in ‘ Course : cum. gio by_Aalen J topics: Qn Bad Louw of Shmmodg marion De)“ he mel endnopy of the universe incrwasing” ~ Sulit de sledement? Ss dn on innevensble ont, apordontows proces. endnopy csooys increases, Go. He total erdnopy i univows -@ iA co nbnuously moneasing + df hook flows indo tke —surenaundings Cohen @ reaction is excttanrmic)-the rondom motion q moles m puangan dings ‘mensare. ‘hus. the oclnop4 4 the surroundings meneae. So, the net entoopy of he umbrerse is increasing b) What alo gos mean by free ensray and Ahmed jee erry? Dine energy it Fue eran wy an extensive proper! t Freo enue fos Bi atmensions of enanga ond Wh value dedevminad ba th stote of the aystem omd mot Jy ls history Ft Bp wared to delomn hous agrbems ehoman and how much toonk they com produce. Scanned with CamScanner‘ y 1) Standord fase erengyt he slemncond fra erangiy. formodion qf a compound ib Hy chonga of Gis fre omg that scoomporirs Ha formalin | ¢ 4 anol of tat pubston ce from 1s compen} Unrrets , ot dain slates [ esec & too KR) Ce symbol B AG? ) befins tte chamvonl polentiad amd earcie doom the Phapionk Bqnifieance - => Chemical potential is a Heem dynornis fun ofion “prasing the ability of. am urcchangtd adem on moleule in ao chemical. ay Ly borden | hyticad soonk . i 2 oy Phycol Sigrificomce : @ Gt is barically ruleded — esitk equilibrium Wlatiomshjp amd mass Transfer foro peckes of substance. @ ae Higher oralut of chemin filenlink eons Nighen tendeney ty anove differerdt phases - higher wten ney sh nese} on, Doroor atability q subs temee andl Viee- versa - Scanned with CamScannerlon. endnopy 4, ~vepounizedion of. ice iA posvlve Explain Nhe mol ave endnopy 4 vaporization Ww he mencay -t im endo om yeponiradion of « Liquid * Py opm vepennabon gp on Dap She degree of disondornes — inane ares tn the poms from oa diquid imo ruledively —Srrabl volume fo a Vopon 0% ” occupying a whe molar erdop vopounizadtion of, joe is poke ymuch dang spore: “Sheds @4) Whad is ercopy? | + According to phyical concepts entropy i o Hanmer -mic stde portly dal ym measure of “Hee fomdomrex on, dig onduuntst 4 the moleentes of > Shin in denoted by “3” sept - |b) Derive the concepl erhopy from 27s daa $ Ahremadlena ied => the second ow ef hanno dynamic pledes Hod th — sfode of entropy cf the enfing uriveue. ar on oladed aeplen - will afeoogps monease overting- St algo gdeces thao the clonges in te erdreepy mm te universe cam neverbe nitgadves Felis 3 ‘ - J, = $s3 Se axl Scanned with CamScannerNo undentton 9 wha erdnopy imeri ‘| f fii Derivradion { deonsases- 4 is portion) to scogriae Heed | changes iw endropy hove + comidin J ot “ | he Ovteopy cheng? of te ee ond ' half » the entropy chan | endeopy chomge ¢ the dgtlerm f te wnivense iA eaqpivadant changes In exchop 4 4 ty aye to ar ums & The dem ond Aurnen iva So. AS sriy. = ASvas ae Vays Naun 4+ OG Sn an iss Hermal reversible expansion, The heot y absorb by He Aystem from the Surroundings “ Yo = ART In hay ART by —_@ Since Hy teed absorbed by te system yy, Re ammount bo Hy He punmauen ngs, gs 7 Nharafore , for & Rovere bly process the r “_ i. 4 endrepy ahongt 4 Asi RT by 5 4 eR Any nn T T =0~G Scanned with CamScanner£ é ae WAVY. 3 eS JP POH ne sas AS ART Ly X2 univ rT. +O —© | Oa pt tke hoo eqyucdions fon AG togetlon Jan types ¢ Process. we ane Abt with th secon of loco “Asmody mics. ASuiy = AS, FAS SO —O weniv Cytol Zerg fon a reversible process ond 4 gunn Brn rw for on 4, realy» however. reversible process riever dapper Con will tke on infinitely dong time to topper). so be can Any Hod » all Baremodyna ri c process ese eneound er eangtey re innevensible i, Re cincction A) Show Hod. erdropy is a Atate furetion. P Stade functors “do wot dipend on the pall by tohich fh ayitem esmived ot ids preserd slate. erro py change u 4 Nhow AS iwueversible proces . Emtnopa is, Stade qywontit ¢ become 4 dab: ckscribey gyro titetive ly om wyidlibninm stad of o termady- rome Splom iraspee ti've ca tow He system arrived jy Had —gdoclo. Scanned with CamScannera - — Rom carral's cgelt we Com Shaws Head. nbn A a stode funelion « \ dy the canned mrgine (Cyc). Aeak engine is made § fo cto work between bempercaduna at aioae Sn otinmol revesib & exporrsi om of on deol ge. AU=0 ond y=-t9 too, & Vay /T = V,/T + VA, (As only too dleps have non-2n0 evhnopy ) Agim VA [Me =-1,/T So, $ dey, /T =o —C) Pass From ean (1) we cam soy tkod , | crtnopy mt function. | | , | SS Fim om iho gon. find oust tha oppression fon Hh total chomge in anlrop 4 auocioted with Ws Armul- temmpeanedune.. 1 ~fomaows chomp in prepare and Scanned with CamScanner| | fled ow comider mn - / mmoles of on ideas ra Ccoupying volume Vo of prmure Pond -fe df de aystem abi day decd im tha wpttedne T. revesibly thy inensare erhopy is dg = —Ainey -~ rk ; Tr pecuncing ho 14*# bae + Harrnactyna rics, IV = IE+AIY —@ do - se tply —® Agrin. PV = mRT On, P= KO RT OndE = nQvdr [ei ty= SE fon J moh] bd = nQdT + (Bandy =ndg aT + mre i¥ —@ T V. Or, S,-8 = AS= nCy dn TE + wR In 2 , ; 5 Ak |v 4 PB Or, AS = Gdn Zt mR dm L . | = 2303") Log 247302 nk loa - 1 +2:303nR log fe Scanned with CamScannera (618) toy B+ 2302 wR b aN as 2 2303 q 7 ia} $ -@ \ spation @ 4 the expration fon tke voll choonge in eneopy cusocioded with Hs AirasAl mous changes im pressure om fevperecbe OI Defra Hebmbolte four ermngy andl Gibbs fx enangy > She Helmholtz fre erangy | potential thd measures from a close o a } sng = 2303 do a “f 2303 PR fog in a Permodinom ¢ the usefel coonk obtamabl, Bhacrod groom’ c aztem constaref +e ond vo mprodiou d less (Poche red, irechonie} ‘hat Gi bls fue 4 Peorad imam! « pole erangy 1S ered . ™easu “e wink dan ay convenient a ' bn opplicodions Bd secur at ag v4 fort Pursune. Ord cons tonf ° 4 | emprrolune ( isebarie and idohen, ol) — | Scanned with CamScannerHB ‘s Shaws Hel He decrease in Gibbs t TAO. ening enuel to tte met coon clone by a aasten undergoing 40rd poverdihle change « Uhone r= Free brary Ne know tad Leet G@="-TS —40 He ely fon uno starter 4 apstem eqyuodtion Li) com ke writen od, dnidial sfote > Gy = HTS, Final shade? Gig= Hy- TS. So, ty chonge in fran entngy » AG = Gg = (Hy- TS.) = [Hs -TS) “AG = AH- TAS —Gi) From 2nd avo of Hanmedlmarnios. AS = ee . On, TAS= Vrev And ak constant drarsure A= AU + Pay —#3 Subslitting Rte expression df AH and TAS equ" Ui) > ue ge. AG =, AU+ PAV ~ Vnay Ui) Eqyuadion Gi) eam be conifjen od, AGi= (BU- Shay) m9 Accor dina do te finst dow ¢ Hanoradgrorics - Vroy = AU + Nimax On, AU-WVray =- Wimax Ferniatos Scanned with CamScannerOn substiledion of this relationship in aN AG = - Nmox + PAV \ we et Nmax —PAV — 9 On, -Abr= Equation Co) sgnifies Hel ad constomt —erpomtune Me chaeruore lo free energy 4 a ond WL woonk i bre bg he dyson pb equal do tke nel d aptem: dn dttin words, leerare in free enngg dia agslem wonk oo ThE from in eyuol do Re eee the ayer for uatfod par Peres * Tho anilenia 4 Aon reavensib ty and 2) Unite down' SHG: inneveniblity in tems 4 gn reversibility 4 By the cniduin chop (6) | ond i ercecversibi fly ¢ ehon Dy Fon rearvensi ble prece 7 the wh 4 her * ba tn nptqe ond t sunnoundings weon ri aypreye wit bk, AS! + ASanf ° ‘¢ Scanned with CamScannerjf fon a process thet ocouns aed consfand Dempralar | and presse 2 Apontamaity (irena-vensibi dy ) eon be deter mined Using the change im Gibbs free era. | which in giver by AG= All-Tas Gr cans whe AG is: . magetive > thy proces iy Apondoneous and may proceed » th forward direction ay conillen. © Positive» tke process is mon ~ Apordoontous ay conifer > bud if may proceed Aperrdomtousl a in termre — direction. athis at 4 tudes com be wed to delermine qu distnet cases by etemiimg He ems f AS ond Af. + Nhen AS>O amd AH0 5 th precess is non - >pontoneois , Scanned with CamScannereee ns a + Nhan ASSO and AHDO, ty process call at sdangous at high Lerperakure ae van 3p\ ~ dren at tor demprrodiuw. «Nhn AS <0 and AHO, 4h ‘nocess will be sporlacnaaus ak low Lempanaduna ond A portentous at high temperodure . Ri te Antler hoo canes, Th Lemp. nt hich pporbenait a chonges will be dedewmine by ty rubedive weap titades AS and Ab. Scanned with CamScannera) Std omd expbin ty tind tow of Baromscl promise j > from Plonk's atadomant . Sordnopy fo rolid ona liquia approcches zero at Be absolute zeno o derporeduno . : 20 mo Explorations he clita o perfec? onphed heaves, wre orpbiguily at to he Locabion ame! onierdalion coed port 4 te erattel: As te oungy q eral a Pale he vibnodow the indivickal adoms ara reduced! -b noi arn ’ and te ores bh becomes tte sare evengechon. he dhind daw Provides om absolute rraferance ood for te debeoniraton Gs srdropy ad ong otter Aemperodune « She erchne pa 4 a! fosed spten, detormmd neladive + 483 zer0 pint ip Ben ty ahsolude ono py of Hod aysten - Molemabtodly , the absolde errno py 4 ony Ayslem ad zeno en pinodlune B Bs nodurotl oa + He umber f ground Stakes timnsss Bot mann's Consborit, ky = 1 38x 10-23 Jk! Scanned with CamScanneren kobice ; Sho entropy 4 * pofet gt ” defing provided ted is grr Ys w 2 Nernst 4 tKeorurm 2440 , because In(1) +6. 4 te dyrlem ig w cong? ae billion fotos, al ghko ond Lie comp of oe ahr | within he ae } “pif crural, he number ¢ combinations of one. ~ billion Wer tical things dake 1 billion ot oo timo ix 2 2 Menge, S- S, = ky dn DLs bg dn 1 =O | She diffremee 1A zero hance fe ind L antrop 4 S Can he ong eloc-fe a voluo Bo .!- asa al! 7 TT UA er such —cedetafions imalude tat a fs, we Fedo. tk a mesa the initial entropy “ + mo sheted . & = 6 14s on d © menience , Frais ah 8-0 = So =O | I8=0 Scanned with CamScanner[resdice tte Gibbs Duhem eatin dD tn Harmodynomics, te Gibhs- Dishem cqrcdtion esenibes tia relationship beloeey, charges in chemical poterdiel fon cormpononds iy Burmedmars'e aystemn. rT & Nise: =~ SIT + Vdp Where. Nj = Num ber ¢ mobs of component £ Spi = Snffnitesimal mensae tn chemical pokntial fore tbs componeril » a: Erdnaps T= absoldte drmporodune V= Volume pr Pessuns T= Number of diffeert, compontrts im the system . | Shia equation shows Hod in Terre dynamics indensnve | properties one not inde pendent bud raladed, mokivg it a matimoteal 4tademen} f the stole portrtede. Derivation 2 eben vy acres thot Ux) = XUCx) Nhent, X denotes all “eulensive variables of Hee infernal energy Us Se infernal evngy 5 Hay 0 feat oncke Femegonows forctons Ferna IS Scanned with CamScannerows furdion BReopern, Om bre iy homoge” ee faking only valine mmr 3 pera veniabls | poolicles an Ur TS - a entropy sihensre I pvt Zz LAN; jel i me fins | ‘aking tte total difgrontil ° ki T + pl Ni dus Tag + SdT > PSY = Vip + 2h J +S Wide; tel fy Be defivtion of AU to find Fredy , this exp tuion 1 5 . ~ Va aNidu: the Gitb- buben ‘syodion, O- SIT an an Nidp; : = Shey - -8IT + VIP del Scanned with CamScannerr J harvodyra wielly shows thal. (afr /d 1p =-8 He know, G=H-TS —@O H-E+PV “Gs EEPV-TS —@ ai ffrentiodine, dé=dE + py tvdp-TdS~ SAT — From first daw of Rarmodynomien - dy = dE + Pdv ay = and ds= widay = FIL I From eyuedion 3. d&r= day + vdp ~ dey - Sty “dG = vip —sdT —@ At compton! posure. dp =0 “i dGp = SI Tp o (de) 8 —@ [Shouse] t Scanned with CamScanner2016 q N @s) Nhat clo you mean by the deams: | i) trdeopy Ji) Spon 4amwous proses it) Gibby fou orang N Ie) Sonolord entnopa . ; zi) En PE: Aceon ching to Physical concept, “7 PY a Boomodna mie adobe — qpromtily Hak is meanure, of reanclomnaay on, digondernons ¢ dk mokeulos eh 5S pyle» A apartaraous process is oro tod *i) Spondaneowas nocess % ’ vd from He Aunnordg toill occur woitkoud- omy energy imp H wa process ted ll oceun on sy own. Ws) Gibbs fra | crongys 4 Keamodynamie yaontity cyacl to te ' enthalpy (4> sytem on, process) minus ee Ha product tte enbopy ond the | absolade ~emperedune « | $n olin wxond, te Gibbs je enenge isa Harsmody nam | 4 potential Hed com be tree! te caleulade the rmeximur reversible wonk thos. wey be Performed hy a one pelos wh ct a contend — temprrodduxe Predsune- Scanned with CamScannerDB Ston ol ond Srihopy § She slanchnal erteopy i content J, One mok of substance under a sfomdoad Atate (not STP). 4 i alemoled by S° amd hag coils of. joules por mole, La. CS mol=! keV) B® Denive fe vem} Heh syuadian- Phe vend Half eyiation provicks information atoud ‘Ke emperedu dependence of HL eyuilibrive conhnt “te ord Bef cyan may be chtived Jao the Gibbs-Helm holla capnodons chicd gives the tempnachine cepondence of te Gikly jue emengy Pon te standorad Gibbs free evngy te Gikbs Hembolla equator is, (36). = AHS. fs Scbybtatng the expression AG" = -RT Ly kay and diving ba sides by -Rs tte fiest form of ths vent Hoff equation 1s obtained , > [Beebe \.7 4E — From iy foo f Br Vond Myf eqpobion, ce seo tadd 4 consbrnd prusuna.o plot wih Anky om he proves ond Vp on he X= oxis hay om sop gem ‘e ~AW/a Shes is A, nig’ 4 The Le- Chote Lien» Fe Iglu Scanned with CamScanneri one evolved durin tS prnepl: fon Re head absorber! fo chemiend raoction - | endottn nie neofion , “the shoppe 4 mae ~. e te the dempon tune im ensases the eli brian corte ‘tlexfrodod im figura 1 inontaxts , % Srdottinmie Corr loko shpe = ~ AW/R Thow Yr Figcel Typical Vox A endolke mie naoclion Bn om crotkinmic reaction. the slope i posite and Ae os temperature jmensanake, the equilibriven constant 8 yeas, os Illustrated in Figure 2. Edlund ¢ COAL slope = ~ AHYR>O Scanned with CamScannerjf inbeanadec! for of tke Vemtt Hof — equostion vray be J obloinad of convbnd Promune by ruling Fyn 2) by a (WwW ond mbegraling d Ink, = “4 4 Ce) amt = = An’ aye fa (+) + nk, Inky = — A +e) She integral on the night Ade war obtainod abs tering hel the sfamdond molar enthalpy of reaction 14 consdomt oven the. -tewepenecluns Rosnge- Comboiving. the natural dogs + the indegnated from of the vant Hap eqjuation by, [Ko . d . ie hl) gE ef) Final. te additonal Linear om ofthe vont Heth eration — obfalnod stasding frome te radodion AG°= ~ RTL keg, —lv) Solving for He matural dog , Inky, = ~ 4a" —bi) Al oy gieen tenperodure, he change mm Gibbs free energy — may be cani Hen reo th definition of- Gibby for entnyy @ AG?= AH®-TAS—WFernal Scanned with CamScannerSS 1 | Sabsfidering, this relation into ey WS, He inten foon of the -vam’t Hof eyrodion becomes \. ~Ane AS 7 bok, alae > —|vii) this eysodlon —malicadts — te plot cith ey on the Yorks amd Ve on He x- os fay a lope gi by —AN/R and indacept gi bg ASYR, a Mutated in fryer, a. Me lope 4 dracon fon om enclothns o neoction . kK imlnrcept = Asp Alope = ~ANYQ Baw . i ae ‘lope and indleecep? fa om Hoff pet. Scanned with CamScannerJ Pree ted Vee). g is iP > 2017 4) ) (ae), EM De Know Ge d#-TS —O #=E+Pv iG: Erpv-Ts —@ cifprentisting or = dE + Ply + VAMP Tals ~ SIT ~&) Fiom fins) fous of Biromodkynarmios. ty =dE + Pav and dS = 0. T a y= Tas From eajuadtion @- dh -day+vap- dq- SAT | vo dG = vdp-Sdr —@ | AY const ferepnedune - dT =0 (3), mv [Proved] Scanned with CamScanner7 TT | 3j foun mols 4 an feat dee expo al isotrmalty from 1 Iie te 10 betes af 300°K- Gledate \ the charge in fuse amend of the : a Bs1a2K) D nw, ne eg Vi = 7 fitng Vo = 10 tes T= 300K Me Kron Fon volume change AG = 2303 RT tog va 2 = 2303X4 XQ. a;4 x QOO fo 229465 (-1) ~ 22916 5 J (Ans) I tT " Scanned with CamScanner7 ‘ 8) Stade amd explain He send Laur of Hamadyneones JD The second low of harenactynarnss slodes Hoh the total endno pa of or isoloded system com maven decease over tims. Yh total ardao py of a system and ids awuondings cam — Remain constant in ideal cones rhe the system 15 im Hhrmnodyna mic egypt brim, on in uancleng om a revensi bk Process. Sr oll processes - te total erdeopy of the system and it auanondings Inereases ond the process tA inneversible in the Harmod nomic aense. She jnerease in entropy accounts fore He inraversibi lit of nadurol process » oncl_thy Histonically. He second daw was om emphi col finding Hot was acoepted as an oxiom of- Berm dy namie Beony- She second law tors ben expressed in mom x She man Rings in — 4% All forms of erangy com be converted info teat but teat com’? & Converted infty other forms of oat bt val my Process « » Fema Scanned with CamScanner4 Soma. traporderd ‘ and chemical chang %% Lisle d bobs? on, unidin Bravo: ‘ bY Discus Ve eniterio of apordensity 4 charire) ~ cridenia 4 pporderrsow py | NA spontomeous change tbh Ork- 038 mar yy ders . Ra event chang do ocwn, wonk tos, | tins, te » 3 Ree ppordersors change to men footer A Apontemtour raaebion 24 hke Pp on, ving slowly . Soo woped adode( crttoLys ail more Jf te system in rok Im squids ” ira veblh She. cone Hed b vayibibnina a pportoreow ohonge ol xrdinaa tll te system cbfoin, te. in eapuslilerivin ptede, 14 ds, 4\ Once 2 ‘ agsten i : 4 omsous ebange rn a trdingo eng fustten spond gous ¢ ated 'E Lift umdistuibuded - i 2) A apordersous change bs accompanied 4 | Ce irdennol enangy er erttolpy (44) « 5 imoplit., Hot only such — racelivns —aaill occur | hich ory exotic, Bulk the reeling f ice om | Crapounolion f reain wonder orn endo errnio proven decruare wich proces 4) oosoun da Ge = ees Se Scanned with CamScanneri _ + ié~ fookn - A apontortovr reaction ty oniterin of aponterneity of charical reat criteria 4 Apentomsous phepicad BE Discos 4 Sara Important and chemical changes disled belo * )A apontomeous chonae is ome c0rg on, coi dint efiorol be done. Bn revenge change do ocwr, wonk tors do ocr , time 18 & 2) Bao ponderous ohamge . may * dA pee rap" 4 dd. 4 on, wey lowly. Jf Be systor by ref eqquidi bricom stode( omstable). a ppordercouy —ehorge io inavibeb - She obange 2M sordinae Hill the system adfoins Be ated & qf eqpuli brim, equilibninen stoke, 14 lees 4\ Once a ‘ ayer a in vet onduge ong furttar spordforsous chenge mm Atede 't bft undisfribuded - dlecreane 3) A apordersoun change 2 accomparie 4 4 + indernod energy or erttolpy (44): H imeplien tod only auch — raockions — all oceur which am exotemmic, But the reeling $F Fe a eva pouration js wah : * rs ¢ rain ant — endo thearnio process abich procetal sperdorzous ly Scanned with CamScanner. Nhot clo pu Coleulode My free ideal qe sb A portial molar propery oa Hhanemocly namic qyucodiy | wshieh — indicates — ow an extensive propety f « polation on yma bg pordio holon propertien 0 orang chomge in iholhiamad. process for on mixtune yvoes — ei th Chamaes in the molan composi ~tion 4. te mixture at — constond fempradun. ond prassure- Eorentiolly, + is te portial derivative of the extentive property with respect to the ormounh Cour born of rnoles) of te component” mderost - ‘Ereny extensrre prepedy 4 a mxtue tas a connes ponding portiol rooffar propel: BAG in isothirmad process He Know. G= H- TS . He Etev . Gs EtPv- TS —(”) Sper tioding da= JE + Pdv+ velp — Tds - SIT —W From finst Aa Haro dgmeonics - dy =dE + Pav and ds = 1 = vid = Tals Freon cqyuolion (ii) olG= day + velp ~ dey - sd dG = vlp-sdT— @ Scanned with CamScannerfore isotironat change JT=0 “dG = vdP —l¥) vs fl = fra —@ Ne know PV: AT ye RT .v po ; fre pe 1 = | wedG = et | yp Wi) ia uP " FP, =. Gg-G, = RT Ln a P. = RTE 2h AG > AG = nRT Ln & on mols , 5 oe 2303 nRT fog Pal 4 P 1 ge. RY, = PVD fon prosune change volume obama. Scanned with CamScannerExplain ~ & The nol erdnopg of. fhe terivense fends fo ‘mensos” BD fy am inrevensible [process erp elisa incnsases - 0 He clange im ovlnopg in positive. She toll endnop 4 He universe iy continually imonoating.- (Shane bo. steomg consselien) This Stedement is vavally colle te prévciple of oleopy menage. Irreversible on, sporfentous PReCes corn Occur only in teed dinecdion fon cshich ole py 4 The universe on tod ¢ an isolaled syston imereaws. Ghose ProCes¥s com rot ocean im He direction of cleenoaning erdnopy - Aipin. Jot soll energy fo cage solid tt cam Becoms a, liquid: liguids tave mone erdnopy than solids . Png chemical, raaclim Hat ineraanes the numben of qv mmoltetes also —menoares erdeeopy - 4 hood flows ite the dunnen dings (exothermic) the from den notions ft He moberbs in He duntnorclings ‘roennonses- he 4 %, She nel eranop y + fhe universe lends fo inermare Scanned with CamScanneraBHELE / @)s) Wal ch you oro bg Be following terms 9 \ 1) Honk fevetion it) Robabilily \ iit) Free orange iv) tnbelpg \ { | sp 3) Wank fonctions She coonk punetion 5 thy mirimum Haron : wn there = dypemie voonk Cie erungy | nasded ‘fo remove 97 » from 8 outside the solid ‘punhoce . solid toow pod in the vacutiim —jmmidialt *)Rokebilty® Pobabilidy is « rwanura qysontibying Be Gletihood Ha evendy will ocean: Cin ethemacticad genie ‘She Haring marie probability ts eqyral to the—nterrben weds in which a Subrfance mag telat. Shy thurmo mdyromle probabitity 2, mb's te wdrepy & gn 12 Uk = Boltemem’s const _ +) Fra energy 201F'd endl ps A propecty Hanonodynawi¢ Aptom. is cyeel fo tte Pyaitem’s informe gg Pl he product oP idy premurd end — velame, enlkpy is Bike fumclion. St tas dlimandions $ ung ond iy veka 4 deebuminnd entirely by th, femptnadune , presura, Compoti fion of the apten eralunine t by ib history. AD Tbaace die asia | de Heep way yryn ein * shes Scanned with CamScannerDerive the Claasinn~ Clapeynan eeyuacin Liquid ==> Vapour. / Mak swe wee Boao] SoS ts Diffourtating. wail aspect ty T od Comstord (a), dw dp ar -@-) a >@ Heol absortd from sunnondings, AE = L-uy —G) r [Ls Lalent tao vepodie} Substituting @ ond @ im Gibbs Hebrhole equation , N+ AE= T Ss wtLl-w = T (%-~) clas sL-T $e) 3s ae Lt aT TW2=™) $ dP AH gamed fom, GE = aD dp AH 7 re = (ew ee) 0) Vveop aay 2P. AH fom ep} = a Xp JP | _AHXP i eae O Fematos Scanned with CamScanner1 aP AN oP ir py d bog P — ot —™) at Hy Clousiow - Cla person eqpodion From » dlogg? = AH gt wim © lege? = AR dr H Sohagroding on bots sides, [- 7 = Elen Oe + ge -AH 1 On, beg p = xL+e de 2303R = T $k th vepmur_ prasner osteo io : AH byt “ “yagar7, + ¢ @» 29 P= -4u a 1% * Sapo - Cy @> deg BAM + — d P ~ 27307 RT, 2°303 PTp = AW Ge - = yaosn (TT Ta Hy te final Claus rors — Clapeanon equation Scanned with CamScanneree J Coleslade thy entropy change whan hoo moles of nithog at healed from 21% fo 124% at const presnune . (Cp= 29°04 Jmol!) > Hew n=2 op 23°04 Imola! To = @43 4127) k = 400k L =(a7at 27k > 300k j He know td. 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