Date / Page No.

:63

GHAPTER-5
RINCIPLES OF 9NHERITANCE
AND VARJATION
Genekic:PManch ol kialpa uskic deals s hoadiky and
vawialion
Heuedlity9t is apruocass ol donsmistion hauitableLniks
0
ey p0xenk do hoi lspuings
Mauiakien9Eis th dagnee b whic Asegery d xan heir
pauenks

CoNTRASTINGG TRAUTS STUDIED Y MENDEL IN PEA

S.No Chanaclexs Contoasting Toails
1 Stem heigl TaQ/dan CuegoMendol
2 Flooer Colou vialet ldte ubthe takho
3. Flase pcsikion Acial /teuminal
Pod shape Snlalecl Lconstaiches
5 Pod calaus Goeun Yellm
6 Seed shape Rau /opinklel
Seed calau YeWos Goon

Hduantages pea plant (a te expesinant)L

HosThe pea planks shauoeel a no. al ele_definad cantiasking chaactexs.

db 9thas peuyect bise.ocual asoers containing boh male ond femalo
paxks
i)Tyhaue a. sho 0ilecuele
vCasily aunilable asy fo culake_ond
d i l nat xzuire
"Faith is the bird that feels the light when the dawn is still dark."-Rabindranath Tagor mucl
 Date Page No.: 6 4

A a aue dh Obans fan dhebuccess ggao Mendel

Mendel Lns Auccesshul_io eplan dhelaus o huedi

because he chase oea planks thal Loexpua main
Measan oas that he_toak ane ehanackex al ane ume n
his expeximenks o kyhsicksalisnSo LOas easy
eay
PuINET SQUARRE
9E is o gkaphical epeasentalian dlo caleulate h e phobabiliy
all podsibPe gentypes xing n agonski thas
hpasaibla_gamotis as uwuittan en io8 sides, Jsuall
he stop_OLO and lt_calumns AlL posible_cambinakions ak
apMenked in booce halao in Hhe sAuaNes hich enotates

The Punnett Squa shaLsS

he paxontal tall T Cmal) TTTTT
and dan tt Chenah plank, TtTt
the gamekes puduced by them
Lond the F Tt pumger
MoNOHYBRID CROSS
9|9t is the hubid tuitoe_indliviluals with hamszygaus
genakypes ulid uesultin u appoike phorakyp toe
Cukaingenolic oik

9t Js esponsible tox he unhoikance a n e gone. J t can

be eai hausnhuaugha funet Sauuaxe

"1 sincerety believe that Indians have the ability to compete with the best in the world."-Dhirubhanl Ambaní
 Date Page No. 6 5

TEST COSS
Test Test CuoAs_is cKas8 blioeen an Mganlsm usith unkn@un
gnakpe and akecessive paunt
i s k e d do dekeumine whokhos an individual is
Fxamaaygaus 0 hakex024gausonaaraik

a minance
Chaxackers aue conualled hy dscueke units callLed
ackous
Factous Ceu n paws
_i 9 a dissimila pai ackos membeu Hhe
pai dominakes dominani olha Cuecesaive

daio Segu.2gation
AMeles do nat echibikE an blending botu uais
ake

uexod
HOCOuexede un F genoralon , one hese s ahaugla
not obeseu/ed al tha A Stgae

a inaleponden Askmer
94 isbased @n inhexikance o tuosqenesie dihybaid
CMsAoluick Shalesthot ohen koe paisa contfzadling
Juo auo Combinad n hybKid seq20alHia on2
ahauackes sindlependentahe otha
pai
poin chanacexs.

PLEIOTROM
phenomencnunLahich a sinqlegene eclibils
SEisthe
rulephenwkpic ecpe0saionsA single plaialiuopi g e n
maKehanz neteck
mau paoduc

when the dawn is still dark."-Rablridranath Tagor

"Faith is the bird that feels
the light
 Page No.: 6 6
Date

PoLyGENIC 9NHERITANCE
9twas qluen by Gralkan in 19.23. 9n this aiks
raik a a

Contuolledby hoe mae genes.Thar ausOSsuais a eall

Cal
Poluaenicaik. The phenolypa shauspaukfcipakion eacl
alleleand usalko tnutnced Joy Hha Cnviaement and

i called Quonkifive inh0uitance th chassachen/ phaabp

Can be Quantiedk.

SEX DETERMINATION
9n human being the e c oaelald is deeuminses
depending upan uhicl ype a maWe qanmekauhilizes
Lolth ealeqaneke Thexe oxe 23 paius
clxancsomes un ea ohepaathek Ond Hhe akher
(Fah Mal

Sn Dgosophilla themechanism osecdeleuminakian s oxY y

Females have o paiu X chuamnsomes, olile t u malus haue
o ypeg spoemå-ono hauingX and o t having y
XXXY ype

Herre
AA XY AA Xx

AA XX_ AA +XY
Female MalL
believe that Indians have the ability to compete with the best in the world."-Dhirubhani Ambani
"1 sincerely
 Date
Page No.:6A-
9n
On asgheppe hemechaniem Sec. dkeuminakion
ba ha x o t4pe 9nfemales tha eaga bea apaie
X_ chzomos.omes alang oiHa tho autosomas n the
oth hand the auekoo hypes spouns amad
un males-one hauing X chzomes.ome and oths houing
othas hauing
ne chromosomakencegass.hoppox shuss mola hekxcga
hokuoga-
me
Malle Female
Pannds XO AA xxA A

A A

+A XO+ AA
Feeaal Male

8 nhagey beesdeBexminakian is base on thonumbe

sels Chmosomes an indliuidual ueceivesAn opoing
oned om he unian apeum and an g deuelops08 a
temale Cauueun. D Ouo,andan untoutilised eaa develaes a3 a
Male Cdiuena ) b
male -MLans OCoukhanoqencais

Male

Milosis

Femac
Mole
46

when the dawn is still

dark. "-Rabindranath Tagor
feels the light
"Faith is the bird that
 Date Page
No.62
MUTATIONI
9t is anu chanqe in DNAsequence 9tis a heitablo. ao
A mutaion
may oad to clhanges in poobeîns kaalaled
the DNA

Causes o mulation
9t Laads do gengkic vauiakians_amang speciesJEis_CouMd
s Cad
dut de ho hallauinq sasons
gntexnol Causes : Mutakian ocuk lan th DNA ils to capy ocin
oceunal Causes whin tha DNA is_ ecpozed ta cekain
clumicalsL
Juadlialians, it caues the DNA to bueak dasn

PeDIGREE ANA YSIS

8 is the shudy oa pauliculas uaik that is inkoad
suom OngenaHion tov anakhoe ab helps doenkne the
Juait ainheuitance ow apnuiiculas heact and
alke
kraw uhaths dhe draik
usgellinginloilidl ntt.
Male
Fernal
Sexx unspeciie

abhecked indltviduals
makig
making blu Julakives Cconsanguinaaus paking
pawonks abaue and cl.sduun belm
Ctndi bith -Joft to
sget
pour
pauurts oith male dild ahecfed wih diseast

ve unolhecke& Uspny
" Sincerely believe that Indians have the ability to compete with the best in the world."-Dhirubhani Ambani
 Date
Page No.: 6 9

CHROMOsOMAL
They
DISORDERS
ue
caused because a he
numeuical chargesnchxonassmes suuctunal elnanges
vclanges
Thew au 46 clhuomabomos in eack
human cece puesent
23 pais n pais , u t RuUsert as
08
olicl 22 axe aukosamEs and
andl 1
paik Beac Clamasanmes

Chuamosarmal disoedees due do numonical Abnunalilhes

Aneupleidy las8 ain a ckrame6ome. Thi happens
du e nan- dssunckion.
@ouomakds _wlsn ehuomalids fail
do sepauatt duung coll diision
Palyplaid-Addikan one merset_eleluomosernea
eg3n Ciploid,6n Chuxapleid) ef.
Douons ynduome Tuxne3 Syndkameond Klinelelten'a
Sundu.omoOul Commonecamples chuomasomaldikovdees

Doon'g gundoome 9 t is coused loy isomy choomosome

numbe 21. 9t is chaxackoxized by ntelleckual dsabiliinclaudling
menkal_Justaudalian Th have Wols hsat_Conditans and
aasuningand gouot disalbilifies aA we

diTuune' Sunduomo Suel a disoudeu s caube duef

the absence ano o ho X_Cluamasome ,i e, 4s ait
Xo, Sucl Jernales oe S e e as auauis areHudimenkas
besidhsahofauresdnekudag lack of ohoe Secondaxy sexual
olauatters

GiDklinelelter s yndbeorn Thisis olso caused due to he

PCence an oddihcnal capy X -choomasom& suleing nto a
Koxaaupe 41, XXY. Sucl an individual has aveallmasculine
davelaynyno, hu UO he eminine
0
develepmtnt,
"Faith is the bird that feels the light when the dawn is still dark. "-Rabindranath Tagor
 Page No. 0
Date

EXERCISES

Q.DHyoenkiafe behoeen he Joliasing

.

(aDominance and coHomozHgOL

Recessiue and Hefeo2

CC) Monohybaidland Dihybid

RECESSIVE
DOMINANCE
Anb-0) A dominant tackau expressesiksel idA kecessive Iait us obe t
in the presence @ absence o lezpes&ike anly un he oksenel
a kecessiue trai a daminant a i
Fo etall plant, keund sed, lii)Fue egdsan plant
vialet louse,ekc_ae domiani Lwrinllad seed hie floiwes,k
chaxackexs un pta pkan ae eceAue baits in a pa ont

HOMOZYGoUS HETEROzYGiOUS
9t contains do similauallelas Cio 9t cantauna koo diteot
o paukiculos, iaik allles yawa pukiulan uait.
9t passess eth dominan x Ci) 9tpossessboth dominar
ecessiue but neve boh tho and ecesiue allols. Fo
alleles.Fow e.g RR_G 37 R e. z R
9 t9t poaduces oonoypo o cii) 9t paodkucex hoo dilt
pmale kincds onmales
C) MONOHYBRID DIHYBRID
9t inuales ezoSS betuoeen Dihybaid inualues orass
poMenks, lich difes un blu poxonk whic dijfeus tn
anly ana pai conkoashirahoo u ocontoasting
chaxackers eaeackos
CROAA bekoeer i)Fox eg o casb blo
tall and dn pa plant pea plans hauing4elleA inklad
Lsa monohyboi. s ISeed th thoao hawing 9Keon
"1 sincerely believe that indians have the ability to compeey
besto d ibaid Cs
 Date Page No.: 1

aAdipkaio oqanisms hutexazyqnub tax 4 a c i hoa

many pes ganeles cCan be padued ?

AnsLacub us xed oasition r

ohnomasome licl
s ocupiad & i n q oa ma enes Hetozyaaus
Gganisms Contain diteant_allolas ha an aWlolio Rain
D
Hente,a diploíd onanisms, aliclis hatexoz4g0us af
au uilL haue au dihhenont Cantrosing ohaxaclexs

FO 9 i an aarñs.m is helexoagaus alau aci it

chaxackexs sa HaBb Cc, Dd thon dusing miasis,|
it will Sequggate te Jasunn 8 Sepaxakegameles
D

thegens a nat linkad then the Bajolaid ayganism

will oaduao 6 diexont gamokes.Hocoeve h a gencs
Stnked pmoles il0 udhuce thi numb
h as he
and tho inked geneswill he inhewitel
genes mght be linked
duung he RocO38 ameiasus

3 Hou issec dlePouminad i n human Jeings

Anb
AinbSer dokeuminalion ulens to tha mchanisms emplud by Seaes.
o s otoo dijfekort sexo8
Oanisms opusduce olBprngs hat
T H e o an indiidual defeuuninod by the gentkic ngovmahian
T
he undiidual ser haumangs.Ser delexminakian an human
psbent in
a l a n o by XY type
cunasong. Fmales ha H0 XX and males haud
dono Tagor when the dawn is stfll dark."-Rabindranath
DFaths the bird that feels the light
 Date Page No.:1

S efine anel desian a test -CAOAL (

Anb A dest xOss in ane Jn olic dn dndiuiduual

an unknouon domînan ohan.ceype us CkasecLoita
OCOAieundiidual dor haß a i k 9 t us used f
dickewmine ualalhor he indtidualshomogus
helexozug
heexoygus a a haik 4 Haeunknoon s hom024
tall CIT), thin caassingLoith diwar cesslueLEES
gues al0 allolspin4 TE)
T Xtt_
TE T tatt
94the unknausn_ús helexozygou CTE), thon CHOSB1ng o1h
dhwax Lsus in so/.tale (Tt & So/. 2dere
Ctt) _uma
TXt

6.Jsing a unnet oyuasa contk aut dhL drslmbukan

pheraypicealunes in tha ise 1lial genseolien_G4 .
ANDs ekeen a
homo2ygeusamale and hekeKo2us a
(malofax aSingla Uo cus
Anb Porens
Hekexozyqous Malo (Tt) X Homozygaus
ygaus fernae
fermale

gncfes
T

Phenoypic akon inFgendxolon Tal Doauh

2 2

I Sincerely believe that indians have the

ability to cormpete with the best in the wortd."-Dhirubhani Amban
 Date
Page No.: 4 3

Q hat ib
pediquee analysis duagest bawsueh
analyais can be usa
ob
Anb edueeanalusis us a cRNd of accwnce o ait-
in seral Qnexakiansa/ afarnily.9A isbaxed on
he huitability CCokain chaxackexishicaeatuxes in hamilies
9s ueulness aue
*sh0A he xiainof a buait and la khat
uai in aamil
9t is useul in knn-sing the posibili @ eopes8e
De ucLssiue allele ulic may caugenokic dtsoudlex
Ic as coleuu blíndness
puadlick he haumul efecka maxxge hekoeen closa

9 halps un genckic caunsellinge auaio dlisordeus in

childen
8Achild has blaed gueujo O. 9 tao Jatha has blo
QMuYOA onc Ha mohek bloodl u s B wOKk
uhogankyoes o hoo0xunsQnd hepassible
pasihee

genapos o h ctu e02inga

Anb he child t h blecd guauyp o' uill haue homoz4gaus
JecsBive alleles TheLareboh Hhe paxensshauld oe
hokeuo-zygaus i e., Hh genokype o Ho hathek i l ke
I'A and sh_molho i l l b e T e
enis aihei Molho
A

Grancies
fEntotian
"Faith is the bird that feels the lighe'wiien the dawin is still dark."-Rabindranath Tagor
 Page No.:
Date

blood gDoup Aab

lapaing ulke
he passible blood guOuos othaw DO O
AB, A, B and o

9. Ihat us paint mufatian? Give ane ecample

Ans oint mtation S a clhange in bingle_base paiw aDa

malecule ample:Stckle ce anaemia. t invalhes mufah
n a single basepai in ho beka -gkabin lhain ol
haemoglnbirn he blood. Glukamíc aciol in shaut
Pgment
O,
aum a Clhomasarm Tgels oplacad witt valune at He
SiocH position

Q10. o had puep0sed euonaabomal ila

inhuilanee ?

Anb Sutian and Boveù propmsed Hho chuamasomal hsa

Jnheuitance in 11o, Ty linkid tho inhoxelanceaia
to hu chaomoSom@s
Mention any e ankesamalgenaiodisaudous uwith this
ymptoms.

Ans.iSickele ce anaemia:Haemoglobinu has loss Oauansp

sickle shaped Recs ec.
PhenyPkelonuuia:Mentaludandalion Cdue o aceunulahan

phenlalarine in boain , hupapignontalion a Jkin an

hai, eczema

y Delieve that Indians have the ability to compete with the best in the world."-Dhirubhani Amban
 Date
Page No.:1S

2. qplain tolCasirg tekmswihu ecample

CODCo-daminance
cb9ncampleBedominance
0) dominancelhese aue ho aoles hot au ahle t o
ecps0Athemaelues únddependently alsan faund chagelhos in
a hukexazygafe. Thy au teumod ag co- dainant allel

b9ncomploke dominarce:9t i the phenomenan o inhexitance

uslhorc nant the conliasting eanaclees n apai aKe

axt demicank Sn ha hybid, te ezepxosian o Hue

uait s
Jva a ine miockune o the earpkaAsÍan o Hhe tuoo fcks.
Fo inatance, theMisabilis jalapa.. Pkduces& pink leusexs
Lolon a hubaid_CHOAs b/w a ked nd uolike laser
Causied Qut

13. Baie menton the Conleioulkona THMayaan ingenoki.

Ans.Conlibution
Anb THMoygan unendkics Are
DaasoOhidamelancgasler te
dTHMoygan haund uil y
be maleuial eopeximenks an genokics as t wsas
ea to lo and. mulkaly ik thuauglout Hheyea
diHe establishad he pasence genas ue ha czomesamas.
úibMayaan establishod hpincipke ganlin
s kage and caossing ouer.

H e discouecd Seoclinkage and Usckæss inheutance

Hedwelaced Hhe leckniguue Chkamasone marpihg
voHe abseuwedd matalians.
(uii)9n 1926, Magan Oate a baak Tre
he h y y
hesey e eGyene
ne2