Tourismgateway 2

Gateway 2: Why has tourism become a global
phenomenon?
• As the number of people
who travel increases,
previously unexplored
tourist attractions become
more popular
• Between 1995 and 2010,
the number of tourists to
Kenya has increased almost
10 times
• For example, more tourists
are visiting the Samburu
National Reserve in Kenya
for ecotourism
phenomenon?
1. In what ways is tourism changing?
• Trends in the global tourism industry
• Evolution of mass tourism to niche tourism
phenomenon?
Trends in the global tourism industry
• New patterns in tourism have developed and will continue to
develop in the future
– People can and want to travel further to destinations that
were once considered unreachable
– Nature and purpose of tourist travel have evolved
• The trends can be in terms of destination, country of origin
or tourist dollars in areas of:
– International tourism
– Domestic tourism
phenomenon?
o Tourist origins and destinations
phenomenon?
International tourism
• Since the 1980s,
international tourism has
become increasingly diverse
in its origins and its
destinations
• The Asia Pacific region has
increased in popularity as a
tourist destination
Figure 1.31a) International tourist

arrivals from 1950 to 2010.
Skill Time - Reading Graphs
Use all information relevant to question

Describe trends (changes over time) and patterns (changes
recurrences across variables)
• Describe general trend / pattern
• Describe extremes
• Describe abnormalities / incongruences
• * Support with data from figures
• * Use correct unit of measure
5 Presentation Title runs here l 00/00/00

Using the graph, describe the
Skill Time - Reading Graphs trend in tourism arrival between
1950 and 2010.
1. Generally tourist arrivals has
increased in all the selected
regions.
2. The world tourist arrivals have
increased from about 30
million in 1950 to about 980
million in 2010. (make sense
of data)
3. Highest rate of increase was
experienced in Europe that has
increase from less than 10
million in 1950 to about 460
million in 2010.
4. Lowest rate of increase was
experienced in Africa and
Middles East which started
with almost no tourists at all to
about 50 million in 2010.
5. The Americas and Europe
started experiencing a slight
decline in rate of increase after
2000 and 2005 respectively.

Using the graph, describe the
trend in tourism arrival between
1950 and 2010.
1. Generally tourist arrivals has

increased in all the selected
regions.
2. The world tourist arrivals have
increased by around 45 times
over sixty years. (make sense
of data)
3. Highest rate of increase was
experienced in Europe that has
increase by about 17 times
4. Lowest rate of increase was
experienced in Africa and
Middles East which increased
by about 4 times only.
5. The Americas and Europe
started experiencing a slight
decline in rate of increase after
2000 and 2005 respectively.

The map below shows changes in international
tourist arrivals in 2012. Using the map, describe
the trend in international tourist arrivals.
8 All About History

Using this graph, describe the trend in international tourist arrivals

between 1950 and 2000.

phenomenon?
International tourism
Before the 1980s: After the 1980s:

• Most of the tourist • Asia Pacific has shown an
destinations were in impressive growth in
developed regions, such as tourist arrivals
Europe and North America • Asia Pacific has overtaken
• Developed regions received the Americas and Europe
96% of all tourist arrivals • Asia Pacific has become the
in 1950 and 81% in 1980 second most visited region
and the fastest growing
region for international
tourism
phenomenon?
phenomenon?
Tourist origins and destinations
• Origins and destinations of tourists are unevenly distributed
throughout the world
• More than half of all international tourists originate from
developed countries in Europe and North America
• A growing number of international tourists are from rapidly
developing countries in Asia Pacific and South America,
e.g. China, India, Brazil
phenomenon?
• Large-scale tourist movements can be found:
– In North America to and from Central America, South
America and Europe (10 million+)
– In Europe to and from North America and the Middle East
(10 million)
– In Japan to and from North America, Southeast Asia and
Europe (5-10 million)
– Within Asia (5 million)
– From Asia to and from North America, Australia and
Europe (5 million)
phenomenon?
Figure 1.33 [From left to right] b) International tourist

arrivals by region in 2011. c) Most popular tourist
destinations in 2011. Adapted from: World Tourism
Organization World Tourism Highlights (2012)
phenomenon?
phenomenon?
Domestic tourism
• Has grown along with international tourism
• Continues to be the most popular form of tourism
• Worldwide in 2010:
– 83% of all tourist arrivals were domestic tourism
– 69% of all overnight stays in hotels represented by
domestic tourism
phenomenon?
Domestic tourism
• Examples of countries where domestic
tourism is important:
– The Philippines
o International tourism receipts:
US$3.2 billion
o Domestic tourism receipts:
US$22.9 billion
– China
o In the Lunar New Year, many
employees take a break from
work for up to two weeks
o The Chinese often visit friends
and relatives and go sightseeing
phenomenon?
phenomenon?
Evolution of mass tourism to niche tourism
• Growth of tourism since the 1950s has allowed tourism to
evolve into different forms
• Transportation systems can now travel much faster while
carrying more people, e.g. aeroplanes, buses, ships
• The development in transport gave rise to mass tourism and
long-haul destinations
• Growth in income has led to the demand for niche tourism,
which offer special-interest activities rarely offered in mass
tourism
phenomenon?
Evolution of mass tourism to niche tourism
• Has evolved into different forms:
– Mass tourism
– Package holidays
– Niche tourism
• Different forms of tourism classified in terms of distance:
– Short-haul destinations
– Long-haul destinations
phenomenon?
– Forms of tourism
o Mass tourism
o Package holidays
o Niche tourism
o Short-haul and long-haul destinations
phenomenon?
Mass tourism
• Mass tourism: Travel that
involves large numbers of
tourists visiting a particular
place together
• Takes the form of a
package holiday
• Increased affluence and
leisure time are factors Figure 1.39 A group of tourists following a tour
that lead to mass tourism guide at the Great Pyramids of Giza, Egypt.
phenomenon?
o Mass tourism
o Package holidays
o Niche tourism
phenomenon?
Package holidays
• Have been a major form of tourism since the 1970s
• Involve a tour usually arranged by a travel agent, with
transportation, accommodation and most meals included
• Include the service of guides who speak the local language
and have knowledge relevant to tourists, e.g. location and
history of sites
• Other sightseeing options may be included at an additional
cost
phenomenon?
o Mass tourism
o Package holidays
o Niche tourism
phenomenon?
Niche tourism
Figure 1.40a) Whale-watching in Hawaii, USA. b) Whitewater rafting in New Zealand.

phenomenon?
Niche tourism – Ecotourism
• Ecotourism: Responsible travel to natural areas that
conserves the environment and improves the well-being of
local people. It is a form of niche tourism.
• Six principles of ecotourism according to TIES:
Build environmental Provide positive

and cultural experiences for
Minimise impact
awareness and both visitors and
respect. hosts.
Raise sensitivity to
Provide financial
Provide direct host countries’
benefits and
financial benefits political,
empowerment of
for conservation. environmental and
local people.
social climate.
phenomenon?
Niche tourism
• Niche tourism: Special-interest tourism based on a
particular area, interest or activity
• Done by independent travellers or combined with package
tours
• Appeals to travellers who seek ‘new’ destinations, activities
and experiences
• Examples:
– Special interests: Whale-watching in Hawaii
– Adventure holidays: Whitewater rafting and bunjee
jumping in New Zealand
phenomenon?
• Helps travellers better appreciate natural beauty and
biodiversity
• Provides funds for ecological conservation
• Enables tourism to directly benefit local communities
involved in tourism
• Fosters respect for different cultures and lifestyles
phenomenon?
• Involves visiting relatively undisturbed natural areas,
e.g. national parks, nature reserves, marine parks
• Regulations limit camping, walking, waste disposal and
disturbance of vegetation and wildlife
– Regulations help conserve natural environments for
future generations
phenomenon?
• Example: Waitomo Caves in New
Zealand
– Tours managed by New
Zealand government and local
Maori (indigenous people)
– Managers closely monitor
conditions to ensure minimal
human impact on its
environment
– Scientific advisory committee
helps to monitor cave and
recommend best tourism
practices Figure 1.41 A tour group viewing
the glowworms in Waitomo Caves,
New Zealand.
phenomenon?
• Example: Waitomo Caves in New Zealand
– Tour operations closely monitored
– Tours halted if carbon dioxide levels reach 2,400 parts
per million
– Managers control the number of tourists who enter caves
– Local Maori benefit from:
• A portion of the entrance fees
• Income from employment as cave staff
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_5eKX1vvOg
phenomenon?
o Mass tourism
o Package holidays
o Niche tourism
phenomenon?
Short-haul and long-haul destinations
• Tourists may travel to either short-haul destinations or
long-haul destinations
• Short-haul destinations: Destinations that are a short
distance away from the tourist’s home country, usually
reachable by car, bus, train or a flight of generally less than
five hours
• Example: Hong Kong
– A four-hour flight from Singapore
– Short-haul destination
phenomenon?
Short-haul and long-haul destinations
• Long-haul destinations: Destinations that are a long
distance away from the tourist’s home country, usually
reachable by a flight of generally five hours or more
• Example: Europe
– 12- to 15-hour flight from Singapore
– Long-haul destination
phenomenon?
2. What influences tourism trends?
• Tourism trends can be influenced by different factors:
– Travel expenses
– Travel budget
– Travel time
– Type of attractions
– Cleanliness
– Security of the place
• Decisions that tourists make can cause tourism in an area to
grow, stagnate or decline
• The growth in global tourism is caused by developments in
technology, demand factors and destination factors.
phenomenon?
• Reasons for the growth of global tourism:
– Developments in technology
– Demand factors
– Destination factors
phenomenon?
Developments in technology
• Technology: Application of scientific knowledge to develop
machines, equipment, and ways of doing things
• Transport and computer-related technology have changed
the scale and ease of global tourism
• These developments have occurred in the form of:
– Better and affordable transport
– E-services: online booking of tours and tickets
– Ease of access to information
phenomenon?
o Better and affordable transport
o E-services: online booking of tours and tickets
o Ease of access of information
– Demand factors
phenomenon?
Better and affordable transport
• Great improvements in safety
• Shorter travelling time
• Lower travelling costs (more affordable)
• Commercial air travel has revolutionised global tourism due
to ongoing technological developments in jet aircraft since
the 1950s
phenomenon?
Figure 1.42 Developments in technology have led to faster and more affordable transport.
phenomenon?
• Rise of budget airlines
– Budget airlines are airlines with low fares. Such airlines
made air transport affordable, e.g. Jetstar Asia and Tiger
Airways
– Rapid expansion within Europe, North and South
America, and Southeast Asia since the 1980s
– Cheaper than major commercial airlines (smaller and
more fuel-efficient aircraft)
– Typically fly to short-haul destinations
– Costs further reduced by selling tickets online
phenomenon?
• Has helped increase the number of international travellers
by:
– Enabling more people to travel internationally and more
frequently
– Giving travellers opportunity to go on holidays further
away from home
– Enabling travellers to go to destinations not covered by
major commercial airlines, e.g. Bhutan, the Pacific
islands, Northern Thailand, and many islands in the
Mediterranean region (Corsica and Crete)
phenomenon?
o E-services: online booking of tours and tickets
– Demand factors
phenomenon?
o E-service: online booking of tours and tickets
– Demand factors
phenomenon?
Ease of access to information
• Helped make information more readily available and
accessible
• Made available updated information
• Helped promote air travel and global tourism
phenomenon?
Ease of access of information
Technological Benefits
improvements
Online booking and • Enables travellers to buy their own tickets
research without going through travel agents
• Gives tourists more options and control
• Gives tourists better access to information
at their destination, including places to see,
social etiquettes to observe and train
timetables
• Allows travellers to view feedback and
recommendations from other travellers
• Enables travellers to do research to find out
more about their destinations
Surveillance, electronic • Makes tourists feel safer and more
checks and other safety confident about travelling
controls research
phenomenon?
– Demand factors
phenomenon?
Demand factors
• Demand factors: Affect people’s demand for goods and
services and affect their ability to travel
– Influence people’s ability to travel and people’s desire to
purchase tourism-related goods and services
– Demand factors in tourism include:
• Disposable income
• Leisure time
• Changing lifestyle
– Affected by tourist profiles, which are the lifestyle,
habits and character of tourists visiting a place)
phenomenon?
– Demand factors
o Disposable income
o Leisure time
o Changing lifestyle
phenomenon?
Disposable income
• Disposable income: Amount of income left to an individual
after taxes have been paid
• Growth in income have allowed people to improve their
quality of life
• Rapid economic growth
(e.g. China, India) enabled
increase in disposable income
• Greater disposable income
allowed middle income and high
income groups to grow
Figure 1.47 A tourist shopping at

Chatuchak Market in Bangkok, Thailand.
phenomenon?
– Demand factors
o Disposable income
o Leisure time
phenomenon?
Leisure time
• Leisure time: Part of a day, week or year when people
have no work commitments (time for relaxation)
• Comes in the form of paid leave for the middle to high
income groups
• With more income and paid leave, people are more inclined
to travel
• In many DCs and LDCs since the 1950s, people have
enjoyed shorter working weeks, more public holidays and
more paid annual leave
phenomenon?
Leisure time
• Increased availability of leisure time has allowed more
people to travel
• Example: Australia
– Many employees can exchange paid overtime work for
leave which increases their chances of taking longer
weekend breaks
• Example: Canada
– Increase in additional breaks and extended weekends
phenomenon?
– Demand factors
o Disposable income
o Leisure time
phenomenon?
Changing lifestyle
• Changing lifestyle: Change in the way people live
throughout their lifetime and from generation to generation
• Pace of life today is much faster
• Many find themselves spending long hours at the workplace
beyond the official working hours
• Therefore, people travel to relax and take a break from their
fast-paced lifestyles at work and at home
phenomenon?
Changing lifestyle
• Over half of all international tourists
travel for leisure, recreation and
holidays
• Slightly over a quarter of the tourists
travel to visit friends and relatives, or
for health and religious reasons
• Only 15% of incoming tourists travel for
business and professional purposes
Figure 1.48 Purpose of visit of international tourists,

2011. Adapted from: World Tourism Organization
Tourism Highlights (2012).
phenomenon?
Changing lifestyle
• With advances in medical technology and knowledge, people
are more health conscious and lead healthier lifestyles
• People live longer and are more physically fit to travel
• Travelling is a way for retirees to spend their healthy years
productively
• Retirees are major contributors to the growth of tourism
phenomenon?
Changing lifestyle
• Example: Cruises
– Retirees make
up many of the
passengers on
cruise ships in
the Caribbean
and the
Mediterranean
Figure 1.49a) Cruise ships

are popular with retirees.
phenomenon?
Changing lifestyle
• Example: Grey Nomads,
Australia
– Spend much of their
time travelling in mobile
homes or vehicles with
four-wheel drive to
explore remote parts of
the country
– Familiar sight on roads
and campsites in the
outback Figure 1.49b) Grey nomads in Australia.
phenomenon?
– Demand factors
phenomenon?
Destination factors
• Destination factors: Infrastructure and services in tourist
destinations that allow for more convenient and comfortable
stays for tourists
• These factors are:
– Attractions
– Investment in infrastructure and services
– Access to information
phenomenon?
– Demand factors
o Attractions
o Investment in infrastructure and services
o Access to information
phenomenon?
Technology
Demand Factors
Destination Factors
65 All About History

phenomenon?
Attractions
• Attraction: Feature or quality that makes a place
interesting or enjoyable
• Promoted and enhanced by the tourism industry to attract
even more tourists
• Some are natural attractions (e.g. scenic beauty) while
others are built attractions (e.g. medical services,
educational facilities, theme parks)
• Without built attractions, tourists are less likely to visit a
place
phenomenon?
Attractions
• Example: Dubai
– A city in the United Arab Emirates in the Middle East
– Major destination and stopover location between Europe
and Asia
– Received more than 9 million travellers in 2011
– Tourists visit for shopping, business and entertainment
phenomenon?
Attractions
• Example: Dubai
– Wide range of retail and luxury outlets, world-class MICE
facilities, luxury hotels and large-scale architectural and
engineering projects, e.g. Burj Al Arab and Palm Islands
Figure 1.50 Built attractions in Dubai. [From left to right] a) The

Burj Al Arab. b) The Palm Islands
phenomenon?
Attractions
• Governments, tourist authorities and tourism businesses
know the value of investing in attractions
• Attractions offer something spectacular, unique and
interesting for tourists
• Tourists might return repeatedly to spend their tourist
dollars
phenomenon?
– Demand factors
o Attractions
phenomenon?
Investment in infrastructure and services
• Infrastructure: Transport and communication networks,
electrical frameworks and systems for water and waste
disposal
– Examples:
o Airports
o Roads
o Railways
• Services: Particular type of help or work that is provided by
a business to customers
– Examples:
o Food outlets
o Entertainment
o Telecommunication
phenomenon?
phenomenon?
• Example: Airport expansion in Southeast Asia
– Southeast Asia experienced rapid growth in international
tourist arrivals over the last three decades
– Airports have undergone considerable expansion to
facilitate increased international tourist arrivals, e.g.
Changi Airport (Singapore), Suvarnabhumi Airport
(Bangkok)
– Changi Airport’s Budget Terminal was closed to make
way for the construction of a new Terminal 4
phenomenon?
• Accommodation
– Sufficient hotels must be built to receive rising number of
tourists
– Hotels must serve a range of tourist budgets
– Example: Hong Kong
• 49 hotels to be built from 2012 to 2016
• Plan is to accommodate 70 million visitors a year
(from previous 42 million)
phenomenon?
• Services
Food outlets Entertainment Telecommuni- Trained

• Cafés • Dances cation links personnel
• Food and • Concerts • Wi-Fi in • Hotel
drink stalls • Shows hotels managers
• Restaurants • Cellular • Restaura-te
connectivity urs
• Landlines • Travel
agents
phenomenon?
– Demand factors
o Attractions
phenomenon?
Access to information
• Access to information: Ease with which information can
be obtained
• Tourists are more likely to visit a destination when
travel-related information is easy to obtain, both outside
and within a destination. Examples:
– Transport routes and schedules
– Weather conditions
– Available accommodation
• Tourists to have access to information in a language that
they can understand
phenomenon?
Access to information
• Signs found in many tourist
destinations
• Information displayed in
different languages,
providing security and
comfort to visitors
• Presence of local guides
and travel agents to answer
questions and meet the
needs of tourists
• Such presence assures
tourists that there are
people they can
communicate with for help Figure 1.54 A sign for tourists in
Phuket, Thailand.
phenomenon?
3. Why is tourism subject to regional fluctuations?
Figure 1.55
Structures such
as houses and
buildings were
damaged by the
March 2011
earthquake and
tsunami in
Japan.
phenomenon?
What is a region?
Areas broadly divided by characteristics. Very broad term.
Eg: Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Europe etc
Why regional?
Not all issues are global. Some areas affected more than
others.
* However, there are issues that could affect tourism at a

global level as well.

phenomenon?

phenomenon?
• Tourism is volatile and experiences changes in tourist
numbers and receipts according to regional fluctuations
• Regional fluctuations: Rapid changes in a region’s
situation or condition
• Caused by events that affect tourist destinations within and
outside the country they occurred in:
– Disasters
– Outbreaks of diseases
– Regional and global recessions
– Unfavourable political situations
phenomenon?
Disasters
• Disasters: Events that cause great damage to properties,
lead to injuries or cause great loss of life
• Disasters discourage tourists from visiting a destination
– Pose risks to the safety of tourists
– Disrupt essential tourist infrastructure
– Example: March 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan
o Earthquake, tsunami and nuclear meltdown
o Drop in international tourist numbers despite peak
season in April
o Promotion efforts by government focused on showing
a safe and beautiful Japan
phenomenon?

phenomenon?
Disasters
Figure 1.56
International
tourist arrivals to
Japan, 2009 to
2011. Adapted
from: Japan
National Tourism
Organization
(2012)
phenomenon?
Disasters
• Discourage citizens of affected country from travelling
overseas
• Affect tourism industry of nearby countries through the loss
of income
– Example: South Korea
o Receives a third of its tourists from Japan, its largest
source of tourist arrivals
o Compared to 2010, tourist arrivals from Japan in 2011
fell by 12% in March, 8% in April, and 2% in May
phenomenon?
Disasters
Figure 1.64 Changes in

employment in the tourism
industry of New Orleans, USA,
from January 2004 to June 2006.
Adapted from: Monthly Labor
Review (June 2007).
Discussion 1
1. Why do citizens of a disaster-affected country travel less

after the event?

phenomenon?
Outbreaks of diseases
• Outbreak of disease: Sudden and widespread occurrence
of disease in an area
• Can cause a huge drop in tourist arrivals
– Tourists do not want to risk getting infected with a
contagious disease
– Government agencies may advise travellers to avoid
areas with disease outbreaks
– Inconvenience due to measures put in place to control
spread of diseases.
• Example: H1N1 influenza or SARS (Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome) and COVID-19
phenomenon?
• Can have strong negative impacts on tourism
– Discourage tourist travel
– Cause significant decline in tourist arrivals
– Cause businesses to postpone or cancel large-scale MICE
activities
• Example: SARS outbreak 2003
– Spread over six months
– Killed 775 people
– Infected more than 8,000 in 25 countries
phenomenon?
Figure 1.63 An article on the

effects of the 2003 SARS
outbreak on Singapore tourism.
Adapted from: Agence
France-Presse (6 May 2003).
phenomenon?
• Example: H1N1 influenza or swine flu
– World Health Organization identified major H1N1
influenza outbreaks in USA, Mexico and Spain in 2007
– Originated from pigs
– Can be fatal
– Blamed for widespread cancellations of holiday bookings
by tourists from USA, Canada and Europe to Mexico in
2009
phenomenon?
Regional and global recessions
• Recession: Period of
general slowdown in Sharp
economic activities increases
in the price
of goods
and
services
Problems
Decline in
in financial
exports
markets
Recession
Possible causes of recession

phenomenon?
How COVID-19 can lead
to recession
Reduction in tourism Increased healthcare

demand expenditure
Workers in tourism Budget cut

industry lost jobs Income reduction
Lower disposable
income
Slowdown in economic
activities

phenomenon?
• Recession: Period of Loss of
income or
general slowdown in jobs
economic activities
• In a recession:
– Many people experience
a loss of income or jobs What
– People cut back on happens
spending in a
recession Decline in
– Demand for goods and demand
Decline in
services decline spending
for goods
and
services
phenomenon?
Decrease in
international tourists
Increased Effects of recession Reduced spending

unemployment on tourism by tourists
Likely increase in
domestic travel
phenomenon?
Regional recession Global recession

A recession is regional when it A recession is global when it
affects only a region or group of affects many countries around
countries. the world.
Example: European Sovereign Example: Global Financial Crisis
Debt Crisis
phenomenon?
Figure 1.59 An article on the effects of the Global Financial Crisis on Europe.
phenomenon?
• Between 2008 and 2010, many of the world’s economies
experienced recession
• Europe, North America and East Asia affected by rising
unemployment and increasing numbers of part-time workers
• Example: Egypt, Morocco and Greece
– Tourists stayed for shorter lengths of time
– Tourists spent less per day
– Tourists stayed at cheaper accommodation
– Tourism receipts declined
phenomenon?
• People choose to go for holidays in their own country rather
than travel abroad during recession
– Shorter distances
– Cheaper transportation
– More affordable options
• Tourist organisations in many countries promote domestic
tourism during recession
– This encourages people to contribute to their own
country’s economy
Homework 2
How can recession affect international and domestic tourism.

(5m)

phenomenon?
Unfavourable political situations
• May discourage tourists from visiting
• Political conflicts: State of disagreement between different
groups of people that may result in wars
• Pose dangers to tourists as well as residents
• Disrupt services
• Cause damage to infrastructure – inconvenience for tourists
• May prompt tourists to postpone or cancel their travel plans
phenomenon?

phenomenon?
• Government authorities may issue travel advisories due to
the dangers of conflicts
• Travel advisories: Official notices that discourage citizens
from travelling to a particular region or country
• Example: Libya
– A civil war took place in 2011
– Governments of most countries banned citizens from
visiting Libya
– Commercial airlines reduced or stopped their flights to
Libya
phenomenon?
• Example: Egypt
– Major tourist destination for over 100 years
– International tourist spending comprised 20% to 25% of
the country’s foreign exchange earnings
– Tourism industry employs around 2.7 million people
directly and indirectly
phenomenon?
Unfavourable political situations (Arab Spring)
• Example: Egypt
Figure 1.61a) Egypt’s annual international tourist arrivals from 2006 to 2011. b) Average daily
spending of international tourists in Egypt. c) Total number of nights spent by international
tourists in Egypt. d)Total international tourism receipts in Egypt. Adapted from: Central Agency
for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Arab Republic of Egypt (2013)
phenomenon?
• In such situations, countries can rebuild their reputation
through:
– Promotions
– New infrastructure
– Improved tourist conditions
• Example: Bali after terrorist attacks in 2002 and 2005

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Gateway 2: Why has tourism become a global

Figure 1.31a) International tourist

Use all information relevant to question

5 Presentation Title runs here l 00/00/00

6 Presentation Title runs here l 00/00/00

1. Generally tourist arrivals has

7 Presentation Title runs here l 00/00/00

8 All About History

Using this graph, describe the trend in international tourist arrivals

9 Presentation Title runs here l 00/00/00

Before the 1980s: After the 1980s:

Figure 1.33 [From left to right] b) International tourist

Figure 1.40a) Whale-watching in Hawaii, USA. b) Whitewater rafting in New Zealand.

Build environmental Provide positive

Figure 1.47 A tourist shopping at

Figure 1.48 Purpose of visit of international tourists,

Figure 1.49a) Cruise ships

65 All About History

Figure 1.50 Built attractions in Dubai. [From left to right] a) The

Food outlets Entertainment Telecommuni- Trained

* However, there are issues that could affect tourism at a

80 All About History

81 All About History

84 All About History

Figure 1.64 Changes in

1. Why do citizens of a disaster-affected country travel less

88 All About History

Figure 1.63 An article on the

Possible causes of recession

Reduction in tourism Increased healthcare

Workers in tourism Budget cut

95 All About History

Increased Effects of recession Reduced spending

Regional recession Global recession

How can recession affect international and domestic tourism.

102 All About History

105 All About History

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