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Module 5: Kinetics
Introduction 47
Learning Objectives 47
Lesson 1.Kinetics and Laws of Motion 48
Lesson 2.Rectiliniar Translation & Circular Motion 50
Lessons3. Work, Power & Energy 53
Assessment Task 5 59
Summary 59
References 60
Introduction 61
Learning Objectives 61
Lesson 1.Impulse and Momentum 62
Lesson 2.Collisions 62
Assessment Task 6 65
Summary 66
References 66
MODULE 4
ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS
Introduction
Learning Outcomes
40
Lesson 1. Formula for Rotational Kinematics
Note that in rotational motion a=at , and we shall use the symbol a for tangential or linear
acceleration from now on. As in linear kinematics, we assume a is constant, which means that
angular acceleration is also a constant, because a=rα Now, let us substitute v=rω and a=rα
into the linear equation above:
rω=rωo+rαt
Uniform Motion:
𝜽 = 𝛚𝐭
41
𝟐α = 𝛚f 2 − 𝛚o 2
𝑺 = 𝒓𝜽 𝑽=𝒓𝛚 𝒂 = 𝒓α
Where:
ωf =ωo+at Vf = Vo ± at
The table above shows the rotational equations and translational equations in
uniform motion and uniform accelerated motion.
42
Lesson 2. Rotational Kinematics Problem – Solving Strategy
(Kinematics of Rotational Motion, n.d)
Problem- Solving Strategy for Rotational Kinematics from Kinematics of Rotational Motion
1. Examine the situation to determine that rotational kinematics (rotational motion
involved. Rotation must be involved, but without the need to consider forces or masses
that affect the motion.
2. Identify exactly what needs to be determined in the problem (identify the unknowns).
A sketch of situation is useful.
3. Make a list of what is given or can be inferred from the problem as stated, (identify the
known).
4. Solve the appropriate equation or equations for the quantity to be determined 9 the
unknown).It can be useful to think in terms of a translational analog because by now
you are familiar with such motion.
5. Substitute the known values along with their units into the appropriate equation, and
obtain numerical solutions complete with units. Be sure to use units of radians in
angles. Check your answer to see if it’s reasonable, and follow the assessment format.
Example Problem:
1. A deep-sea fisherman hooks a big fish that swims away from the boat pulling the
fishing line from his fishing reel. The whole system is initially at rest and the fishing line
unwinds from the reel at a radius of 4.50 cm from its axis of rotation. The reel is given
an angular acceleration of 110 rad/s2 for 2s.
43
Figure 4.1 Fishing line coming off a rotating reel moves linearly. Example 1 considers relationships
between rotational and linear quantities associated with a fishing reel.
Solution for A
The most straightforward equation to use is ω=ωo+at because the unknown is already
on one side and all other terms are known. The equation states that:
ω=ωo+at
Solution B,
Now that ω is known, the speed V can most easily found using the relationship,
𝑽=𝒓𝛚
𝐫𝐚𝐝
𝑽 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒎) (𝟐𝟐𝟎 ) 𝐬
𝑽 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎/𝒔
Solution C,
Here we are asked to find the number of revolutions, because 1 rev = 2 πrad, we can find
the number of revolutions by finding 𝜃, We are given α and t so we can use the formula,
𝟏
𝜽 = 𝛚𝐨 𝐭 ± 𝛂𝐭 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝐫𝐚𝐝
𝜽 = 𝟎 + (𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟐 ) (𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝐬)𝟐
𝟐 𝐬
𝜽 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝐫𝐚𝐝
44
1 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝜽 = 220 rad ×
2πrad
𝜽 = 35 rev
Solution D,
The number of meters of fishing is S, which can be obtained through its relationship with 𝜽:
𝑺 = 𝒓𝜽 When using this formula make sure that distance unit is meter, and 𝜃 is in
radians.
Assessment Task 4
1. Large freight train accelerates very slowly. Suppose one such train accelerates
from rest, giving its 0.350 m radius wheels an angular acceleration of 0.250 rad/s 2.
After the wheels have made 200 revolutions (assume no slippage): (a) How far has
the train moved down the track? (b) What are the final angular velocity of the
wheels and the linear velocity of the train?
2. A person decides to use a microwave oven to reheat some lunch. In the process, a
fly accidentally flies into the microwave and land on the outer edge of the rotating
plate and remains there. If the plate radius is 0.15m and rotates at 6 rpm. Calculate
the total distance travelled by the fly during 2 min cooking period. ( Ignore the start
up and slowdown times)
45
Summary
The kinematics of rotational motion describes the relationships among rotation angle,
angular velocity, angular acceleration, and time.
References
Capote R. & Mandawe J. (2007) Mathematics and Basic Engineering Sciences, Chapter 10
pg.17- 20, JAM Publisher , 4th floor, CMFFI Building, R.Papa St. Sampaloc, Manila
46
MODULE 5
KINETICS
Introduction
Kinetics is a branch of classical mechanics that concerns the effect of forces and
torques on the motion of bodies having mass. Authors using the term kinetics apply the nearly
synonymous name dynamics to the classical mechanics of moving bodies ( Young, 2006).
Learning Outcomes
47
3. Compute force, power, and energy
Kinetics
Kinetics is a branch of dynamics which deals with the study of bodies in motion particularly
the forces involve.
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) there are three Laws of motion which are commonly
called as “Newton’s Law of motion”
Inertia
Inertia is the property of the body by virtue of which a resultant force is required to
change its motion (Tiong & Rojas, 2008).
48
“Whenever a net (resultant) force acts on a body, it produces acceleration in the direction of
the resultant force that is directly proportional to the resultant force that is directly proportional
to the resultant force and inversely proportional to the mass of the body” ( Tiong & Rojas,
2008).
𝐅 = 𝐦𝐚
F – Force
m – Mass
a – Acceleration
“ For every force that acts on one body there is a second force equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction that acts upon another body” (Tiong & Rojas, 2008).
Force
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) force is a push or pull that one body exerts on
another. This includes gravitational, electrostatics, magnetic, and contact influences
Constant Forces
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) constant forces are forces that do not vary with
time. External forces are those actions of other bodies on a rigid body while those forces that
hold together parts of a rigid body are called internal forces.
Weight
Weight (of a body) is the resultant gravitational force acting on body due to all other bodies in
space. It is always a vertical force acting downward ( Tiong & Rojas, 2008).
49
Newton (N)
Newton is the force that will give to a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one meter per
second square ( Tiong & Rojas, 2008).
Dyne (dyn)
Dyne is the force that will give to a mass of one gram acceleration of one centimeter per
second square( Tiong & Rojas, 2008).
Poundal
Poundal is the force that will give to a mass of one pound an acceleration of one foot
per second square ( Tiong & Rojas, 2008).
Slug
Slug is the mass to which a force of one pouind will give an acceleration of one foot
per second square ( Tiong & Rojas, 2008).
Rectilinear Translation
D’Alembert’s Principle the resultant of the external forces and the kinetic reaction (Reversed
Effective Force) acting on a body equals to zero.
50
Figure 5.1 Reverse Effective Forces
𝑷 − 𝑹𝑬𝑭 − 𝑭 = 𝟎
𝑾
𝑹𝑬𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 = ( ) 𝒂
𝒈
Centripetal Force (from the word center seeking) is the force directed toward the center
of the circle. Centrifugal Force (from the word center fleeing) is known as the pseudo or
misnomer force because it does not exist in reality. It was believed to be the force that
balances the centripetal force, thus: it is directed away from the center of rotation. The reason
why the body stays in the circular path is not because of the centrifugal force but due to inertia.
51
𝐹𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐
𝑉2
𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙= = 𝑟𝛚2
𝑟
Centrifugal Force
Force that will pull the body moving in a circular path away from the center
𝑊𝑉 2
𝐹𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙 =
𝑔𝑟
Where
When the rotational speed changes, tangential acceleration exist. This is the product angular
acceleration (α) and (r) of curvature. Tangential Acceleration and centripetal acceleration are
always perpendicular to each other, thus the resultant curvilinear acceleration can be solved
using Pythagorean Theorem.
𝑉
𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎𝑡 and 𝑎𝑡 = = 𝑟α
𝑡
𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = √𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑎𝑡 2
Where:
m = W/g = mass
W = Weight
V = velocity
52
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 (𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙 )𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎𝑐 = 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 ( 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Example:
A boy tied an 80 grams stone at a string which he rotated to form a circular motion with a
diameter of 1000mm.Compute for the pull exerted on the string by the stone if it got loose
leaving at a velocity of 25m/sec.
Solution:
𝑊𝑉 2
𝐹𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙 =
𝑔𝑟
𝑚𝑉 2
𝐹𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙 =
𝑟
(0.08)(25)2
𝐹𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙 =
0.5
𝐹𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙 = 100N
Work
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) work refers to the process of changing the energy
of a participle, body or system. Work is a scalar quantity .The typical units of work are joules,
ft-lb, and inch-lb.
Joule
53
The unit Joule is equivalent to the units of Newton. Meter (N.m) and kg.m 2 /s2.This unit
was named in honor of the English Physicist James Prescott-Joule (1835 – 1889)
( Tiong & Rojas, 2008).
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) mathematically, work is defined as the product of
force and the displacement in the direction of force.
W = Joules ( J or N.m)
F = Newton ( N or kg.m/s2)
d= Distance (m, ft, in, cm)
Energy
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) energy is the property of the body or the system
of bodies by virtue of which work can be done; it is also defined as the ability to do work.
Energy is a scalar quantity. The typical units for energy are joules, calories, BTU (British
Thermal Unit).The unit BTU and Calories are used for thermal energy.
Calories
Is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water
1 ⁰C ( Tiong & Rojas, 2008).
Example:
54
1. A crate of mass 50kg is pushed along a floor with a force of 20N for a distance of 5m.
Calculate the work done.
Solution:
W = Fxd = 20N x 5m
W = 100N.m
But energy transformed = work done Energy is measured in Joules (J) so Nm must be
the same unit as J. This means we can say that
W= 100J
2. How far must a 5N force pull a 50g toy car if 30J of energy are transferred?
Solution:
Use W = F x d
Rearrange to get the value of d
d = W/F
d = 30N.m /5N
d = 6m
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) energy is classified either a potential or kinetic energy.
Potential Energy
Potential energy is also known as the energy of position or configuration or
gravitational energy. This type of energy is decreases as the elevation of the body increases.
Normally, the lost in potential energy is converted into heat or kinetic energy (Tiong & Rojas,
2008).
PE = Wh
PE = mgh
55
Where:
W – Weight of the Body
M –mass of the body
g – Gravitational acceleration 9.81m/s2, 32.2 ft/s2
h – Height of the body
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy in motion.
1
KE = mv 2
2
Example:
1. A football of mass 2.5kg is lifted up to the top of a cliff that is 180m high. How much
potential energy does the football gain?
Solution:
Use PE = mgh
kg.m
Since is equal to Newton (N)
s2
PE= 4414.5 N . m
Since Joules (J) is equal to N.m
56
PE= 4414.5 J
2. How much kinetic energy has a 160g cricket ball when it is thrown at a speed of
22m/s? Solution:
Use
1
KE = mv 2
2
1 1kg 22m 2
KE = (160 g)( )( )
2 1000g s
KE = 38.72 J
3. A ball rolls off a table and hits the floor at 5m/s. What is the height of the table?
Initial energy = PE
Final energy = KE
for h,
57
v2
ℎ=
2g
5m 2
( )
s
h= 9.81m
2( )
s2
h = 1.27 m
Power
Power is the way we measure how quickly energy is being changed. When we look at
the power of a moving object, we are really looking at how fast work is happening. The Units
for power are watts, kilowatts, horsepower, Btu/min, ft-lb/min, etc. (Mckenzie, 2007).
We define power as
𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐃𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐉𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬 (𝐉)
𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 = =
𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐬 (𝐬)
Example:
58
A person of mass 70kg runs up a flight of stairs with a vertical height of 5m. If the trip takes
7s to complete, calculate the person’s power.
Solution:
PE = mgh
PE = (70 kg) (9.81m/s2) ( 5m)
PE = 3433.5 kg. m/s2 (m)
PE = 3433.5 N(m)
PE = 3433.5 J
For Power,
Assessment Task 5
1. A lift motor has to move a fully laden lift 4m between floors in 1.5s. The lift has a mass
of 1850kg (ignore friction).
a. Calculate the weight of the fully laden lift.
b. What is the upward force in the cable when the lift is moving at a constant
speed?
c. What is the work done by the motor?
d. What is the minimum power of the motor to raise the lift at a steady speed?
2. A cyclist on a circular track of a radius r= 800 feet is travelling at 27fps/ His speed in
the tangential direction increase at the rate of 3 fps 2. What is the cyclist total
acceleration?
59
Summary
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) work refers to the process of changing the
energy of a participle, body or system. Work is a scalar quantity .The typical
units of work are joules, ft-lb, and inch-lb.
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) energy is the property of the body or the
system of bodies by virtue of which work can be done; it is also defined as the
ability to do work. Energy is a scalar quantity. The typical units for energy are
joules, calories, BTU (British Thermal Unit).The unit BTU and Calories are used
for thermal energy.
Power is the way we measure how quickly energy is being changed. When
we look at the power of a moving object, we are really looking at how fast
work is happening. The Units for power are watts, kilowatts, horsepower,
Btu/min, ft-lb/min, etc. (Mckenzie, 2007).
References
Capote R & Mandawe J ( 2007) Mathematics and Basic Engineering Science, Chapter 10
p.g 10-2, JAM Publisher, 4th floor CMFFI Building, R. Papa St., Sampaloc , Manila
Mishra P. (2016, August 29) What is Engineering Mechanics and Its Types
https://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2016/08/what-is-engineering-mechanics-and-
its-types.html
60
Tiong & Rojas (2008) Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics 3 rd Edition,
p.g 441- 445, Excel Academic Council, 4 th Floor, CMFFI Building, R.Papa Street,
Sampaloc, Manila.
MODULE 6
IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
Introduction
61
Learning Outcomes
Impulse (I)
Impulse is the product of Average Force ( Fave ) and the time interval (Δt) during the
average force acts (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
𝑰 = 𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒆 (𝚫𝐭)
Momentum (P)
Momentum is the product of mass (m) and velocity (V) (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
𝑷 = 𝒎𝑽
62
𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒆 (𝚫𝐭) = 𝚫𝐏
𝒎 ( 𝑽𝒇 − 𝑽𝒐 ) = 𝑭 (𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒐 )
Lesson 2. Collisions
According to Capote & Mandawe (2007) Collision falls into three categories:
1. Elastic Collision
- Is a collision which conserves kinetic energy
2. Inelastic Collision
- Is a collision which does not conserve .Some kinetic energy is
converted into heat energy, sound energy, and so forth.
3. Completely Inelastic Collision
- Is the ratio between the relative speeds of two colliding objects after
and before they collide.
63
Figure 6.1 Before and After Collision
𝑚1𝑉1 + 𝑚2 𝑉2 = 𝑚1𝑉1 ′ + 𝑚2 𝑉2 ′
𝑚1(𝑉1 − 𝑉1 ′ ) = 𝑚2(𝑉2 ′ − 𝑉2 )
ΔVafter Impact 𝑉2 ′ − 𝑉1 ′
𝑒= =
ΔVbefore Impact 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
When:
e = 1 , for perfectly elastic collision
e = 0, for completely (perfectly) inelastic collision
0 < e < 1 for inelastic collision
Example Problem:
64
1. A bullet of mass 25 grams is fired and strikes a 2 kg block resting on a frictionless
surface with a velocity of 600 m/s. If the block is attached to a spring (k = 30kN/m).How
long will the spring be compressed until the block and the bullet are brought to a stop?
Solution:
By: Conservation of Momentum
𝒎𝟏 𝑽𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝑽𝟐 = (𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 ) 𝑽
(𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓)(𝟔𝟎𝟎) + 𝟐(𝟎) = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 + 𝟐) 𝑽
𝑽 = 𝟕. 𝟒 𝒎/𝒔
By conservation of energy,
𝑲𝑬𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒕 & 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 = 𝑷𝑬𝒔𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝟏 𝟏
(𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 )𝑽𝟐 = 𝒌𝒙𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
(𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 + 𝟐)(𝟕. 𝟒)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝒎
Solution:
Since the collision is perfectly inelastic, there are two possibilities, the moving car will either
stop or will be coupled with the stationary car and move in one common velocity & direction.
Considering that the two cars did not stop so it is obvious that the two moved in one common
direction.
𝑷𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 = 𝑷𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝒎𝟏 𝑽𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝑽𝟐 = (𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 ) 𝑽
𝟓𝟖𝟖. 𝟔 𝟑𝟗𝟐. 𝟒 𝟓𝟖𝟖. 𝟔 + 𝟑𝟗𝟐. 𝟒
(𝟏) + (𝟎) = ( ) (𝑽)
𝒈 𝒈 𝒈
𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝒎/𝒉𝒓
65
Assessment Task 6
Summary
Impulse is the product of Average Force ( Fave ) and the time interval (Δt) during the
average force acts (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
Momentum is the product of mass (m) and velocity (V) (Capote & Mandawe,
2007).
Momentum is conserved by all collisions as well as in all explosions. In the
conservation of momentum; the final total momentum is equal to the initial total
momentum. The essential effect of collision is to redistribute the total momentum of
the colliding objects. All collisions conserve momentum, but not all of them conserves
kinetic energy as well (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
References
66
Capote R & Mandawe J ( 2007) Mathematics and Basic Engineering Science, Chapter 10
p.g 10-2, JAM Publisher, 4th floor CMFFI Building, R. Papa St., Sampaloc , Manila
67