analyses in the food sector, where
we develop foodstuffs specific methods of analysis, such as for marine products and other
areas. We also possess an extensive data base of environmental data for a large number of
product, giving us unique abilities not only to analyze production systems in order to see
where they can be improved, and to investigate the effects of different choices of raw
materials for industry, but also to investigate the effects on patterns of consumer use.
To use natural resources sustainably we need to rethink which resources we use and how
we use them. We should also ask ourselves if we really need to use them in the first place.
Sustainable resource use occurs when our rate of consumption can continue forever
without damaging the environment. To do this we should try to:
• Use renewable resources, like wind and solar energy, instead of non-renewable
resources like fossil fuels
• Use those resources which cause less harm to the environment.
• Cut back on the amount of natural resources, and in particular non-renewable
resources we use, by reducing reusing and recycling.
Humans will always need natural resources to live, so when we consume

resources we should keep in mind the needs of future generations.

Ever since the start of industrialization or in fact even before that there has been
constantly growing use of finite resources. If we continue at the same rate, it will soon be
another planet that shall need.
SATISFACTION OF THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION

WITHOUT COMPROMISING THOSE OF THE FUTURE GENERATION
• Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It
contains within it two key concepts:
*the concept of 'needs', in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which
overriding priority should be given; and
*the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on
the environment's ability to meet present and future needs.
• Thus, the goals of economic and social development must be defined in terms of
sustainability in all countries - developed or developing, market-oriented or
centrally planned. Interpretations will vary, but must share certain general features
and must flow from a consensus on the basic concept of sustainable development
and on a broad strategic framework for achieving it.
• Development involves a progressive transformation of economy and society. A

development path that is sustainable in a physical sense could theoretically be
pursued even in a rigid social and political setting. But physical sustainability
cannot be secured unless development policies pay attention to such considerations
as changes in access to resources and in the distribution of costs and benefits. Even
the narrow notion of physical sustainability implies a concern for social equity
between generations, a concern that must logically be extended to equity within
each generation.
• The satisfaction of human needs and aspirations in the major objective of

development. The essential needs of vast numbers of people in developing
countries for food, clothing, shelter, jobs - are not being met, and beyond their

basic needs these people have legitimate aspirations for an improved quality of
life. A world in which poverty and inequity are endemic will always be prone to
ecological and other crises. Sustainable development requires meeting the basic
needs of all and extending to all the opportunity to satisfy their aspirations for a
better life.
• Living standards that go beyond the basic minimum are sustainable only if
consumption standards everywhere have regard for long-term sustainability. Yet
many of us live beyond the world's ecological means, for instance in our patterns
of energy use. Perceived needs are socially and culturally determined, and
sustainable development requires the promotion of values that encourage
consumption standards that are within the bounds of the ecological possible and to
which all can reasonably aspire.
• Meeting essential needs depends in part on achieving full growth potential, and
sustainable development clearly requires economic growth in places where such
needs are not being met. Elsewhere, it can be consistent with economic growth,
provided the content of growth reflects the broad principles of sustainability and
non-exploitation of others. But growth by itself is not enough. High levels of
productive activity and widespread poverty can coexist, and can endanger the
environment. Hence sustainable development requires that societies meet human
needs both by increasing productive potential and by ensuring equitable
opportunities for all.
APPLICATION OF MARKET INSTRUMENTS TO SOLVE ECOLOGICAL

PROBLEMS
Pollution Charge
Pollution charge systems “assess a fee or tax on the amount of pollution that a
firm or source generates” (Stavins 2001 Stavins RN. 2001. Lessons from the American
experiment with market-based environmental policies.). The companies are willing to
reduce the pollution to the level when the marginal abatement cost can equate the fee they
pay. The deposit refund system, which is regarded as a special case within the pollution

charges, is widely used among many countries. The deposit refund system asks
individuals to pay a deposit for the bottles when they buy the products and pay back the
money to them when the bottles are returned. Many countries have carried out this
method through “bottle bills” (Menell 1990 Menell, E. 1990. Beyond the throwaway
society: An incentive approach to regulating municipal solid waste. Ecol Law Quart, 17:
655–664.
• Tradable Permits
Tradable permits could “achieve the same cost-minimizing allocation of the

control burden as a charge system, while avoiding the problem of uncertain
responses by firms” (Stavins 1998). After the mission (the total amount of
pollution within allowance) is fixed, firms will get certain permits which allow
them to share the amount in freely distributed or auction way. To use the permits
effectively, companies which manage to maintain their emission below the
allocated standard will either sell the extra permits or put them into their other
products to neutralize the emission which surpasses the standard. Meanwhile,
companies which have excess emissions could buy emission reductions from
other companies to meet their own demand. Thus, companies driven by the
financial benefits will decrease their emissions as much as they can.
• Lead Trading
The lead trading strategy started during the 1980s with the aim of offering
gasoline refiners a more flexible way to achieve emission criterion by reducing
the lead content of petrol by 10% of its earlier standard. The Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) then ratified the lead credits transaction within the
refinery and originated a project to let refineries to save their lead credits in the
bank which achieved good effects (Hahn and Hester 1989 Hahn, RW and Hester,
GL. 1989. Marketable permits: Lessons for theory and practice. Ecol Law Quart,
16: 361–387. [Google Scholar]). Though the gains of the marketing process are
hard to estimate, the strategy seems to be a comparatively cost-effective solution.
Freedom and Limits of the States Sovereignty
The constitution is the basic law of a country. Every law made by the legislature
must be in conformity with the constitution otherwise such a law will be null and void.
Similarly, every constitution provides for the fundamental right of the citizens. These
rights are inviolable.
Natural Limitation
The Sovereign cannot do certain things, which are naturally impossible i.e. the
sovereign cannot order the sun to rise in the west or cannot change the cycle of seasons. If
a sovereign would claim to do that, he will be sent to the lunatic asylum.
Moral Limitations
In theory the state can do anything. It can make any kind of law. In can declare
legal things to be illegal and vice versa. But in practice there seems to be difficulties. For
example, the parliament can pass a law saying that all blue-eyed babies should be killed.
Legally this is un-challengeable but in practice the government will find it very difficult
to implement it because the government will not be in a position to face the public
opinion which is based on morality. Similarly, the government basis its laws on morality
because it feels the people would obey and respect such laws. Somebody has very rightly
said: there is much difference between law in books and late in action. In short, the
government and for that matter, the state has to observe moral principles.
Human Limitations
No human being is perfect. There are limits to one's mental and physical faculties.
A person may be able to do certain work for a certain period of time. It is not possible for
him to continue to do the same thing for an unlimited and indefinite period. A sovereign
has to take into consideration these limitations. If he over-steps these limitations, people
will not cooperate with him. Sovereign can make a law ordering the people to sleep
during day and to work at night. People will obey such a law but for a very short period
because following such a law means overstepping physical limitations of human beings.
Limitation of International Law

Every state has to have relations with other states. These are regulated by a law
known as International Law. Under normal circumstances every state is expected to obey
international law. Non-observance of International Law would result in chaos and
confusion in international field. So every state is compelled to observe International Law.
In many states international law is regarded a part of the law of the land.
Sovereignty and/or Freedom don’t mean you can do whatever you want just
because you feel like it. Actually, it’s more of a responsibility than it is in being a Bond
Servant/Slave. It does mean you can be left alone from outside intruders, but it also
means that you must be mindful to remain respectful of all others as well. You are not
alone in this Universe or on this Earth, and so your actions no matter how big or small
shall always affect someone outside of you even when you don’t know it. You could be a
threat to wildlife, or you could be the chief source or water and air pollution while being
‘free’ or ‘sovereign’, are you not to be held accountable by Nature itself?
Freedom means to be submissive to the will of The Highest Almighty, to be in

harmony with nature and seek to be an asset to the Earth rather than a mischief maker or
evildoer. Many people want ‘sovereignty’ or ‘freedom’ just to escape the punishments
for the wickedness they’ve done not knowing that there is no escape because your
punishment is written in Nature. They don’t feel they should have to answer for anything
so they begin using words like ‘only God can judge me ‘, but how does The Most High
bring about judgment upon transgressors? Judgment is inflicted by means of natural
disasters, mental and physical disease, and social condition status and treatment.
Those who think they are already free don’t even know that they don’t know that
they are not free. It’s one thing to be a ‘free spirit’, and another to be free indeed.
Sovereignty and Freedom are essentially two separate issues. Sovereignty is

Freedom in and of itself, but one may achieve Freedom without Sovereignty. Those who
comprehend law properly know this, those who don’t make mischief. It is in fact far
easier to achieve Freedom than it is to establish Sovereignty but because of the severe

miseducation and fraud running rampant across the Country, many are being led to Hell
and a FEMA camp.
Peaceful International Relations
Since the beginning of history, the goal of an enduring state of peace has been the
foremost objective of human societies. The Upanishads positively reverberate with the
most earnest prayers of peace. The Bible speaks of the vision of Isaiah in which swords
were turned into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks, and man gave up the art of
making war. These ancient and deep-seated longings for peace have been poignantly
reaffirmed after every war, as the evolution of man progressed through wars of every
growing ferocity.
It would seem that man has indeed made a fine art of destroying his own species
with increasing efficacy and diminishing cost. And now in the age of thermonuclear
weapons, computers and micro-electronics, the cult of war has reached its ultimate
climax. We are closer today than ever before to an entirely unprecedented type of
universal disaster that could lead to the disappearance of the human species. The question
of peace in international relations has been endlessly discussed by statesmen/ thinkers and
ordinary citizens. They have struggled to find ways to end forever the wars between
nations that have been moved by memories of bloody wars in the past, and by fear of
more terrible conflicts that could come.
Peace of course is a state without war- hence, it may be argued that war must be
unconditionally rejected, irrespective of reasons, if we are to sustain peace. This is the
negative concept of peace, a concept also known as blind antiwarism or sentimental
pacifism. None will object to the people with the trend of thought when they say that the
inhuman misery of war must be prevented by all means. Nothing is wrong, for sure, with
what they are saying.
The trouble* however/ is that, just as typhoons cannot be prevented by means of

legislation, war cannot be stopped by a mere antiwar argument or sentimental desire. In
other words, war is a supra-theoretical matter. Now, peace is a term that is used in
referring to a state of concert secured through the mutual assurance of basic conditions

necessary for independence and autonomy. Peace, therefore, has to be a joint effort, that
is, bilateral rather than unilateral. If the idea of antiwar or peace is injudiciously
advocated to exact from a people a one-sided renunciation of war, it will virtually come
to no more than surrendering to the enemy.
If peace is to be based on the mutual concord aim at a liable society, first, we must
bring about co-existence and prosperity through mutual understanding and friendship, and
second, we must arouse, through the promotion of peace-oriented ideas, public hatred,
and indignation at aggressor by refusing to accept any provocation of war.
For example, when a nation attacks another, the entire world may rise to stage
protest rallies in denouncing the inhuman act of mass murder and destruction.
By inspiring a peace-loving spirit in the minds of people in this way, we can

rightly safeguard our peace. It is true that by promoting the spirit of love for peace as well
as the spirit of hatred against aggression throughout the world, we can create the
circumstances under which not only local skirmishes are stopped from spreading but also
big powers dare not conceive the idea of campaigning for a global war.

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Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality

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Macro Perspective

Prof. Marie Virna I. Villanueva

BSHRM 1-C NABM

BSHRM 1-A ABM

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Overview of Tourism and Hospitality Industry Tourism ……………………………… 17

Growth & Development of Modern Tourism ………………...………………………... 28

Positive and Negative Impact of Tourism in Socio-Cultural Aspect ………………...... 39

Positive and Negative Impact of Tourism in Economic/ Socio-Economic ……...…...... 45

Positive and Negative Impacts of Tourism in Environmental Protection ……………... 49

Urban and Rural Tourism Management …………..….……………………………...… 52

Tourism Organization ………………………………………………………………….. 57

Tourism as National Development Strategy ………………………………………….... 61

Driver of Globalization ………………………………………………………………… 64

Utilization of Information Technology in Tourism and Hospitality …………………… 65

Sustainable Development and Tourism Growth …...…………………………………... 79

TUP MANILA BSHRM 1C & 1A (SY 18-19) | 2

TUP MANILA BSHRM 1C & 1A (SY 18-19) | 4

• Hotel general manager

• Meeting and convention planner

• Reservation ticket agent

• Maids and housekeeping cleaner

FORCES AFFECTING GROWTH AND CHANGE IN THE HOSPITALITY

MEETING GUEST NEEDS

TUP MANILA BSHRM 1C & 1A (SY 18-19) | 8

HOTEL AND LODGING OPERATIONS

TUP MANILA BSHRM 1C & 1A (SY 18-19) | 9

• Food & Beverage

TUP MANILA BSHRM 1C & 1A (SY 18-19) | 10

FORCES SHAPING THE HOTEL BUSINESS

How Hotels get built?

• According to Michael Forrest Jones “Money Of course”. You have capital, or

Where the money comes from?

The Hotel Business Cycle

The role of Real Estate in the business

COMPETITION IN A LODGING BUSINESS

TUP MANILA BSHRM 1C & 1A (SY 18-19) | 12

TUP MANILA BSHRM 1C & 1A (SY 18-19) | 13

THE MARKETING MIX IN LODGING

It is referring to the location of an individual property, is a very important aspect of the

It refers to marketing communication, generally taken to include persuasive activities,

TUP MANILA BSHRM 1C & 1A (SY 18-19) | 15

Hospitality management, as a field of work, implies managing resorts, hotels,

Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the

TUP MANILA BSHRM 1C & 1A (SY 18-19) | 17

A geographic area consisting of a set of resources and attractions that is visited by

Different types of Tourist Destinations

• Water sports & scuba diving destinations

• Adventure & hiking

• Cultural-for museums, local traditions

• Culinary-where local food is the dominant criteria

• Shopping destinations-flea markets and duty free outlets

What is Tourist Attraction?

MANAGEMENT IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

What is Hospitality Management?

Simply defining as "the practice of running a hotel"

TUP MANILA BSHRM 1C & 1A (SY 18-19) | 18

How to manage the Hotel?

Basic Functions of Management

PLANNING IN HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

Strategic Issues - strategy concerns long range basic plans.

TUP MANILA BSHRM 1C & 1A (SY 18-19) | 20

• Human Resource Strategies – here we briefly examine two important

• Community Relations Strategies- Not surprisingly different sectors of the