FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER

PLANTS
Classification According to Sources
of Energy
Chemical
• Fossil fuels (Combustion)
Non-Renewable Nuclear
• Uranium (Fission of atoms)

Chemical
Energy • Muscular (Oxidization)
Nuclear
• Geothermal (Conversion)
• Fusion (Fusion of hydrogen)
Gravity
Renewable • Tidal, hydraulic (Kinetic)
Indirect Solar
• Biomass (Photosynthesis)
• Wind (Pressure differences)
Direct Solar
• Photovoltaic cell (Conversion)
DIESEL POWER PLANTS
 DIESEL APPLICATION
• Stationary Diesel Generator
set for Grid use. Flexible
operation – peaking & base
load.
• Stationary Diesel Generator
set for Off-Grid. Mainly sole
source of electricity in small
island.
• Stand-by Diesel Generator
for back-up and start-up
power for high capacity
power plant
 Diesel Engine
• Internal Combustion engine
where air/fuel combustion
drives cylinders connected to
a crankshaft. Power is then
transferred to the generator.

• Uses cylinder and movable

piston arrangement. Piston
compresses the air raising its
temperature to a point high
enough to ignite fuel when the
fuel is injected into the
cylinder. NO EXTERNAL
SPARK IS REQUIRED!!!
 Diesel Engine Concepts
• Stroke
– Single up or down motion of the piston
• Top dead center (TDC)
– Highest point of travel by the piston
• Bottom dead center (BDC)
– Lowest point of travel by the piston
• Cycle
– Number of strokes combined to complete a TD
process
DIESEL ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS

According to Speed:
Low Speed
Medium Speed
High Speed

According to Stroke:
Two Strokes
Four Strokes

According to Fuel Used:

Light Fuel Oil (LFO) fired
Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO or Bunker C) fired
 Four Stroke
Diesel Engine

• Intake
– Air enters the cylinder as the piston moves
down from TDC, drawing in air
• Compression
– Intake valves close and the piston rises,
compressing the air trapped in the cylinder
 Four Stroke
Diesel Engine

• Power
– Fuel is injected into the cylinder and ignites due
to high temperature created by compression.
Fuel rapidly burns, expanding gases force the
piston down.
• Exhaust
– Exhaust valves open, piston rises and pushes
exhaust gases out of the cylinder
 Two Stroke
Diesel Engine

• Upstroke
– Compression
– Ignition
• Downstroke
– Power
– Intake (start)
– Exhaust (start)
Diesel Efficiencies against
Thermal Power Plants
Classification of Diesel on RPM
High Speed : >1000 – 720 rpm
4 stroke
Medium Speed : 600 – 300 rpm
4 stroke
Low Speed : < 300 rpm
2 stroke
 FUEL FLEXIBILITY
for Diesel Engine

• Diesel Fuel Oil (DFO) is

common to 1 -2 MW
• Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) is
usual to 5 MW & above
• Crude oil
• Natural Gas
• LPG
• Land Fill Gas
• Dual Fuel Capabilities
 MAJOR SYSTEMS /
AUXILIARIES

1. Air starting system

2. Fuel System
3. Cooling Water System
4. Turbo charger System
 Auxiliary Systems
(Air)
• Intake system - supply air for combustion
– Blower (more air into cylinder)
– Clean air (filters)
– Reduce noise (air silencer)
• Exhaust System - remove exhaust air
– Muffle exhaust (muffler)
– Clean exhaust (filter)
 Auxiliary Systems
• Fuel System
– deliver fuel to cylinders under specific conditions
– quantity (vary with demand)
– equal distribution between/within cylinders
– timing (optimize power)
• Ignition System -
– consists of the piston, cylinder, and cylinder head.
These parts form the combustion chamber. Ignition
occurs when the temp of the compressed air within the
chamber exceeds the ignition temp of the injected fuel.
 Auxiliary Systems

• Cooling Systems
– Remove heat not transformed to work in order to
prevent LO breakdown, metal fatigue, stress
– Cooling system circulates coolant (Seawater,
Freshwater, or air) through and around critical parts
• Lube Oil System
– Must provide adequate lube oil so that friction and wear
can be reduced to a minimum for all moving metal parts
(cooled by freshwater cooler/HX)
 Diesel Engines
• Advantages
-Efficiency at all loads
-Low initial cost
-Ease of adaptation
-Reliability
-Small manning
-Fast to install due to modular in nature
• Disadvantages
-Fuel cost
-High lube oil consumption
-High Maintenance cost
-Noisy
 SYSTEMS OVERVIEW
TANK FARM
HFO DELIVERY SYSTEM

HFO TANKS DIESEL

TANKS

HFO
WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM LO TREATMENT
TANK SLUDGE
SYSTEM
WATER TANK
TREATMENT
CISTERN PUMP HOUSE HFO
HOUSE TREATMENT
BUCAYAB
EXHAUST HOUSE
SLUDGE TREATMENT
SYSTEM

SUBSTATION

API

EGE
STEAM
SYSTEM SLUDGE
TREATMENT
HOUSE
ALTERNATOR
AIR

Waste Sludge
Run-off

TRANSFORMER 13.8kV/230kV ENGINE OWS

ENGINE AND ALTERNATOR CONTROL SYSTEM
ENGINES: A typical engine-generator unit

Engine
Generator
Diesel Power Plants Connected to
the Transmission Grid

1. BPPC 21 x 11.2 MW 235 MW

2. Enron Subic 8 x 14.5 MW 116 MW
3. Magellan 6 x 8 MW 48 MW
4. Pinamucan 8 x 14.7 MW 110 MW
5. Edison 10 x 6.42 MW 64 MW
6. BDPP 4 x 5.5 MW 22 MW
7. PB 101 -104 4 x 8 MW 128 MW
8. PB 117 & 118 2 x 50 MW 200 MW
TYPICAL PLANT LAYOUT FOR DIESEL PLANT