PHILOSOPHY FINAL TERM PAPER M1

NAME: MUHAMMAD MOJIZ MEHDI REG: 2203150

Q3 How is philosophy relevant to Business? How could it be

applied effectively? Explain in your own words with one
example Separation from business competitors is achieved in different ways.
Ideally, a company has a unique product or service that is better than the
products or services offered by its competitors. But what happens when all things
are equal? Your values as a company are what make you unique. These values are
the business philosophy your team and your customers experience. As a business
leader, basic business values start with your core values. When you integrate your
values into a business philosophy, your values become part of the company's
culture. A well-established company tends to work well and be productive.
Every business leader knows how to make sure that the company’s mission and
vision statement is clear and well defined. It’s a business philosophy that explains
why you do things the way you do. Your business philosophy can be a non-writing
attitude or a direct written philosophy that describes how your people will
perform and engage with others and the general public.
For example, a business leader could convey the "Anything needed" philosophy
by adding extra hours, constantly asking employees to do more about
performance, and expressing strong opinions such as, "We are closing this sale,
no matter what happens." Even if this is not stated in any statement of equipment
or principal value in the employee's manual, it clearly forms part of what the
leaders' expectations are regarding employee performance.
If you stop and think about it, you realize how important a well-defined business
philosophy is. Think about the companies you choose to deal with personally.
Likely, you prefer to face a company with representatives who greet you at the
door and offer you their best, with a smile on their face. Your customers are no
different. Many customers are willing to pay more for a product or service with
companies that provide better customer information.
It is important that the philosophy of your business is real. Your employees will
know if you are writing a business philosophy just because it makes a good sound
and is a place to talk to customers. Your customers will see through a company
that produces strong prices but does not respect customer requirements.
Forexample, if the code of conduct has a clearly defined policy for inclusion, but
the department manager divides his or her team into groups on the basis of bias,
it becomes clear that inclusion is not an acceptable value. If those above him in
the business structure allow it to happen, then the combined philosophy is seen
as absurd and could damage the team’s character.
Honesty, standing behind your product and being an active member, with a
positive outlook on society are all good philosophies a business can take. Cutting
corners, putting profit first and accepting specialties can have a negative impact
on a company’s ability to produce desirable results. As a leader, it is important
that you understand how to set the philosophy. Innovation can be seen as cutting
corners when, in fact, it represents the search for better ways to do things.

Q- 1 “Teleological Argument is based on a similarity

between two things, is known as an Argument from
Analogy”?

The Teleological Argument or proof for the existence of a deity is sometimes

called the Design argument. Even if you have never heard of either argument, you
are probably familiar with the central idea of the argument, i.e. there exists so
much intricate detail, design , and purpose in the world that we must suppose a
creator. All of the sophistication and incredible detail we observe in nature could
not have occurred by chance. 
When looking at the universe people might see more order or disorder as is their
predilection and they might see it in varying proportions.  When examining the
universe and seeing complexity and order there are a variety of explanations for
how it may have come about.  Some people want an explanation backed by
evidence and without violations of reasoning and some do not want such
explanations.  Some want the easiest explanations with the least amount of
thought.  Some merely accept the explanations that they have received when
growing up.

Teleological Argument
The Teleological Argument is the second traditional “a posteriori” argument for
the existence of God.  Perhaps the most famous variant of this argument is the
William Paley’s “watch” argument.  Basically, this argument says that after seeing
a watch, with all its intricate parts, which work together in a precise fashion to
keep time, one must deduce that this piece of machinery has a creator, since it is
far too complex to have simply come into being by some other means, such as
evolution.  The skeleton of the argument is as follows:
Premises:
1.     Human artifacts are products of intelligent design; they have a purpose.
2.     The universe resembles these human artifacts.
3.     Therefore:  It is probable that the universe is a product of intelligent design,
and has a purpose.
4.     However, the universe is vastly more complex and gigantic than a human
artifact is.
 Conclusion: Therefore:  There is probably a powerful and vastly intelligent
designer who created the universe.
I.) The Teleological Argument:   
"Teleological" =  from the end or purpose exhibited by the universe  
The term teleological comes from the Greek words telos and logos. Telos means
the goal or end  or  purpose of a thing while logos means the study of the very
nature of a thing. The suffix ology or the study of is also from the noun logos. To
understand the logos of a thing means to understand the very why and how of
that thing's nature - it is more than just a simple studying of a thing. The
teleological argument is an attempt to prove the existence of God that begins
with the observation of the purposiveness of nature. The teleological argument
moves to the conclusion that there must exist a designer. The inference from
design to designer is why the teleological argument is also known as the design
argument.
i.) The basic premise, of all teleological arguments for the existence of God, is that
the world exhibits an intelligent purpose based on experience from nature such as
its order, unity, coherency, design and complexity. Hence, there must be an
intelligent designer to account for the observed intelligent purpose and order that
we can observe. 
ii.)Paley's teleological argument is based on an analogy: Watchmaker is to watch
as God is to universe. Just as a watch, with its intelligent design and complex
function must have been created by an intelligent maker: a watchmaker, the
universe, with all its complexity and greatness, must have been created by an
intelligent and powerful creator. Therefore a watchmaker is to watch as God is to
universe. 
II.) Paley's Teleological Argument:
Premises:
 1.)Human artifacts are products of intelligent design.
2.)The universe resembles human artifacts.
3.)Therefore the universe is a product of intelligent design.
4.)But the universe is complex and gigantic, in comparison to human artifacts.
Conclusion:
Therefore, there probably is a powerful and vastly intelligent designer who
created the universe. 
Q2: Why doesn’t the GOD intervene to prevent
extreme cruelty…such as the abuse of an innocent
child? The free will defense is implausible here??
Theists will agree with the first two claims but ask the third one accordingly: "A
good man will always get rid of all evil he can unless he has good reason to allow
such evil." The context of the theistic response is to show that God indeed has
reason to allow evil
An important discourse on the problem of evil, called Epicurus, was made by
Scottish philosopher David Hume in his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
(1779): “Does [God] intend to prevent evil, but he cannot? then he is powerless.
he can, but he doesn't like it?
responses to the problem of evil have occasionally been classified as a defense or
a theological doctrine; however, the authors do not agree on precise definitions.
Usually, to protect oneself from the problem of evil may refer to attempts to
solve the logical problem of evil by showing that there is no logical conflict
between the existence of evil and the existence of God. This work does not
require the identification of a plausible explanation of evil, and it is effective if the
explanation given shows that the existence of God and the existence of evil
coincide logically. It does not even have to be true, as a false but coherent
definition would suffice to show logical coherence.
The theodicy, on the other hand, seeks prominence, as it seeks to provide a sound
basis — a sufficient moral or philosophical reason for the existence of evil and
thus refutes the “evidence” of evil. Richard Swinburne insists it does. it is absurd
to think that there are great things that excuse the existence of evil in the world
without knowing what they are — without the knowledge of what great things
can be, one cannot be effective theodicy. or the fall of man in a truly logical way is
possible, but very unbelievable in the light of our knowledge of the world, and see
those arguments as a defense but not a good doctrine.

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