Nama : Juan Fredrick Darmadi

Kelas : XII MIA 1

Tugas praktek : Writing explanation text
How World War I Was Started?
Surely all of us have at least heard the word ‘World War I’. Where the powerful countries
in Europe competed with each other. We must be wondering, what caused "the Great War" to
happen? As we know it, the outbreak of the First World War is often explained by the
assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz-Ferdinand by the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo
Princip, in Sarajevo, on June 28, 1914. But, the causes are actually more numerous and
complex. They are due to the strong nationalist feeling which was gripping Europe, to the
German’s rapid economic development and to the subtle games of diplomatic alliances.
Since the end of the 19th century, European peoples have been experiencing a strong
nationalist feeling. In France, it is only a question of revenge against Germany to recover Alsace
and Lorraine, regions lost during the war of 1871. In the declining Austro-Hungarian and
Ottoman empires, the different ethnic populations (Hungarians, Serbs , Czechs, etc.) claim their
independence. The Italians claimed the mostly Italian-speaking lands from the Austro-Hungarian
Empire.
On the other hand, since the unification of Germany in 1871, the country has caught up
economically with the major European states. Its industry is particularly important. German
leaders therefore want to find new outlets for their products and obtain raw materials at a lower
cost. This is how they eye Africa, the French and English preserve. Twice, Emperor William II
attempted to take Morocco from France, in 1905 and in 1912, provoking increasingly serious
diplomatic conflicts.
The assassination of Franz-Ferdinand provokes a mechanism of diplomatic alliances in
cascade. Austria-Hungary issues an ultimatum to Serbia to investigate the murder on July
23. Germany assures him of its support. On July 25, Serbia refuses the ultimatum and declares
general mobilization. On July 29, Russia , an ally of Serbia, mobilized against Austria-Hungary
and then against Germany. On August 3, Germany declared war on France, an ally of Russia . In
a few days, the Triple Entente, France, United Kingdom and Russia, and the Triple Alliance,
Germany and Austria-Hungary, were formed. Members of the Commonwealth, Canada,
Australia and South Africa automatically enter the war on the side of England, thus participating
in the global nature of the conflict.
Name : Juan Fredrick Darmadi
Kelas : XII MIA 1
Tugas keterampilan : Writing explanation text
The Process of Tsunami
A tsunami or tidal wave is a wave or a group of giant waves with great energy, created by
sudden movements that occur on the seabed. The term ‘tsunami’ is from Japanese language and
it means "big wave in the port or bay".
There are many that have been formed throughout history, but there is no doubt that the
most recent have been really terrible natural disasters . We refer to those mentioned at the
beginning, the one that occurred in Sumatra and Sri Lanka, in December 2004, and the one that
occurred in Japan in March 2011.
There are three stages in the process of a tsunami, starting from under the sea to hitting
the mainland. The first stage is the tsunami generation. This stage is where the undersea plate
fracture occurs. The height that the waves can reach depends on various factors, such as the
magnitude and duration of the disturbance, the speed or the depth of the sea. In the case of the
2004 Sumatra tsunami, the plates gave way, causing the seabed to deform abruptly, producing an
uplift that pushed the water upwards, forming a 3-meter-high column at the time it was formed.
Next is spreading stage, where the energy that has been generated on the seabed due to
the disturbance spreads to the coast. On the surface, the tsunami waves move at great speed,
which depends on the depth of the ocean; the deeper you go, the higher the speed. Again taking
the 2004 Sumatra tsunami as an example, since it originated at a depth of 4,000 meters, its waves
reached a speed of 700 km/hour, equal to the speed of a jet plane. Something characteristic of
tsunamis is that as they approach the coast, the sea becomes shallower and the water
recedes, leaving a hole in front of the water column. The waves grow in height and thickness,
becoming rogue waves.
Finally the flood stage, marked by the waves have reached their maximum size, 24
meters in the 2004 Sumatra tsunami. These reach the coast leaning towards it to later break and
penetrate up to several hundred meters inland , devastating everything in its path. Tsunami waves
can arrive several minutes apart from each other.
 Aurora
Surely you have seen those night photos of a spectacular sky tinted with green, red and
blue colors. Yes, it’s called Aurora. Aurora was named after the Roman goddess of dawn. The
surname, Boreal or Austral, depends only on whether they are produced in the North Pole or the
South Pole. In fact, they are also known as the northern lights or southern lights. The more
famous are the northern ones, those that occur in the northern hemisphere, but this is only
because there are fewer human lives near the South Pole, but this phenomenon occurs equally at
both poles. Auroras are truly eye-catching, but how are these lights formed? Let’s dive into it.
The origin of the auroras begins far from us, specifically on the sun surface. The Sun
continuously emits solar wind, which is made up of charged particles that move through the solar
system. On occasion, large amounts of electrified gas are emitted into space. These were called
coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and they are a type of solar storm. During the cycles of greater
solar activity, several of these solar storms occur per day and some of them are launched in the
direction of Earth. When this "solar storm" reaches the Earth (it takes from 18 hours to a few
days) the phenomenon called "magnetic reconnection" occurs. which causes the acceleration of
charged particles through the atmosphere. Remember that the Earth has a magnetic field, with
the north and south magnetic poles almost coinciding with the geographic ones but inverted, that
is, the magnetic north is in the geographic south and vice versa.

The magnetosphere is not a ‘sphere’ around the Earth, but rather as a teardrop shape, with
the ‘tail’ on the farthest part from the sun. In addition, it is ‘fluid’, since it continuously oscillates
to adapt to the changing intensity of the solar wind.

When solar wind particles are accelerated upon contact with the magnetosphere, a funnel
effect is produced, directing the charged particles towards the poles. In reality, it is a bit more
complicated, but the important thing is that the charged particles that come from the Sun are
accelerated and directed towards the poles when they reach the Earth's magnetic field.

As these charged particles approach the Earth's surface, they pass through the ionosphere,
which is a layer that borders the atmosphere on the outside and is full of ions (charged oxygen
and nitrogen atoms), caused by ultraviolet rays from the Sun. The ionosphere acts as a conductor
for the charged particles of the solar wind and it is there that the aurora occurs, between 80 to
110 km high. The electrons collide with the oxygen and nitrogen molecules, which are excited,
where they increase their energy. Then they "calmed down", where they return to their normal
energy level, emitting light in this process, in a phenomenon similar to fluorescent or neon
lights. The color of the lights depends on the atom involved in the collision. Thus, the green
color and the yellow tones are due to oxygen, while the blue, red and purple ones are due to
nitrogen. These collisions between charged particles and atoms continue at lower and lower
altitudes, until the energy drops so low that it is no longer able to excite atmospheric atoms. So
actually, when we see those beautiful lights shining in the skies over the poles, what we're really
seeing are billions of collisions lighting up Earth's magnetic field lines. And that is how the
Aurora was formed.