2nd Semester

Department of Urban Planning

GATE WORK-ASSIGNMENT IV
Best Practices for Resilient Cities
Warsaw | Oslo | San Diego

SUBMITTED BY:-
Name: Archana Mohanty
Roll No.:SPA/NS/UP/1442
1
WARSAW’S RESILIENCE & RECONSTRUCTION CASESTUDY
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on
the Vistula River in east-central Poland.

Historical Background
German Invasion of Poland happened on 1 September 1939 which started
the Second World War. With a huge revolution in place, bombings etc. in
1945, Warsaw was left in ruins.
Throughout the war and German occupation, conservators and architects
acted as representatives of the polish underground state tasked with
preserving polish cultural heritage. It was virtue of the people of Warsaw
that restored Warsaw to its former glory
What makes Warsaw a Historic resilient City ?
They were protecting historic
Heritage city is a document of the past, a symbol of past actions and events, a
documentation and saving works
witness of the history. This makes historic cities resilient. In case of Warsaw,
such as a set of relic building
rebuilding the historic city was the result of the determination of the
measurements, including the
inhabitants and the support of the whole nation. So in this particular case, that
Warsaw old town, and designed
were the citizens who actually made the city resilient.
plans for reconstruction even while
the buildings were collapsing around
them.

Hitler’s well-documented
intentions to build a new town
on ruins of Warsaw’s
annihilated Royal Castle during
German Invasion.

The reconstruction project was devised at the Warsaw Reconstruction
Office between 1945 and 1951.
The reconstruction project utilized any undamaged structures built
between the 14th and 18th centuries, together with the late-
medieval network of streets.
WARSAW’S RESILIENCE & RECONSTRUCTION CASESTUDY
The rebuilding of the Old Town continued until the mid-1960s in the adopted
format of residential housing, featuring public functions.
LAYOUT PLANNING
1. The city walls and the city panorama viewed from the Vistula were
accentuated by inhibiting reconstruction of some structures.
2. The urban layout was retained, along with the division of the street
frontages into historic building plots;
3. The properties within these quarters were not rebuilt, thus creating
communal open areas for residents.

Two guiding principles were

followed:
1. To use reliable archival
documents where available
2. Recreating the historic city’s
late 18th-century appearance.

FAÇADE DECORATION
A highly regarded feature was the decoration of exterior
elevations carried out by a team of eminent artists, in part
drawing on designs from the interwar period. Polychrome
decoration was executed using traditional techniques, including
sgraffito.
WARSAW’S RESILIENCE & RECONSTRUCTION CASESTUDY
The general idea was to hand down “to future generations at least the
exact shape of these monuments, even if it were not authentic, because
it was alive in human memory and accessible through historical sources”.
• This approach carried the risk of ending up with a sort of tokenistic
“toy town” or theme park.
The reconstruction of the Church of the Blessed Sacrament after its
destruction during the War is shown and the reconstructed Church as it
appears today
The Warsaw historic center was declared as a UNESCO World Heritage site in
the year 1980
It fulfilled two criterion :-
Criterion (ii): The initiation of comprehensive conservation activities on the
scale of the entire historic city was a unique European experience and
contributed to the verification of conservation doctrines and practices.
Criterion (vi): The Historic Centre of Warsaw is an exceptional example of the
comprehensive reconstruction of a city that had been deliberately and totally
destroyed. The foundation of the material reconstruction was the inner
strength and determination of the nation, which brought about the
reconstruction of the heritage on a unique scale in the history of the world.
General public is very much pro this
investment. It was the citizens that actually
made the city resilient.
Resilience is a material’s ability to recoil or spring
back into shape after bending, stretching, or
being compressed, an attempt of the city to
spring back into its former shape is its
RESILIENCE
OSLO-CAR FREE CITY (SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY)

Timeline

1990- 2003-Oslo 2017-Oslo

1950s- Spike 2008-
Beginning of wins the won the
in number of Increase in
the concept European European
cars in the growth of of
of “Compact Sustainable Sustainable
city cars
City” City Award City Award

“The Car-free Livability Programme ” was established in 2017,

Mission
• A clear goal was to make Oslo city center greener and more lively. Oslo is the capital of Norway and
• Having fewer cars in the city was a means of achieving this. They tried to holds the status of being one of
achieve the program within Ring Road 1 the most populous cities. The
In order to focus efforts and ensure visible impact in selected streets and city grew from a population of
urban areas, three prioritised areas were specifically targeted for 2018 and 9000 in 1801 to 250000 in 1925.
2019. The current population comes to
be 697,549, while the
population of the city’s
greater urban area was
1,019,513
OSLO-CAR FREE CITY (SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY) “Interactive spaces”
The area around Oslo City Hall, known
as Pipervika,. It has a lot of pedestrian
traffic and a bustling city life. When car
traffic was heavily reduced, the area
became an urban space with
possibilities for attractions, activities
and organizing events.

“Cultural District”
The City of Oslo has acquired
the Myntgata district, which
is now being developed into a
cultural district both in a
short and long term
perspective. Today, it a place
of activity and an urban oasis
for children, young people
and the elderly

“Pedestrian Trail”
The area from Youngstorget
northwards towards Grünerløkka
has received a significant boost in
recent years and is experiencing
tremendous popularity and
growth. It has been converted
into recreational trail
 Interactive Uses Of Streets To
Make It Pedestrian Friendly
OSLO-CAR FREE CITY (SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY)
A street zoning plan was introduced to fight the car and give
priority to people to walk and cycle and transform these areas
into spaces of leisure. It doesn’t convert everything into
pedestrian street but assign some street with some temporary
use

Many measures were introduced around the city center.

• Various pedestrian walkways and urban design
elements were introduced to make it more bicycle
and pedestrian friendly.
• some of the interventions were street regulations
which cannot be mapped
• other interventions like street design elements,
outdoor event power sources, lighting
improvements, play and activities, toilet, drinking
fountains, planting, benches, small scale parks and
some temporary interventions
SAN DIEGO-CLIMATE RESILIENCE

“San Diego is taking the lead in California to tackle climate change. and is
a leader of sustainability in the United States.”
The Climate Action Plan (CAP) implemented in the year 2015 will support
implementation of the General Plan through
• Support for continued incremental changes to the urban land use Providing
greater transportation choices,
• Transforming how we produce and use energy.

the Global Warmi Sustainable The Climate What are the benefits of a Climate Action Plan
ng Solutions Act Communities Action Plan
and Climate Protection
for San Diego?
Act

2006 2007 2008 2015 Improving Public Health and Air Quality
2011

Senate Bill (SB) California Air Resources Providing Energy Independence

97 Boardʼs (ARB) Scoping
Plan

Spurring Economic Development

The City of San Diego General Plan (2008) is based on the City of Villages
smart growth strategy which directs growth into compact, mixed-use,
walkable centers linked by transit. Co-benefits of Addressing Climate
Change
SAN DIEGO-CLIMATE RESILIENCE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Increased temperatures
The City will develop a stand alone climate adaptation plan that will • The City will see hotter and drier days and more frequent, prolonged heat
integrate and build upon the strategies and measures in the CAP. waves.

What is the difference between the Climate Action Plan and a Reduction in air quality
climate adaptation plan? • Hotter and drier days create more air pollution by raising ozone levels and
this can exacerbate asthma and other respiratory and cardiovascular
Adaptation aims to minimize the actual or expected effects of climate diseases.
change, whereas the CAP includes actions to reduce the creation of
greenhouse gases. Introduction of new public health issues
• Warmer temperatures year-round could lead to growing mosquito
Why should San Diego adapt now? populations, increasing the regional occurrence of West Nile virus and
potentially introducing tropical diseases such as Malaria and Dengue
Some degree of climate change will occur regardless of the Cityʼs effort to Fever.
reduce and mitigate GHG emissions. As a result, the City will need to adapt
to these changes within the context of the communityʼs environmental and Reductions in fresh water
socioeconomic system. • Water and energy demand will increase while extended and more
frequent droughts will cause traditional sources of fresh water supplies to
The integration of diminish.
the climate Increased rate of wildfires
adaptation plan and • Drier weather may increase the frequency and size of wildfires.
CAP should lead to
substantial co- Rising sea levels
benefits whereby • Projected sea level rise, coastal erosion, and increasing storm surges may
individual measures cause fragile sea cliffs to collapse, shrink beaches, and destroy coastal
property and ecosystems.
lead to both
reduction of GHGs
and adaptation to
the impacts of
climate change.
 Past Policies And Initiatives To Guide Climate Adaptation Plan Factors to look into to improve climate resilience

Draft Sea-Level Provides an overview of best available science on • Maintain Water

Rise Policy sealevel rise for california and recommended steps Supply and Services
Guidance: for addressing sea-level rise in coastal commission • Protect Public Health
planning and regulatory actions and Safety
• Protect and
Summarizes climate change impacts and Maintain Urban
Infrastructure and
Safeguarding recommends adaptation strategies across seven
California Plan sectors: Public Health, Biodiversity, Coastal Community Services
Resources, Water, Agriculture, Forestry, and • San Diegoʼs Water
Transportation and Energy Supply Choices and
Related Carbon
A decision-making framework intended for use by Pure Water San Diego is the City's 20-year Emissions *
The Adaptation local and regional stakeholders to aid in the program to provide a safe, reliable and cost-
Planning Guide interpretation of climate science and develop a effective drinking water supply for San Diego.
systematic rationale for reducing risks caused by
climate change • Protect Environmental Health
• Protect Open Space, Parks and
International
Council for Nation's first comprehensive vulnerability Recreation
Local assessments and recommendations to build • Coastal Management and
Environmental resiliency for community-wide infrastructure in San Protection
Initiatives Diego. • Urban Forest Management and
Local Food Production
A web-based tool that enables city and county • Building and Occupant Readiness
Cal-Adapt: planners, government agencies, and the public to • Community Education,
identify potential climate change risks in specific Knowledge and Collaboration
areas throughout California.
REFERENCES
• Bassi, J., 2020. The life journey of an idea – Car Free City in Oslo. Post Graduate. Aalborg University, Denmark.
• Climateactionplan&ourclimate,ourfuture.(2020).RetrievedMarch30,2021,fromhttps://www.sandiego.gov/sustaina
bility/climate-action-plan
• Jeleński, T. (2018). Practices of Built Heritage Post-Disaster Reconstruction for Resilient Cities. Buildings, 8(4), 53.
doi:10.3390/buildings8040053

THANK YOU