UNIT - 1

CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

PART – A

1. Given g(n) = 2e −2 π−3 write out & simplify the functions.

(May 2016)
n 
(i)g ( 2 − n ) (ii)g  + 4 
 10 
(i)g ( 2 − n ) = g ( −n + 2 )

Time – Shifting : g ( n=
+ 2 ) 2e (=) −2 π+ 2 − 3
2e −2 π e=
−4 −3
.e 2e −2 π e −7
Time – Reversal:g ( 2 − n ) = g ( −n + 2 ) = 2e 2 π .e −4 .e −3 = 2e 2 π e −7

n 
 g ( 0.1n + 4 )
(ii)g  + 4=
 10 
Time − Shifting :g ( n=
+ 4 ) 2e (=) −2 π+ 4 − 3
2e −2 π e=
−8 −3
e 2e −2 π e −11
Time − Reversal:g ( 0.1n
= + 4 ) 2e −2=
π /10 −8 −3
e e 2e −0.2 π e −11

2. Define signal (May 2015)

A signal is a physical quantity that varies with time, space or any other
independent variable or variables.

3. What is meant by stability of a system? (May 2015)

A system is said to be stable if a bounded input sequence always pro-
duces a bounded output sequence. ∞

∫ h(t) dt < ∞
For an LTI – CT system to be stable, −∞

 t +1
4. Sketch the following signals: rect   ;5ramp ( 0.1t ) (May 2016)
 4 
Solution:-
Given
 t +1
rect   ;5ramp ( 0.1t )
 4 
 t +1
(i)rect  = π ( 0.25t + 0.25 )
 4 
2 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

(ii)5ramp ( 0.1t ) = 5r ( t / 10 )

5. Given x(n) = {1, 2, 3, -4, 6}; Plot the signal x(n-1) (Nov 2015)
X(n-1) is x(n) delayed by one sample i.e, x(n-1) = {0, 1, 2, 3, -4, 6}

6. Define Power signal (Nov 2015)

For a signal x(t) or x(n), if power is finite i.e, 0 < P < ∞ & energy is
infinite i.e., E = ∞; then that signal is called an Power signal.
Signal System
7. Sketch the following signals (a) x(t) = 2t for all t. (b) x(n) = 2n -3 for
all n. (May 2014)
 T -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 2
x(t) = 2t -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

 n -2 -1 -0 1 2
x(n)
= 2n − 3   -7 -5 -3 -1 1

8. Represent x(n) = {1, -4, 3, 1, 5, 2} in terms of weighted shifted im-

pulse functions. (May 2014)
5
x(n) =∑ x(k)δ ( n − k ) =1.δ(n) − 4δ ( n − 1) + 3.δ ( n − 2 ) + 1.δ ( n − 3) + 5.δ ( n − 4 ) + 2.δ ( n − 5)
k =0

9. State the properties of LTI system

Any LTI system is characterized by its impulse response & its behav-
iour is described by its convolution operation. The properties of such
systems are equivalent to the properties of convolution. Apart from
being linear & time-invariant, the convolution is commutative, Asso-
ciative & Distributive

10. Draw the function π(2t +3) when ( )

π t = 1; or t ≤ 1 / 2

0; otherwise

(Nov 2011)
 4 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
11. Determine whether the following signal is energy or power signal.
And calculate its energy or power. x(t) = e −2t u(t)
(Nov 2012)
T ∞
2 1
∫ ∫=
−4t
=E Lim x(t)
= dt e dt
T →∞
−T 0
4
T ∞
1 2 1
T →∞ 2π ∫ T →∞ 2π ∫
= P Lim= x(t) dt Lim
= e −4t dt 0
−T 0

Since Energy is finite & P=0, x(t) is an Energy signal.

12. Check whether the following system is static or dynamic & also
casual or non – casual. Y(n) = x(2n) (Nov
2012)
Since the output y(n) depends on the future input, y(n) = x(2n) is a
dynamic system & also a Non – casual system.

13. Give the mathematical & graphical representation of CT & DT

unit impulse function (Nov 2013)

14. What are the conditions for a system to be LTI system?

(Nov 2013)
For an linear system; T[ax1(t) +bx2(t)] = ay1(t) + by2(t)
For a Time – Invariant system: y(t,T) = y(t-T)
i.e, Response to a shifted input = Shifted or Delayed Response

15. State any 2 properties of unit impulse function. (Nov 2014)

(i) ∫ x(t)δ(t) dt =
x(0)

(ii) ∫ x(t)δ(t − t 0 )dt =x(t 0 )

Signal System
16. Draw the following signals. (i) u(t) – u(t-10) (ii)(1/2)n u(n-1)
(Nov 2014)

n
1
(ii) =
Let x(n)   u(n − 1)
2
0
 11 0
At nn == 0,
At x(0) ==  2  ,, u(0
0, x(0) u(0 − 1) == 1.0
− 1) 1.0 == 00
 2 
1
 11 1  11  11
At=
At= n 1, =
x(1)
n 1, x(1)=  2  ,, u(1 u(1 −
−=
=1)  2 =
1) = .1
.1 2
 2   2  2
2
 11  2  11  11
At=
At nn 2, =
2, x(2) u(2 −
=  2  ,, u(2 −=1) =
.1
= x(2)
 2 
=1)  4 =
.1 44
4
1
 11 13  11  11
At= n 3, x(3)
=
=  12  ,, u(3
u(3 −
−=1)  1 =
.1 & So
So on
881 &
At= n 3, x(3)   =1) =
.1 on
At= =  2  , u(3 −=
n 3, x(3) 1)  88 =
.1 & So on
   
2 8 8

17. Define discrete time unit step & unit impulse functions
(Nov 2014)
6 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
18. Define Energy & Power signals.
For a signal x(t) or x(n), if energy is finite i.e, 0 < E < ∞ & power is
zero i.e, P = 0: then, that signal is called an energy signal.
For a signal x(t) or x(n), if power is finite i.e., 0 < P < ∞ & Energy is
finite i.e., E = ∞; then, that signal is called an Power signal.

19. Find the value of the integral ∫ e −2t f (t + 2) dt (Nov 2015)

∫= ∫ e f (t + 2)dt e
−2t −2t
W.K.T x(t)δ(t − t )dt
0 x(t 0 ) ∴=

at t 2 ∴ ∫ e −2t f (t + 2)dt e −4
=

20. Give the relation between continuous time unit impulse function
f(t), step function u(t) & ramp function r(t). (Nov 2015)
Continuous – time unit impulse and unit step functions:

0, t < 0
u(t) =  , and δ(t) = Lim δ ∆ (t)
1, t > 0 ∆↓ 0

u(t) − u(t − ∆)
Where δ ∆ (t) =
∆
& r(t) = t.u(t)
d
Also,
= r(t) ∫=
u(t)dt t &
= u(t)
dt
r(t)

21. Distinguish between deterministic & random signals (May 2011)

Deterministic signal: A signal is classified as deterministic if it’s a
completely specified function of time EG: x(t) = A cos t
Random or Non – Deterministic signal: A signal is classified as ran-
dom if it takes on values by change according to some probabilistic
model. E.g: EEG signal

22. Verify whether the system y(t) = x(t2) is linear & time – invariant.
(May 2012)
For linear system, T[ax1(t)+bx2(t)] = ay1(t) + by2(t) = ax1(t) +bx2(t)
For Time – Invariant system, y(t,T) = x(t2 – T) & y(t-T) = x[(t-T)2]
Signal System

 6πn 
23. Find the fundamental period of the given
= x(n) sin  + 1
  

(May 2012)
2π 2π 7
=N = m = m m when m = 3 fundamental period N = 7
ω0 ( 6 π / 7 ) 3

24. Check whether the DT signal sin3n is periodic

(May 2013)
2π 2π For any value of m N cannot be an integer.
=N = m m
ω0 3

Hence it is a periodic.
8 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
SIGNALS
Signals divided two types
i) Continuous time signals
ii) Discrete time signals

Continuous Time Signals:

i) Unit step signal
0, t < 0 
u (t) =  
1, t > 0 

u(t) 1

0 t

ii) Unit impulse signal

1, t = 0 
δ(t) =
 
0, otherwise 

t
0

iii) Unit Ramp signal

 t, for t ≥ 0 
( t ) r=
x= (t)  
0, for t < 0 

r(t
)
3
2
1

0
-1 -2 -3 t
 Signal System

iv) Exponential signal → real exponential signal

→ Complex exponential signal
Real exponential signal
x ( t ) = eat a can be + ve or – ve
a=+ve
a=-ve

Rising exponential
Decaying
1 signal
exponential signal 1
0.367 0.367
8 8
1/a t - t
Complex exponential signal
=x ( t ) Ce
= jω0 t
or x ( t ) Ce − jω0 t
C → Complex number

v) Parabolic signal:
t 2 , t > 0
x (t) =  
0, t < 0 

4
0

0 1 2 3
vi) Signum signals:
Sgn
= ( t ) 1, for t < 0
−1, for t < 0
=

1
Sgn(t)
0

-1
10 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
Sinusoidal signal:
Sine signal ∴ x ( t ) = A sin ωt
x ( t ) A cos ωt
=
2π
ω → angular frequency = 2πf =
T
A → Amplitude

T 0 T

T T
1. What is Time shifting, Time reversal and Time scaling?
TRANSFORMATION OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE TIME
’’ Time Shifting
’’ Time Reversal
’’ Time Scaling
Time Shifting:
x ( t − t0 )

if t0 = +ve; e.g x(t-1), x(t-3), x(t-6) etc., then x(t-t0) is a delayed version of
x(t).
if t0 =-ve; e-g x(t+1), x(t+3), x(t+5) etc., then x(t-t0) is an advanced version
of x(t)
Time Reversal:
Signal x(-t) is the time reversed version of x(t), obtained by reflecting x(t)
about t=0
Time Scaling:
x(αt), x(t/α)
Signal x(t) is being scaled by α.
x(αt) = Time t in the x(t) is divided by α
x(t/α) = Time t in x(t) is multiplied by α
Signal System
Note:
i) First perform time shifting
ii) Perform time reversal
iii) Perform time scaling

2. x(t) = 0 for t < 3. Determine the values of a) x(1-t), (b)x(1-t)+x(2-t),

(c)x(1-t)x(2-t), (d)x(3t), (e)x(t/3)
x(t)

x(t)

0 3 ∞ t

Solution:
a) x(1-t)

x ( t ) 
Time
shifting
→ x ( t + 1) 
Time
reversal
→ x ( − t + 1)

x(t+1)

x(t)

0 3 ∞ t

signal is shifting to the left (advanced)

x(-t+1)

-∞ -2 0
12 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
b) x(1-t)+x(2-t)
x ( t ) 
Time
shifting
→ x ( t + 2 ) 
Time
reversal
→ x ( −t + 2)

x(t+2)

x(t)

0 1 ∞ t

x(t+2)

-∞ -1 0
x(1-t)+ x(-t+2)

2
1

-∞ -2 0 -∞ -1 0

2
1

-∞ -2 -1 0

c) x(3t)
x ( t ) 
Scale
by1/3
→

x(t)

∞ t
0 1
Signal System
d) x(t/3)
x ( t ) 
Scale
by 3
→

x(t)

∞ t
0 9

3. Sketch and label the following signals

a) x(t-1), b) x(2-t), c)x(2t+1), d)x(4-t/2) e)[x(t)+x(-t)]u(t) [Nov 2009]
x(t)

-2 -1 0 1
1

Solution:
a) x(t-1) → Time delay → right shift by 1.

-1 0 1 1
2 3

b)x(t+2)
x ( t ) 
Time
shifting
→ x ( t + 2 ) 
Time
reversal
→ x (2 − t)

-3 -2 -1 0 t

-4
14 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
x(-t+2)

2
1
4

0 1 2 3
-1 .
c) x(2t+1)
x ( t ) 
Time
shifting
→ x ( t + 1) 
Time
reversal
→ x ( 2t + 1)

x(t+1)

-3
-2 -1 0 1 t
-1
x(2t+1)

1
-1.50
-1 -0.5 0 0.5
t

 t
d) x  4 − 2 

 −t 
x ( t ) 
Time
shifting
→ x ( t + 4 ) 
Time
reversal
→ x ( − t + 4 ) 
Time
scaling
→ x  + 4
 2 
x(t+4) time advance
Signal System

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 0 t

x(-t+4)
 −t 
x  + 4∴
2 

2
2

1
1
6
12
0 4 6 8 10
0 2 3 4 5

-1 -1

e) [x(t)+x(-t)]u(t)

x(-t)
x(-t)
2
2

-2 2
0 1 0 1
-1 2 -2 -1
-1

x(t)+x(-t) u(t
)
1
1
-2 2
-1 0 1 0 ∞ t
16 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
[x(t)+x(-t)]u(t)

1
2
0 t
1

1, for − 1 ≤ t ≤ 1
x (t) = 
4. For the signal defined as, 0, otherwise
,
 Sketch
the following a) x(2t), b)x(+2-t), c)x(t+1), d)x(t+1)u(t), e)x(t).𝛅(t)
Solution:
x(t)

0 1
-1

a) x(2t): scale by 1/2

-1/2 0 1/
2
b) x(+2-t)
x ( t ) 
Time
shifting
→ x ( t + 2 ) 
Time
reversal
→ x ( −t + 2)

x(+2-
x(t+2) t)
1 1

0 t 1
-3 -2 -1 0 2 3
Signal System
c) x(t+1) time advanced by 1

-2 -1 0 t

d) x(t+1)u(t)

x(t+1)
1 u(t) 1

-1 0 t 0 ..∞
-2

x(t+1)u(t) = 0
e) x(t).δ(t)

1 = x(t).δ(t)
δ(t) ⊥
x(t)

0 1
-1 0

CLASSIFICATION OF CONTINOUS TIME SIGNALS:

’’ Even and odd signals
’’ Periodic and aperiodic signals
’’ Energy and power signal
’’ Deterministic and non deterministic signal
’’ Casual & non casual signals

i) EVEN AND ODD CONTINOUS TIMES SIGNAL

x(t) =Even {x(t)}+Odd{x(t)}
x ( t ) + x ( −t )
Even {x(t)} =
2
x ( t ) − x ( −t )
Odd {x(t)} =
2
18 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
5. Determine even and odd parts of the signal.

1 x(t)

t
0 1 2

Solution:

x(-t) 1

t
-2 -1 0
x ( t ) + x ( −t )
Even {x(t)} =
2
0.5

t
-2 -1 0 1 2
x ( t ) − x ( −t )
Odd {x(t)} =
2

0.5
-2
t
0 1 2
-0.5

-1

6. Determine even and odd parts of the signal

x(t)
1

t
-2 -1 0 1
Signal System
Solution:
x(-t)

∞ -1 0 1 -2

x ( t ) + x ( −t )
Even {x(t)} =
2

-∞ ∞

-2 - 0 1 2
1
x ( t ) − x ( −t )
Odd {x(t)} =
2

0.5

-2 -1
t
1 2 3
-0.5

7. Determine even and part of the signal

x(t)
2

0 1 2 3
20 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
Solution:
x(-t)
2

-3 -2 -1 0

x ( t ) + x ( −t )
Even {x(t)} =
2
1

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 t

x ( t ) − x ( −t )
Odd {x(t)} =
2

0.
-3 -2 -1 5

0 1 2 3 t
-0.5

-1

PERIODIC AND APERIODIC CONTINOUS TIME SIGNAL:

A continuous time signal which repeats itself after a fundamental (fixed)
period of time is called periodic signal. Periodic signal will satisfy the
condition. x(t + T) =x(t) where T is the fundamental period. T should be
the smallest value for which the signal repeats. Note: For a constant DC
signals, the fundamental period is undefined since the DC signal is periodic
for any value of T.
Signal System
A signal x(t) which does not repeat itself for a fixed time is called aperiodic
signal i.e (t+T) ≠ x(t).

8. Determine periodicity & specity the fundamental period x(t)=

je j10t [May 2007]
Solution:
The above signal is a complex exponential signal of the form
x ( t ) = Ce jω0 t
x ( t ) = je j10t
2π
⇒ ω0 = 10, ω0 = 2πf 0 =
T0
2π
10 =
T0
π
T0 =
5
 π
j10  j+ 
x (t + =
T0 ) je
j10 ( t + T0 )
= je  5

= je j10t ⋅ e j2 π jθ
e= cos θ + jsin θ
= je j10t j2 π
e= cos 2π + jsin 2π
= x (t) = 1+ 0
x ( t + T0 ) x ( t ) =
= e 1 j2 π

π
∴ The signal je j10t is periodic with fundamental period .
5
9. Check for periodicity of the signal
x ( t ) = e(
−1+ j) t

= e − t e jt ⇒ e jω0 t
where, e − t − Re al exp signal
e jt − Complex exp signal

Real exp signal does not have fundamental period complex exp signal ejt
has ω0 =1 , 2π / T0 =
1, T0 =2π .
 22 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

x ( t + T0 =
) x ( t + 2π=) e( −1+ j) t

− t −2 π jt j2 π
= e= e e e e j2 π 1
= e − t e −2 π e jt 1
= e(
−1+ j) t −2 π
e
=e −2 π
x (t)
≠ x (t)
∴ x ( t + T0 ) ≠ x ( t )

∴ The signal is an aperiodic signal

x ( t ) 2 cos (10t + 1) − sin ( 4t − 1)

10. Check for periodicity of the signal=

[ May 2016][Nov 2012] [ May2010]
Solution:

x=( t ) x1 ( t ) + x 2 ( t )
x1 ( t ) is of the form A cos ( ω1 t + φ )
x 2 ( t ) is of the form − A sin ( ω2 t + φ )

∴ω1 10 =
= ω2 4
2π 2π
= 10= 4
T1 T2
π π
=∴ T1 =T2
5 2
Note: If ratio if T1/T2 is rational ratio of integers, then the signal x(t) will
be periodic. If ratio of T1/T2 is not rational, then the signal will be aperiodic
T1 π / 5 2
∴ = =
T2 π / 2 5
T1 2
= ⇒ ratio of integers x ( t ) is periodic
T2 5

Total fundamental period T0 is the L.C.M of T1&T2

π π
T0 = L.C.M of ,
5 2
π 10
× = 2
5 π
π 10
× = 5
2 π
 Signal System

10
= π
L.C.M of 2,5=10 10
π
∴ T0 =π

(Or)
T1 2
=
T2 5
∴ T0 = 5T1 = 2T2
π π
=5 × =2 ×
5 2
T0 = π

x(t) is a periodic signal with fundamental period π,Also we can prove

x(t+T0)=x(t)
x(t + π) 2 cos (10 ( t + π ) + 1) − sin ( 4 ( t + π ) − 1)
=
= 2 cos (10t + 1 + 10π ) − sin ( 4t − 1 + 4π )
= 2 cos (10t + 1) − sin ( 4t − 1) cos ( θ + 2kπ=
) cos θ
= x (t) sin ( θ + 2kπ=
) sin θ
x (t)
x(t + T) = k is an integer

  π
11. Determine the periodicity of the signal
= x ( t ) 3cos  4t + 
 3

[May 2015][Nov 2013][May 2010]

Solution:
 π
x(t) is of the from A cos  ω0 t + 
 3

2π π
ω0 = 4,= 4,=
T0
T0 2
24 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

 π   π π
x ( t + + T=
0) xt + =  3cos  4  t +  + 
 2    2 3
 π
= 3cos  4t + 2π + 
 3
 π
= 3cos  4t + 
 3
= x (t)
∴ x ( t + T0 ) =
x (t)

The signal is periodic with π / 2

 π
12. Determine periodicity of signal
= x ( t ) cos 2  2t − 
 3

Solution:
1 + cos 2θ
x ( t ) is not in standard form cos 2 =
2
 π
1 + cos 2  2t − 
 3
x (t) =
2
 2π 
cos  4t − 
1  3 
= +
2 2
½ →constant DC signal with undefined fundamental period(periodic)
1  2π 
cos  4t −  is of the form A cos ( ω0 t + φ )
2  3 
2π π
ω0 4, = 4, =
= T0
T0 2
  π  2π 
cos  4  t +  −
1   2 3 
x ( t + T0 ) = +
2 2
 2π 
cos  ( 4t + 2π ) − 
1  3 
= +
2 2
 2π 
cos  4t − + 2π 
1  3 
= +
2 2
 2π 
cos  4t − 
1  3   2π 
= + =cos 2  4t − 
2 2  3 
= x (t)
 Signal System

π
∴x (t)
is periodic with fundamental period 2

x ( t ) 2u ( t ) + sin t
13. Determine periodicity of the signal =
Solution:
u(t)
1

...∞
-∞ -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 t

2u(t
2 ) sin t
……-∞ ……+ ……

-2π -π 0 π 2π 3π
-∞ -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 ...∞

T0
2 …..∞

-∞ …

2u(t) + sin t =
-2π -π 0 π 2π 3π

u(t) is an aperiodic signal sin t ⇒ A sin ( ω0 t + φ )

2π
ω0 = 1, = 1, T0 = 2π
T0

sin ( t + T=
0) sin ( t + 2π )
= sin t ∴ sin t is periodic signal

x ( t ) 2u ( t ) + sin t is discontinuous at t = 0.
=
Value at t=0 does not repeated at any other point. Hence signal is aperiodic
(non- periodic).
 26 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

14. Determine the periodicity of the signal

= x ( t ) e v {cos 4πt u ( t )}

Solution:
x ( t ) E v {cos 4πt u ( t )}
=
cos 4π u ( t ) + cos ( −4πt ) u ( − t )
=
2
cos 4π u ( t ) + cos ( 4πt ) u ( − t )
=
2
cos 4π
=  u ( t ) + u ( − t ) 
2 
cos 4π 2π 1
; ω0 = 4π, = 4π, T0 = ,
2 T0 2
 Signal System

cos 4πt cos 4πt

= = ×1
2 2
= periodic

cos 4π 1
 u ( t ) + u ( − t )  is periodic with fundamental period T0 =
2 2

x ( t ) e v {sin 4πt u ( t )}
15. Determine periodicity of the signal=
Solution:
x ( t ) e v {sin 4πt u ( t )}
=
sin 4πt u ( t ) − sin ( −4πt ) u ( − t )
=
2
sin 4πt u ( t ) − sin ( 4πt ) u ( − t )
=
2
sin ( 4πt )  u ( t ) − u ( − t ) 
=
2
sin ( 4πt ) 2π 1
ω0 = 4π, = 4π, ∴ T0 =
2 T0 2
1 1  1
sin ( 4π )( t + T=
0) sin ( 4π )  t + 
2 2  2
1
= sin ( 4πt + 2π )
2
1
= sin 4πt
2
 28 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

1 1
sin 4πt is a periodic with T0 =
2 2

 u ( t ) − u ( − t )  is an aperiodic signal because it is discontinuous

sin 4πt
x (t)
=  u ( t ) − u ( − t )  is aperiodic since
2 
It is discontinuous at time t = 0. Values at t = 0 does not repeat at any other
point. Hence the signal is aperiodic (non- periodic).

POWER AND ENERGY SIGNALS:

For a signal x(t),
∞
2
Energy E = ∫ x (t)
−∞
dt

T
1 2
Power P = Lim ∫ x ( t ) dt
T →∞ 2T
−T
 Signal System
i) If a signal is an energy signal, the energy of the signal is finite and power
is zero i.e., 0<E<∞; P = 0.
ii) If a signal is a power signal, the power of the signal is finite energy is
infinite i.e., 0<P<∞; E =∞.
iii) If a signal does not satisfy any of the conditions i), ii), the signal is
neither an energy nor a power signal.

16. Determine whether the signal x ( t ) = e −2t u ( t ) is an energy or power

signal. [May 2008]
Solution;
x ( t ) = e −2t u ( t )
∞
2
E
Energy = ∫ e −2t u ( t ) dt u (=
t ) 1, t ≥ 0
−∞

= 0, otherwise
∞
2
= ∫
−∞
e −2t dt

∞ ∞

∫=
e −4t dt ∫e
−4t
= dt
0 0
∞
e −4t 0 −1 1
= = =
−4 0 −4 4
1
E=
4s
T
1 2
e −2t u ( t ) dt
2π −∫T
Power, P = Lim
T →∞

T
1 2
= Lim
T →∞ ∫
2π − T
e −2t dt

T T
1 1
T →∞ 2π ∫ T →∞ 2π ∫
= Lim
= e −4t dt Lim e −4t dt
0 0
T
1  e −4T 
= Lim  
T →∞ 2T  −4  0

30 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

−1 −4t T
= Lim e 
T →∞ 8T  0

−1 −4T
= Lim e − e0 
T →∞ 8T 

−1 −4T
= Lim  e − 1
T →∞ 8T 

1
= Lim 1 − e −4T 
T →∞ 8T 

1 − e −∞ 1
= =
∞ ∞
Energy is finite E = ¼, and P = 0 ∴ x ( t ) is an energy signal.

17. Determine if x ( t ) = e j( 2t + π / 4) is an energy or power signal

[May 2008]
Solution:
x ( t ) = e j( 2t + π / 4)
∞
2
E= ∫ x (t)
−∞
dt

∞
2
e(
j 2t + π / 4 )
= ∫
−∞
dt

jθ
e= cos θ + jsin θ

= cos 2 θ + sin=
2
θ 1
e(
j 2t + π / 4 )
=1
∞

[ t ]−∞ =
∞
∫ 1⋅ dt
E=
−∞
= ∞

E= ∞
T
1 2
P = Lim ∫ x ( t ) dt
T →∞ 2T − T
T
1 2
= Lim ∫ e j( 2t + π / 4) dt
T →∞ 2T − T
T
1
2T −∫T
= Lim 1 ⋅ dt
T →∞

1 1
[T ]=
T
= Lim Lim × 2T
= 1
T →∞ 2T −T T →∞ 2T

∴ P= 1
 Signal System

Power is finite P = 1 & Energy is infinite E = ∞, ∴ Signal is an Power signal.

18. Determine if x(t) = cos t is an energy or power signal [May 2013]

Solution:
∞ ∞ ∞
2
x ( t ) dt
2
∫= ∫= ∫ cos
2
=E cos t dt t dt
−∞ −∞ −∞
∞
1 + cos 2t 
= ∫ 
−∞
2 dt

1 
∞ ∞
=  ∫ 1.dt + ∫ cos 2t dt 
2  −∞ −∞ 
1  ∞ sin 2t 
∞

= t + 
2  −∞ 2 
−∞ 

1 
∞
sin 2t
= ∞ + 
2  2 
−∞ 

E= ∞
T
1 2
P = Lim ∫ x ( t ) dt
T →∞ 2T − T
T T
1 2 1
2T −∫T T →∞ 4T ∫
= Lim = cos t dt Lim 1 + cos 2t dt
T →∞
−T

1  T sin 2t
 T

Lim t +

T →∞ 4T  − T
−T 
 2
1  sin 2T − sin ( −2T ) 
= Lim  2T + 
T →∞ 4T 2
 
1  sin 2T + sin ( 2T ) 
= Lim  2T + 
T →∞ 4T 2
 
1
= Lim
T →∞ 4T
[ 2T + sin 2T ]
 1 sin 2T 
= Lim  +
T →∞ 2
 4T 
1 sin 2∞ 1
= + = +0
2 ∞ 2
1 1
∴ P= P= ,E = ∞
2 2
∴ it is power signal
 32 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
Note:
’’ All periodic signals are power signals
’’ All non periodic signals are energy signals
’’ RMS values of signals = P

19. Find whether the signal sinwt is energy or power signal. Also de-
termine the rms values
Solution:
x (=
t ) sin ωt
∞ ∞ ∞
2
x ( t ) dt =
2
∫ ∫ ∫ sin
2
E= sin ωt dt = ωt dt
−∞ −∞ −∞
∞ ∞
 1 − cos 2ωt 
=∫ dt = ∫ (1 − cos 2ωt ) dt
−∞ 
2  −∞

1  ∞ sin 2ωt 
∞

= t − 
2  −∞ 2ω 
−∞ 

∴ E=
∞
T
1 2
P = Lim ∫ x ( t ) dt
T →∞ 2T − T
T
1 2

2T −∫T
Lim sin ωt dt
T →∞

1  T sin 2ωt 
T

= Lim t − 
T →∞ 4T  − T 2ω −T 


= Lim
1  ( sin 2ωt − sin ( −2ωt ) ) 
 2T − 
T →∞ 4T  2ω 
1  sin 2ωT 
= Lim  2T −
T →∞ 4T  ω 
 1 sin 2ωt 
= Lim  −
T →∞ 2
 4ωt 
1 sin ∞ 1 1
= − = −0 =
2 ∞ 2 2
1
∴ P=
2
1
P= ,E =
∞ ∴ the signal is power signal
2
 Signal System

1
RMS value = P=
2

A, − T0 ≤ t ≤ T0 
20. Determine if x ( t ) =   is an energy or power signal
0, otherwise 

[May 2007]
Solution:
A

-T0 0 T0

∞ T0
2
x ( t ) dt
2
=E ∫=
−∞ − T0
∫ A dt

T0
T0
∫=
2
= A dt A 2t
− T0
− T0

= A 2 [ T0 − T0 ]
2A 2 T0
∴ E=
T
1 0 2
x ( t ) dt
T0 →∞ 2T ∫
P = Lim
− T0
T
1 0 2 1 T0

T0 →∞ 2T ∫
Lim
= A dt Lim  A 2 t 
T0 →∞ 2T  − T0
0 − T0 0

1
Lim  A 2 T0 − A 2 T0 
T0 →∞ 2T0
0 0
= Lim = = 0
T0 →∞ 2T0 ∞
∴ P=
0
E 2A
= T0 ( finite )
2
and P 0

∴ the signal is energy signal.

34 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
21. What is the average power of the sequence wave shown below

0 η T t
2
-1

Solution:
We infer that the fundamental period of the square wave above is T [0 to T]
T
1 2
x ( t ) dt
T →∞ 2T ∫
∴P =lim
0

1  
T/2 T

∫ ( −1)
2
∫ 1 dt +
2
= lim  dt 
T →∞ 2T
 0 +T/ 2 
1  T/2
t + t T/2 
T
= lim
T →∞ 2T  0 
1 T   T  
= lim  + 0 +  T −   
T →∞ 2T 2
   2  
1  T  T 
= lim +− 
T →∞ 2T  2  2  
1
= lim ×T
T →∞ 2T
1
∴ P=
2

22. What is the energy and power and of the signals

x ( t ) = rect ( t / T0 )
[May 2013]
Solution:
A rect[t/T0] is a rectangular pulse of amplitude A and duration T which is
centered about origin. Rect[t/T0] is a rectangular pulse of amplitude 1 and
duration T0 which is centered about origin.
 −T T
1, ≤t≤ 
=x ( t ) rect
= ( t / T0 )  2 2
0, otherwise 
 Signal System
∞ T0 / 2
2
=E ∫ x ( t=
) dt ∫ 12 ⋅ dt
−∞ − T0 / 2

= [ t ]− T / 2
T0 / 2
0

T T 
=  0 + 0  = T0
2 2
∴ E= T0 ( finite )
T /2 T0 / 2
1 0 2 1
=P Lim ∫
= x ( t ) dt Lim ∫ 1 ⋅ dt
T0 →∞ T T0 →∞ T
0 − T0 / 2 0 − T0 / 2

1 T0 / 2
= Lim [t]
T0 →∞ T0 − T0 / 2
1  T0 T0 
= Lim −
T0 →∞ T0  2 2 
0
= = 0
∞
∴ P=
0
=E T=
0; P 0 the signal is an energy signal.

x ( t ) e jxt cos Ω0 t
23. Determine the power and R.M.S values of signal=
Solution:
T
1 2
P = Lim
T →∞ ∫
2T − T
e jαt cos Ω0 t dt e jα t = 1

T
1
2T −∫T
Lim e 2 jαt cos 2 Ω0 t dt
T →∞

1  1 + cos 2Ω0 t 
= Lim
T →∞ 4T  ∫ 2  dt

T T
1
4T −∫T
= Lim 1 ⋅ dt + Lim ∫ cos 2Ω0 t dt
T →∞ T →∞
−T

1
= Lim [ 2T ]
T →∞ 4T
P =½

1
Rms value = P=
2
36 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS:
Discrete time signals are defined only at discrete times. The
independent variable takes on only discrete values
i) Unit step signal:
1, n ≥ 0 
u (n) =  
0, n ≤ 0 

0 1 2 3 4 n

ii) Unit Impulse signal

1, n = 0 
δ [n ] =
 
0, otherwise 

iii) Ramp signal

n, n ≥ 0 
( n ) r=
x= (n)  
0, otherwise 

0 1 2 3 4
Signal System
iv) Exponential signals
Complex exponential [ n ] = Ca n
C and a can be real or complex numbers
If C & α are real number, → real exponential
If C & α are complex number, → complex exponential
v) Sinusoidal signals
x [ n ] A cos ( ω0 n + φ )
=

x
= [ n ] A sin ( ω0 n + φ )
24. x[n] = 0 for n < -2 and n> 4. Determine a) X[n-3] b)X[n+4] c)X[-4]
d)X[-n-2]

Solution:
X[n]

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
X[n-3] – Time delay signal is satisfied to right by 3 samples

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X[n+4]-Time advanced signal is satisfied to left by 4 samples

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

X[-4]- Times reversal of x[n] about n=0

38 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

Time Time
X[−n − 2] :x[n] →
Shifting
x[n − 2] 
reversal
→ x[−n − 2]

X[n-2]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Time reversal
X[-n-2]

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

25. Sketch the following signals

i) u[n+2]-u[n-3]
ii) u[-n+2], u[n]

Solution:
u[n + 2] − u[n − 3]
Time
u[n] 
shifting
→ u[n + 2]
Time
u[n] 
shifting
→ u[n − 3]

.....∞

0 1 2 3 4 5
Signal System

u[n + 2] → Time advance − shifting to left by samples.

u[n + 2] ⇒

.....∞

-2 -1 0 1 2 3

u[n-3] ⇒

.....∞

+3 4 5 6

u[n+2]-u[n-3]

4 5 6 7
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

.....∞

ii) u[-n+2].u[n]
Time Time
u[n] 
shifting
→ u[n + 2] 
reversal
→ u[−n + 2]

∞.....
.....∞
X u[n]
.....
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 1 2 3

u[-n+2].u[n]

0 1 2
40 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
26. A Discrete time signal shifted is shown x[n] = {-1,-1/2, 1, 1, 1, 1,
1/2} [Nov 2015]
x[n]
1 1 1 1

1/2

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
6
-
-
1/2
1
Sketch a) x[n-4], b) x[3n], c) x[n]u[3-n], d) x[n-2]δ[n-2]
a) x[n-4]- Time delay signal shifted to right by 4 time units
Right shift
x[n]4 by 4
→ x[n − 4]

1 1 1 1

1/2 1/2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

-1 -
1/2
b)x[3n] – time scaled reversion of x[n]
Right shift
x[3n] 
by 1/3
→ x[3n]

1 1 1 1

1/2 1/2

-4/3 -1 -2/3 -1/3 0 1/3 2/3 1

-1 -
1/2
c) x[n]u[3-n]
Time shifting Time
u[n] by 3
 → u[n + 3] 
reversel
→ u[−n + 3]
Signal System

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
u[n+3]
u[n .....∞
....
]
∞
.....
0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

1 1 1 1 1
u[-n+3]
∞.....

.....
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

x[n] × u[3-n]
1 1 1 1
1/2 1/2

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

u[n+3]

x × u[3-n]
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
∞.....

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
6
x[n] × u[3-n]
1 1 1 1
1/2 1/2

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
 42 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
d) x[n-2]δ[n-2]
Right shift
x[n] by2
→ x[n − 2]

1 1 1 1
1/2 1/2

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Right shift
δ[n] by2
→ δ[n − 2]

1
1 Right shifting by =2

2
0

x[n-2]δ[n-2]
1

CLASSIFICATION OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

’’ Even & odd
’’ Periodic & non periodic
’’ Energy & power
’’ Random & deterministic
’’ Causal & Non causal

Even /odd Discrete time signals:

x [ n ] + x [ −n ]
Even {x [ n ]} =
2
x [ n ] − x [ −n ]
Odd {x [ n ]} =
2
=x[n] Even {x [ n ]} + Odd {x [ n ]}
Signal System
27. Determine & sketch odd even parts of signal x[n]
111 1

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 123
-∞

-1 - 1 -1 -1

Solution:
x[-n] =
111 1

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 123
-∞

-1 - 1 -1 -1
x [ n ] + x[−n]
Even {x ( n )} =
2
x[n]+x[-n]
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
...... ∞
∞.......

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
∞....... 2
...... ∞
-1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

x [ n ] + x [ −n ]
2
Therefore, Even {x ( n )} =δ[n]

x [ n ] − x [ −n ]
Odd {x [ n ]} =
2
44 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
x[n]+x[-n]
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
...... ∞
∞.......

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
∞....... ...... ∞

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 1
...... ∞

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
∞.......

-1 -1 -1

x [ n ] − x [ −n ]
Odd {x [ n ]} =
2

28. Determine & sketch even & odd parts of the signal x[n] [Nov 2014]
X[n]
1 2 3
1

-4 -3 0-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n→

Solution:
3 2 1

X[-n] 1

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n→

x [ n ] + x [ −n ]
Even {x ( n )} 2
=
Signal System

1/2 1 2 1 1/2

-1/2
1/2

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 0-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n→
x [ n ] − x [ −n ]
Odd {x [ n ]} =
2

1/2 1

1/2

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 0-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n→
-1/2 -1 -
1/2
∞
29. Show that if x1[n] is an odd signal, then ∑ X [n ] = 0
n = −∞
Proof:
∞

∑ X [ n=]
n = −∞
X [ −∞ ] + X [ − N ] + X  − ( N − 1)  + .....X [ 0]

+...X ( N − 1)  + X [ N ]
For an odd signal,
 X [ 0] = 0 
 
 X [ −n ] = −X [ n ] 

∞

∑ X [n] =
n = −∞
−X [ −∞ ] + .... −X [ N ] + ... − X ( N − 1)  + ...0

+... + X ( N − 1)  + X [ N ] + .. X [ ∞ ]
=0

30. Show that if x1[n] is an odd signal & x2[n] is an even signal , then x1
[n]x2[n] is an a odd signal.
Proof:
X1 [ n ] → odd signal
X1 [ − n ] =− X1 [ n ] ...1
X 2 [ n ] → even signal
X 2 [ −n ] =
X 2 [ n ] ...2
46 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

1× 2,
−X1 [ n ] X 2 [ n ] =X1 [ − n ] X 2 [ − n ]
− X12 [ n ] =X12 [ −n ]
i.e X12 [ −n ] =−X12 [ n ]
∴ X12 [ n ] i.e X1 [ n ] X 2 [ n ] is an odd signal.

31. Let x[n] be an arbitrary signal withy even & odd parts denoted by

Xe [n ] Ev
= {X [ n ]} and X0 [ n ] odd {X [ n ]} show that
∞ ∞ ∞

∑ x 2 [n]
=
n = −∞
∑x
n = −∞
e
2
[n] + ∑x
n = −∞
o
2
[n]

Proof:
2 2
∞ ∞  x ( n ) + x ( −n ) 
∞
( ) ( )
∞  x n − x −n 

∑ x e [n] + ∑
2
= x o [n] ∑  2

n = −∞  2
 +∑
2

n = −∞ n = −∞  n = −∞  
1 ∞ 1 ∞
∑ ( x [ n ] + x [ − n ]) + ∑ ( x [ n ] − x [ − n ])
2 2
=
4 n = −∞ 4 n = −∞

1 ∞ ( x ( n ) ) + ( x [ −n ]) + 2x [ n ] x [ −n ] + ( x ( n ) ) 
 2 2 2

= ∑
4 n = −∞  + ( x ( −n ) )2 − 2x [ n ] x [ −n ] 
 
1 ∞
= ∑ ( 2x [ n ] + 2x [ −n ])
4 n = −∞
2 2

1 ∞
= ∑ 4x 2 [ n ]
4 n = −∞
∞
= ∑ x [n ]
n = −∞
2

∞ ∞ ∞

∑x
n = −∞
e
2
[n] + ∑x
n = −∞
o
2
[n] = ∑ x [n ]
n = −∞
2

ENERGY AND POWER DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS:

∞

∑ x [n ]
2
Energy E =
n = −∞

1 N

∑
2
Power P = Lim x (n)
N →∞ 2N + 1 n = − N
RMS value of a signal = P
Signal System
Important formula s:
1) Infinite sum formula 1:
∞
1
=∑ αn 1− α
, where α < 1
n =0

2) Infinite sum formula 2:

∞
α
∑α n
=
(1 − α )
2
n =0

3) Finite sum formula
N −1
 N, α =1
 
∑ n
α =1 − α Ν

, α ≠ 1
n =0 
 1− α 

n
1
32. Determine if x[n] =   u[n] is an energy or power signal
2
[May 2016][Nov 2013]
Solution:
n
1
x [n ] =   u [n ]
2
n 2
∞
1
Energy E = ∑   u [n]
n = −∞ 2
n 2
∞
1
=∑ 
n =0  2 

n n
∞
1 ∞
1
=
=
∑=  
4
n 0=
∑  
n 0 4 

∞
1
W.K.T =
n =0
∑α = 1 −
n

α
, where α < 1

1 4
∴ E= =
1 3
1−  
4
1 N

∑ x [n]
2
Power P = Lim
N →∞ 2N + 1 n = − N
n 2
1 N
1
= Lim
N →∞ 2N + 1
∑   u [n]
n= −N  2 
 48 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

n 2
1 N
1
= Lim
N →∞
∑  
2N + 1 n = 0  2 
n
1 N
1
= Lim
N →∞
∑  
2N + 1 n = 0  4 
N +1
1
1−  
1 4
= Lim ×  
N →∞ 2N + 1 1
1−  
4
4 / 3−0
= Lim
N →∞ 2N + 1

P=0
4
∴=E ; = P 0
3
Energy is finite & Power is zero. ∴ the signal is energy Signal.
 π π
j + 
33. Determine of x[n] = e  2n 8
is an energy or power signals
Solution:
2
∞ ∞  π π
j + 
∑ x [n ] ∑
2
=E = e  2n 8

n −∞ n = −∞

jθ
e= cos θ + jsin θ
e jθ
= cos 2 θ + jsin
= 2
θ 1
 π π
j + 
e  2n8
=1

∞ ∞
∴ E= ∑ 1 = ∑ 1⋅ n
n −∞ n −∞
0

E= ∞

1 N

∑ x (n)
2
P = Lim
N →∞ 2N + 1 n = − N
2
 π π
1 N j + 
= Lim
N →∞
∑ e  2n 8 
2N + 1 n = − N
1 N
Lim ∑
2N + 1 n = − N
N →∞
1⋅ n 0

1
= Lim × 2N + 1
N →∞ 2N + 1

=1
∴P = 1

E is infinite & power is finite. Hence, signal is power signal.

 Signal System
π 
34. Check if x [ n ] = cos  n  an energy or power signal is
4 
Solution:
2
∞ ∞
π 
∑ ∑
2
=E = x (n) cos  n 
n = −∞ n = −∞ 4 
π
∞ 1 + cos n
2π 
∞
2
∑  4  n∑
=
n = −∞
cos n
= −∞ 2
π
∞ cos n
∞
1 0 2
= ∑ ⋅n + ∑
n = −∞ 2 n = −∞ 2
n
∞ cos π
= ∞+ ∑ 2
n = −∞ 2
E= ∞

1 N
P = 1 Lim ∑
2
N x (n) 2
P= 2N + 1 Lim n∑
N →∞
= −N x (n )
2N + 1 N →∞ nN= − N 2
1 nπ
= 1 Lim ∑ N cos
nπ
2

= 2N + 1 Lim n∑ = − N cos 4
N →∞

2N1+ 1 N →∞ n =N− N 4
2 nπ
= 1 Lim ∑ N cos
2 n4π
= 2N + 1 Lim n∑
N →∞
= − N cos
2N + 1 N →∞ n = − N  4 nπ 
N 1 + cos
1  n2π 
= 1 Lim ∑ N 1 + cos
= 2N + 1 Lim n∑
N →∞
= −N  2 2 
2N + 1 N →∞ n = − N  2 
   nπ 
cos
1  N
1 N
n2π 
1 Lim  ∑ N
1 + ∑ N cos 
2N + 1 Lim n = −N 2 + n= 22
N →∞

2N + 1 N →∞  n =
∑ −N 2
∑
n=
−N
−N 2 

 cos nπ 
1  1 N
cos2nπ 
1 Lim  1 ( 2N + 1) + ∑ N 
2N + 1 Lim 2 ( 2N + 1) + n = − N 2
N →∞

2N + 1 N →∞  2
 ∑
n= −N 2 

  nπ
N cos
1 1 1 n2π
= Lim 1 × 1 × 2N + 1 + 1 Lim ∑ N cos
N →∞ 2N + 1
= Lim × 2 × 2N + 1 + 2N + 1 Lim n∑
n →∞
= −N 22
N →∞ 2N
N +1 2 2N + 1 n →∞ 2
nπ n = − N
∑N cos
1 = − N cos 2 n π
= 1 + n∑
2
= 2 + n= −N ∞
2
1 ∞
= 1 +0
  
nπ
N cos
1 1 1
50 = Lim
N →∞ 2N + 1
× × 2N + 1 + UnitLim
2
Wise∑Solved2 Question Papers
2N + 1 n →∞ n = − N 2
N
nπ
∑ cos
1 n= −N 2
= +
2 ∞
1
= +0
2
1
P=
2
Energy is infinite & power is finite. Hence it is a power signal.

Extra problem on energy & power signals:

Note : Power of a sinusoidal signa

x ( t ) A cos ( Ω0 t + φ ) or =
= x ( t ) A sin ( Ω0 t + φ ) A2
l is P =
2

A
r.m.s values = P=
2

35. Determine power and r.m.s values of the signal

 π  π
=x ( t ) 10sin  50t +  + 16 cos 100t + 
 4  3  . [ May 2016]

Solution:
102 162
P
= +
2 2
P = 178 W
r.m.s = 178
r.m.s = 13.34

36. Sketch the signal u[t]-u[t-15] and calculate the energy

Solution:
u(t) u(t-15)

1 1
....∞ ....∞

0 t 0 15 t

u(t) - u(t-15)
 1 1
....∞ ....∞

Signal System t 0 t
0 15

u(t) - u(t-15)

1 ....∞

0 15 t

∞
2
E= ∫ x (t)
−∞
dt

15 15
15
= ∫ 1=
0
dt ∫=
dt
0
t0 0

E = 15 joules

37. Sketch the signal r(t) – r(t-2) and calculate the energy & power.
[Nov 2016][Nov 2011]
Solution:

r(t-2)
r(t)
3
3
2
2
1
1
2 3 4 5
1 2 3

r(t) – r(t-2)

1 2 3
 52 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
∞ 2 ∞
2
∫ x (=
t ) dt ∫=
t dt ∫ 2 dt
2
=E
−∞ 0 2

2 ∞ 3 2
t
+ [ 4t ]2
∞
=∫ t 2 dt + ∫ 4dt =
0 2
3 0

E= ∞
T
1 2
x ( t ) dt
2T −∫T
P = Lim
T →∞

2 T
1 2
( t ) dt + ∫ 2 dt
2

2T ∫0
Lim
T →∞
2

1  t 3  
2

  + ( 4t )2 
T
Lim
T →∞ 2T
 3 0 
1 8 
= Lim + 4T − 8
T →∞ 2T  3
 
1  8 
= Lim 2−
2T 
T →∞ 3T 
8
= 2−
0
∴ P= 2

E is infinite & power is infinite power signal.

PERIODIC / APERIODIC DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS:

A discrete time signal is periodic if and only if x[n] =x[n-N] for all n,
consider

x[n] A sin ( ω0 n + φ )
= ...1
+ N ] A sin ( ω0 ( n + N ) + φ )
x [n =
= A sin ( ω0 n + φ + ω0 N ) ...2
1 =2if ω0 N =2πm
m
ω0 = 2π
N
m
N = 2π
ω0

For a discrete time signal to be periodic, the fundamental frequency ω0

must be a relational multiple of 2π. The smallest value of positive integer,
N, for some integer m is the fundamental period.
Signal System

[ n ] cos ( 2πn )
38. Check for periodic of the signal x=
[May 2014]
Solution:
w0 = 2π
m
N = 2π
ω0

m
= 2π×
2π
N=m
The smallest integer m for N to be an integer, is m = 1, N = 1\Signal is
periodic.
Also, x[n+N] = cos (2π(n+1))
= cos (2πn+2π)
= cos 2πn = x[n]
3π  1
j  n +10 + 
39. Check for periodic of the signal x [ n ] = e 5  2
[May 2011]
Solution:

3π
ω0 =
5
m
N = 2π
w0
5
= 2π ⋅ m ⋅
3π
10
N= m
3
m = 3 is the smallest integer values for which N is as integer

10
N
= ×3
3
N = 10
x[n] is periodic with fundamental period N=10
3π  1
Also, x[n+N] = x[n+10] = j  n +10 + 
e 5 2
 54 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
3π  1  3π
j n+  j (10 )
=e 5  2
e 5

3π  1 

( e j6π 1)
j n+ 
5  2  j6 π
= e= e
3π  1 
j n+ 
=e 5  2

= x [n ]

2π 3π
j n j n
[n ] e
40. Check for periodicity of signal x= 3
+e 4
[Nov 2014]
Solution:

2π 3π
=ω1 =ω2
3 4
m m
N1 =
2π 1 N2 =
2π 2
ω1 ω2
8
N1 3m,
= N2 m2
3
m1 1=m2 3
N1 3=N2 8

For signal to the periodic, ratio of N1/N2 should be rational (ratio of integers)

N1 3
=
N2 8

Fundamental period N is L.C.M of N1 , N2

N = L.C.M ( N1 , N 2 )
= L.C.M ( 3,8 )
N = 24 ( or )
N 3N
= = 2 8N1
N = 24
 Signal System
41. Check for periodicity of signal x[n]=12cos (20n)
Solution:

ω0 =20
m
N = 2π ⋅
ω0
m
= 2π ⋅
20
π
N
= ⋅m
10
There is no integer value of m for N to be an integer. ∴ Signal x[n] is not
a periodic signal.

42. Check for periodicity of signal x[n] =

1 + e j4 πn / 7 − e j2 πn /5

Solution:

4π 2π
=ω1 , = ω2
7 5
m1 m
N1 = 2π ⋅ N 2 = 2π ⋅ 2
ω1 ω2
m1 m2
N1 = 2π N 2 = 2π ⋅
4π 2π
7 5
7
N1 = ⋅ m1 N1 = 5 m2
2
=For m1 2,= For m 2 1
N1 7=N2 5
N1 7
∴ =
N2 5

N1
is a ratio integers.
N2

Fundamental period, N = L.C.M (N1,N2)

= L.C.M ( 7,5 )
N = 35
x[n] is periodic with fundamental period N = 35.
56 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
SYSTEM:
A system is defined as a physical device that generators a response or
output signal, for a given input signal.
’’ Continuous time signal system
’’ Discrete time system

Continuous time system:

x(t)
y(t)
h(t)

y ( t ) =x ( t ) × h ( t ) → Convolution

x(t) → input signal

y(t) → output signal
h(t) = → o/p response the system when impulse signal, impulse response
δ(t) is the input.

Discrete time system

y [n ] =
x [n ] × h [n ] → convolution
x [ n ] → input signal
y [ n ] → output signal

h[n] → o/p response of the system when impulse (impulse response)

signal, δ[n] is the input.

CLASSIFICATION OR PROPERTIES OF SYSTEM:

Causal and non-causal system [Causality property]
Linear and non linear system [Linearity property]
Time invariant and Time variant [Time invariance property]
Stable and Unstable system [Stability property]
Static and dynamic system [Memory]

Causal and Non – causal system

A causal system is one for which the output at any time t depends on
present and past inputs but not on future input. Causal system is also called
non anticipative system.
 Signal System
A non causal system is one whose output depends on future values.

43. Check whether the following system are causal or non causal.
[Nov 2012]
Check for three condition,
i) +ve values of t, ii) –ve values of t, iii) t = 0
i) y(t) = x(t)+x(t - 1)
t = 0; y(0) = x(0) + x(-1)
t = 1; y(1) = x(1) + x(0)
t = -1; y(-1) = x(-1) + x(-2)
o/p y(t) depends on present and past values of x(t) but not on future values.
System is causal system.
ii) y[n] = x[2n]
n=0; y[0] = x[0]
n=1; y[1] = x[2]
o/p y[n] depends on future values of x[n]. The system is non causal system.
iii) y(t) =x(t+3) + x2(t)
t=0; y(0) = x(3) + [x (0)]2
t=0; y(0) = x(3) + [x (0)]2
o/p y(t) depends on future values of x(t) ∴ system is causal.

1
[n ]
iv) y= x [n ] +
x[n − 1]
1
=n 0; [ 0]
y= x [ 0] +
x[−1]
1
n = 1; y [ −1] = x [ −1] +
x[−2]
1
n= −1 y [1] = x [1] +
x[0]

o/p y(n) depends on present and past values of x(n) System is causal system.
 58 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

v) y ( t )= x 2 ( t ) + x ( t − 2 )

( x ( 0 ) ) + x ( −2 )
2
=t 0; ( 0)
y=

(1) ( x (1) ) + x ( −1)

2
=t 1; y=

y ( −1) = ( x ( −1) ) + x ( −3)

2
t = 1;

o/p y(t) depends on present and past values of x(t) System is causal system

∞
vi) y ( t=
) ∫ x ( τ ) dτ
−∞
0
t 0;
= y ( 0=
) ∫ x ( τ ) dτ
−∞

y ( 0=
) x ( −∞ ) + ....x ( −1) + x ( 0 )
z
t 1;
= y (1=
) ∫ x ( τ ) dτ
−∞

y (1=
) x ( −∞ ) + ....x ( −1) + x ( 0 ) + x (1) + x ( z )
o/p y[t] depends on future values of x[t]. The system is non causal system.

vii) y ( n=
) x ( −n )
=n 0;=
y[0] x[0]
n= 1; y[1]= x[−1]
n =−1; y[−1] =x[1]

o/p y[t] depends on future values of x[t]. The system is non causal system

Linear and Non linear system

If the output o0btained due to weighted (scaled) sum of inputs is equal to
the weight sum of output, the system is linear. Otherwise, system is non-
linear.

44. Check the linearity of the following system. [May 2016][Nov 2015]

i)y(t) = t x ( t )
If i / p is x1 ( t ) , o / p y1 ( t ) = t x1 ( t )
ay1 ( t ) = at x1 ( t )
If i / p is x 2 ( t ) , o / p y 2 ( t ) = t x 2 ( t )
b y2 ( t ) = b t x 2 ( t )
 Signal System
∴ weighted sum of outputs

a y1 ( t ) + b y 2 ( t ) = a t x1 ( t ) + b t x 2 ( t ) ...1
x ( t ) ax1 ( t ) + bx 2 ( t )
Let= [ weighted sum of i / p 's]
∴ o/p due to weighted sum of i/p’s is

y(t) = t x (t)
= t a x1 ( t ) + b x 2 ( t ) 
y ( t ) a t x1 ( t ) + b t x 2 ( t )
= ...2

1 = 2 ∴ this system is linear.

ii) y(t) = x2 (t) [Nov 2012]
If i/p is x1(t), o/p y1(t)=x12(t)
ay1(t)=ax21(t)
If i/p is x2(t), o/p y2(t)=x22(t)
by2(t)=bx22(t)
∴ weighted sum of o/p is
ay1(t)+ by2(t) = ax21(t) + bx22(t) ..1
Let x(t) =[a x1(t)+bx2(t)]
o/p due to weighted sum of i/p’s is
y(t) =[a x1(t)+bx2(t)]2 ..2
y(t)≠ ay1(t)+ by2(t)
∴ system is non – linear.

dy ( t )
iii) + 3ty ( t ) =
t2x ( t )
dt
dy1 ( t )
If i/p is x1(t), o/p + 3ty1 ( t ) =
t 2 x1 ( t )
dt

If i/p is x2(t), o/p dy 2 ( t ) + 3ty ( t ) =

t2x2 ( t )
2
dt

dy ( t )
Let + 3ty1 ( t ) =
y1 ( t )
dt
60 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

dy 2 ( t )
+ 3ty 2 ( t ) =
y2 ( t )
dt
Weighted sum of o/p’s

ay1 ( t ) + by 2 ( t ) = at 2 x 1 ( t ) + bt 2 x 2 ( t ) ...1

x(t) ay1 ( t ) + by 2 ( t ) [ weighted sum of i / p 's ]

Let=

o/p due to weighted sum of i/p’s is

dy ( t )
+ 3ty ( t ) =
t2x ( t )
dt
y ( t ) t 2 ax1 ( t ) + bx 2 ( t ) 
=
y ( t ) at 2 x1 ( t ) + bt 2 x 2 ( t )
= ...2
∴y ( t )= ay1 ( t ) + by 2 ( t )
1 = 2 system is linear.

iv) y(t)= e x ( t ) [May 2014]

If i/p is x1(t), o/p y1(t) = e x ( t ) 1

ay1 ( t ) = ae
x1 ( t )

(t)
If i/p is x2(t), o/p y1(t) = e x 2

by1 ( t ) = be
x2 ( t )

Weighted sum of o/p’s

ay1 ( t ) + by 2 ( t ) =ae
x1 ( t ) x2 ( t )
+ be ...1

Let x(t) = ax1(t)+bx2(t) [weighted] sum of i/p’s is
y(t) = ex(t) = eax1(t)+bx2(t)
y(t) ≠ay1(t)+ by2(t)
∴ system is non linear.
Signal System
∞

v) y ( t=
) ∫ x ( τ ) dτ
−∞

∞
If i / p is x1 ( τ ) , y1 ( =
t) ∫ x ( τ ) dτ
1
−∞
t

( t ) a ∫ x1 ( τ )dτ
ay1=
−∞
t
If i / p is x 2 ( τ ) , y 2 (=
t) ∫ x ( τ ) dτ
2
−∞
t

( t ) a ∫ x 2 ( τ )dτ
ay 2=
−∞

Weighted sum of o/p’s,

t t
ay1 ( t ) + by 2=
( t ) a ∫ x1 ( τ )dτ + b ∫ x 2 ( τ )dτ
−∞ −∞

Let x ( τ=
) ax1 ( τ ) + bx 2 ( τ ) [ weighted sum of i / p 's]
o / p due to weighted sum of i / p 's

t
y(t)
= ∫ ax ( τ ) + bx ( τ )dτ
1 2
−∞
t t
= ∫ ax ( τ ) dτ + ∫ b x ( τ ) dτ
−∞
1
−∞
2 ...2

y ( t ) ay1 ( t ) + by 2 ( t )
=

∴ System is Linear.

dy ( t )
vi) + 2y ( t ) =
x2 ( t )
dt
dy1 ( t )
For i / p x1 ( t ) , + 2y1 ( t ) =
x12 ( t )
dt
dy 2 ( t )
For i / p x 2 ( t ) , + 2y 2 ( t ) =
x 22 ( t )
dt
62 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

dy1 ( t )
Let, + 2y1 ( t ) =
y1 ( t )
dt
dy 2 ( t )
+ 2y 2 ( t ) =
y2 ( t )
dt
Weighted sum of o / p 's
ay1 ( t ) + by 2 ( t ) = ax12 ( t ) + bx 2 2 ( t ) ...1

x ( t ) ax1 ( t ) + bx 2 ( t )
If= ( weighted sum of i / p 's )
o / p due to weighted sum of i / p 's
dy ( t ) 2
+ 2y ( t ) = ax1 ( t ) + bx 2 ( t ) 
dt
y ( t ) = a 2 x12 ( t ) + b 2 x 22 ( t ) + 2abx1 ( t ) x 2 ( t ) ...2

∴ system is non –linear.

1
y [ n ] 2x [ n ] +
vii)=
x [ n − 1]
1
y1 [ n ] 2x1 [ n ] +
If i / p is x1[n], =
x1 [ n − 1]
a
ay1 [ n ] 2ax1 [ n ] +
=
x1 [ n − 1]

y 2 [ n ] 2x 2 [ n ] +
If i / p is x 2 [n], =
x [ n 1]

by 2 [ n ] 2bx 2 [ n ] +
=
x [ n 1]
weighted sum of o / p 's
a b
ay1 [ n ] + by 2 [ n ] = 2ax1 [ n ] + + 2bx 2 [ n ] + ...1
x1 [ n − 1] x 2 [ n − 1]

x [ n −=
1] ax1 [ n − 1] + bx 2 [ n − 1]

o/p due to weighted sum of i/p’s is

1
y [ n ] =2 × [ n ] +
x [ n − 1]
1
= 2 ax1 [ n ] + bx 2 [ n ] + ...2
ax1 [ n − 1] + bx 2 [ n − 1]
 Signal System
\y[n]≠ a y1[n]+by2[n]
\System is non linear.

TIME VARIANT /TIME INVARIANT SYSTEM:

A system is said to be time invariant if a time shift in an input
signal result in identical time shift in o/p signal.

45. Check if the following s/m’s are time variant or time invariant
i) y(t) = sin[x(t)] [Nov 2013]
Let the i/p signal x(t) be shifted by t0
x ( t ) 
Time shifting
by t 0
→ x ( t − t0 )

x(t-t0) is the time shifting version x(t) o/p obtained due to the shifted
version of x(t) is
y1 ( t ) sin  x ( t − t 0 ) 
= ...1

o/p obtained by directly shifted the o/p by to time units,

y 2 ( t ) = y ( t − t 0 ) = sin  x ( t − t 0 )  ...2
y1 ( t ) = y 2 ( t )
∴system is Time invarient

ii) y[n] = n x[n]

x ( n ) 
Time shifting
by n 0
→ x ( n − n0 )

x[n-n0] is the time shifting version of x[n] o/p obtained due to x[n-n0],
[ n ] nx [ n − n 0 ]
y1= ...1

o/p obtained by directly shifting the o/p by to time units is

y2 [n ] =
( n − n0 ) x [n − n0 ] ...2

1≠ 2 ∴ the system is time invariant

iii) y[n] = x[n]+ nx [n-1] [May 2014][May 2011]
x ( n ) 
→ x ( n − n0 )
Time shifting
by n 0

x[n-n0] is the time shifting version of x[n] o/p obtained due to x[n-n0],
y1 [ n ] = x [ n − n 0 ] + nx[n − n 0 − 1] ...1

o/p obtained by directly shifting the o/p by n0 time units,

64 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

y 2 [n] = y[n − n 0 ] = x[n − n 0 ] + ( n − n 0 ) x [ n − n 0 − 1] ...2

y1 [ n ] ≠ y 2 [ n ]

∴ system is time variant.

iv) y[n] = x[-n]
x ( n ) 
Time shifting
by n 0
→ x ( n − n0 )

x[n-n0] is the time shifting version of x[n] o/p obtained due to x[-n-n0],
y1 [ n ] = x [ − n − n 0 ] ...1

o/p obtained by directly shifting the o/p by n0 time units,

y 2 [ n ] = y ( n − n 0 ) = x  − ( n − n 0 ) 
= x [ −n + n 0 ] ...2

y1 [ n ] ≠ y 2 [ n ]

∴ system is time variant.

STATIC /DYNAMIC SYSTEM:

A system is said to be memory less/static if its o/p for each values
at a given time is dependent only non the i/p at that time.
A system is said to have memory / dynamic if the o/p for each
values at a given a me us department only on the past or future values of
input

46. Check if the following system’s are the static or dynamic

( 2x [ n ] − x [ n ])
2
y [n ]
i)= 2

y [1] ( 2x [1] − x [1]) 2 2

=

Also, for any values of −∞ ≤ n ≤ ∞, the output y[n] depends only on present
values of x[n]. Hence the system is Static.
∞
ii) y [ n ] = ∑ x [k ]
k = −∞

= x [ −∞ ] + ... + x [ −10] + ....x [ 0] + ...x [ n ]

For any value of −∞ ≤ n ≤ ∞, the o/p y[n] depends on past values & present
values of x[n]. Hence the system is Dynamic.
Signal System

iii) y [=
n ] x [ n − 1]
−1, y [ −1] , x [ −2]
n=

For all values of n, o/p y[n] depends on past values x[n]

System is dynamic.
STABILITY:
An i/p signals x(t) is said to be bounded if it satisfied the condition
x ( t ) ≤ µx ≤ ∞
or
−µ x < x ( t ) < µ x where, −∞ < µ x < ∞

An o/p signal y(t) is said to be bounded if it satisfied the condition

y ( t ) ≤ µy ≤ ∞

A system is said to be BIBO stable (Bounded i/p Bounded o/p) if and only
if every bounded i/p produce a bounded o/p.

47. Check for stability of following system. [Nov 2015]

i) y(t) =t x(t)
Let x ( t ) be bounded i / p
i.e − µ x < x ( t ) < µ x
x ( t ) > µx
∴ o / p y(t),
− tµ x < y ( t ) < tµ x

As t → ∞, y ( t ) → ∞ i.e o/p is unbounded. Bounded input result in

unbounded o/p. Hence system is Stable.
ii) y ( t ) = e x ( t )
Let x ( t ) be bounded i / p
x ( t ) > µx
∴o / p y ( t ) ,
[May 2014]
eµx < y ( t ) < e −µx

When µ x i s finite , eµ , e −µ is also finite i.e o/p y(t) is bounded.

x x

∴ system is Stable.
66 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
48. Check whether the following system are static /dynamic; linear/
non-linear; causal /non causal , time invariant /time variant, stable
/unstable. [Nov 2012]
y(t) = odd {x(t)}
Solution:
x ( t ) − x ( −t )
y(t) =
2
i) o/p y(t) depends on past values & present values ∴ the system is dynamic.
ii) For i / p x1 ( t ) ,
x1 ( t ) − x1 ( t )
y(t) =
2
For i / p x 2 ( t ) ,
x2 ( t ) − x2 ( t )
y2 ( t ) =
2
weighted sum of o / p 's
 x ( t ) − x1 ( t )   x2 ( t ) − x2 ( t ) 
ay1 ( t ) +=
by 2 ( t ) a  1 +b  ..1
 2   2 
Let=x ( t ) ax1 ( t ) + bx 2 ( t )
∴ o / p due to weighted sum of i / p 's
ax1 ( t ) + bx 2 ( t ) − ax1 ( − t ) + bx 2 ( − t ) 
y(t) =
2
a  x1 ( t ) − x1 ( − t )  b  x 2 ( t ) − x 2 ( − t ) 
y(t) +  ...2
2 2
1= 2
y ( t ) ay1 ( t ) + by 2 ( t )
=
∴ system is Linear

x ( t ) − x ( −t )
iii) y ( t ) =
2
o/p y(t) depends only on present and past values of i/p ∴ the system is
noncausal.
x ( t ) − x ( −t )
iv) y ( t ) =
2

Let i/p x(t) be shifted by t0

Signal System

x ( t ) 
Shifted by
t0
→ x ( t − t0 )
x ( t ) 
Shifted by
t0
→ x ( −t − t 0 )
o/p obtained by due to shifting version of x(t) is
x ( t − t 0 ) − x ( −t − t 0 )
y(t) =
2 ...1
o/p obtained by directly shifting the o/p to time units.
x ( t − t 0 ) − x ( −t + t 0 )
y2 ( t ) = y ( t − t 0 ) = ...2
2
y1 ( t ) ≠ y 2 ( t )
∴system is Time Variant

v) If i/p x(t) is bounded

x ( t ) < µ x1 < ∞
x ( −t ) < µ x2 < ∞
∴ o / p y(t)
µ x1 − µ x 2 −µ x1 + µ x 2
< y(t) <
2 2
If µ x1 & µ x 2 < ∞, then y ( t ) < ∞
If i / p is bounded, o / p is also bounded

∴system is stable.