5 Day Online Faculty Development Program

On
Emerging Technologies
08th-12th March 2022

Speakers: National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India

Organized by:
Department of Information Technology,
Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India

Name of the FDP Participant: Priyadharshan M

Affiliation of the participant (Organization and Location): Hindusthan College of Engineering
and Technology, Coimbatore
Email of the participant: priyadharshan.cse@hicet.ac.in
Mobile No of the participant:8248624619

Terms related to Day 1 Session 1 (Flexible Sensors)

Resistive Gas Sensors: Resistive gas sensors are electronic devices whose electrical resistance is
a function of the surrounding gas ambient

Gas Sensor Classification based on Working Principle: Catalytic gas detectors are based upon
the principle that when gas oxidises, it produces heat, and the sensor will convert the temperature
change via a Wheatstone bridge-type circuit.

Sensor Sensitivity: A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much its output changes when the input
quantity it measures changes. For instance, if the mercury in a thermometer moves 1 cm when
the temperature changes by 1 °C, its sensitivity is 1 cm/°C (it is basically the slope dy/dx
assuming a linear characteristic).

1-D nanostructure –Based Gas Sensor: one-dimensional (1D) metal-oxide nanostructures with
major emphases on the types of device structure and issues for realizing practical sensors. One of
the most important steps in fabricating 1D-nanostructure devices is manipulation and making
electrical contacts of the nanostructures. Gas sensors based on individual 1D nanostructure,
which were usually fabricated using electron-beam lithography, have been a platform technology
for fundamental research. 

What is Transition Metal Dichalcogenides(TMDCs):Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)

are a class of materials attracting high scientific interest in recent years. Their three-atom thick
unit cell is formed by a layer of transition metal atoms (Mo, W, Ta, etc.) sandwiched between
two layers of chalcogen atoms (S, Se, Te).

Why Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Sensor Superior over metal oxides : This work
highlights the applications of TMDCs contributing to pollution reduction in (i) gas sensing
technology, (ii) gas adsorption and removal, (iii) wastewater treatment, (iv) fuel cleaning, and (v)
carbon dioxide valorization and conversion. Flexible Sensor industrial Opportunities

Surface Charge transfer in TMDCs Sensors: Surface charge transfer doping (SCTD) is emerging
as an effective and non-destructive doping technique to provide reliable doping capability for 2D
materials, in particular 2D semiconductors

Heterojunction: A  heterojunction is an interface between two layers or regions of dissimilar

semiconductors. These semiconducting materials have unequal band gaps as opposed to a
homojunction.

Oxidizing and Reducing Gases: Example of oxidizing agents include ozone (O3), nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) and halogens. A reducing agent, or reductant, instead loses electrons and is
oxidized in a chemical reaction. A reducing agent is typically in one of its lower possible
oxidation states, and is known as the electron donor.
Terms related to Day 1 Session 2 (Machine learning -Regression)

Machine Learning: Machine learning (ML) is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows
software applications to become more accurate at predicting outcomes without being explicitly
programmed to do so

Linear Regression: Linear Regression is a machine learning algorithm based on supervised
learning. It performs a regression task. Regression models a target prediction value based on
independent variables. It is mostly used for finding out the relationship between variables and
forecasting.

Logistic Regression: Logistic regression is a statistical model that in its basic form uses a
logistic function to model a binary dependent variable, although many more complex extensions
exist. In regression analysis, logistic regression (or logit regression) is estimating the parameters
of a logistic model (a form of binary regression).

Prediction: A prediction is what someone thinks will happen. A prediction is a forecast, but not
only about the weather. Pre means “before” and diction has to do with talking. So a prediction is
a statement about the future.

Classification: The definition of classifying is categorizing something or someone into a certain

group or system based on certain characteristics. An example of classifying is assigning plants or
animals into a kingdom and species.

Momentum: momentum, product of the mass of a particle and its velocity. Momentum is a

vector quantity; i.e., it has both magnitude and direction. Isaac Newton's second law of motion
states that the time rate of change of momentum is equal to the force acting on the particle. See
Newton's laws of motion.
Learning Rate: In machine learning and statistics, the learning rate is a tuning parameter in an
optimization algorithm that determines the step size at each iteration while moving toward a
minimum of a loss function.

Update Rule: An update rule is a definition of criteria used to update field values in contact,
account, or custom object records. An update rule set is a collection of update rules to be run
together in sequential order.

Hypothesis Function : Hypothesis helps in making an observation and experiments possible. It

becomes the start point for the investigation. Hypothesis helps in verifying the observations. It
helps in directing the inquiries in the right directions.

Local and Global Optima: A globally optimal solution is a feasible solution with the best
possible objective value. In general, the global optimum for a problem is not unique. By contrast,
a locally optimal solution has the best possible objective value within an open neighborhood
around it.

Terms related to Day 1 Session 3 (Stochastic Optimization)

Probability : Probability is simply how likely something is to happen. Whenever we're unsure
about the outcome of an event, we can talk about the probabilities of certain outcomes—how
likely they are. The analysis of events governed by probability is called statistics.

Random Variables: A random variable is a numerical description of the outcome of a statistical
experiment. A random variable that may assume only a finite number or an infinite sequence of
values is said to be discrete; one that may assume any value in some interval on the real number
line is said to be continuous.

Normal Distribution: Normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian distribution, is a
probability distribution that is symmetric about the mean, showing that data near the mean are
more frequent in occurrence than data far from the mean. In graph form, normal distribution will
appear as a bell curve.
Mean: The mean is the arithmetic average of a set of given numbers. The median is the middle
score in a set of given numbers. The mode is the most frequently occurring score in a set of given
numbers

Variance : The variance is a measure of variability. It is calculated by taking the average of
squared deviations from the mean. Variance tells you the degree of spread in your data set. The
more spread the data, the larger the variance is in relation to the mean.

Co-variance: Covariance is a statistical tool that is used to determine the relationship between the
movements of two random variables. When two stocks tend to move together, they are seen as
having a positive covariance

Function of Several Variables: A real valued function of n–variables is a function f : D → R,

where the domain D is a subset of Rn. So: for each (x1,x2,...,xn) in D, the value of f is a real
number f(x1,x2,...,xn). For example, the volume of a cylinder: V = πr2h (i.e. V = F(r, h)) is a
function of two variables. f(x, y, z) = 1 √x2 + y2 + z2 

Equivalent Deterministic Function: A function is considered deterministic if it always returns the

same result set when it's called with the same set of input values. A function is considered
nondeterministic if it doesn't return the same result set when it's called with the same set of input
values.

Terms related to Day 2 Session1( Biomedical Engineering)

Biomedical Engineering: Biomedical Engineering (BME) is the application of engineering

principles and methods to solve medical and biological problems. It also integrates electrical,
mechanical, chemical and life science principles in the development of new healthcare
technologies and systems

Health-care systems: According to the World Health Organisation a health system consists of
all organisations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain
health. This includes efforts to influence determinants of health  as well as more direct
activities that improve health

Anaemia: Anaemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or the haemoglobin
concentration within them is lower than normal

Haemoglobin: Haemoglobin (Hb) is a protein found in the red blood cells that carries oxygen in
your body and gives blood its red colour. Haemoglobin levels vary from person to person. Men
usually have higher levels than women.

Non-invasive: Non-invasive diseases usually do not spread to or damage other organs and
tissues. Non-invasive procedures do not involve tools that break the skin or physically enter the
body. Examples include x-rays, a standard eye exam, CT scan, MRI, ECG, and Holter
monitoring.

Image Processing: Digital image processing is the use of a digital computer to process digital
images through an algorithm. As a subcategory or field of digital signal.

Image Analysis: Image analysis or imagery analysis is the extraction of meaningful information

from images; mainly from digital images by means of digital image processing

Prediction: A prediction is what someone thinks will happen. A prediction is a forecast, but not
only about the weather. Pre means “before” and diction has to do with talking. So a prediction is
a statement about the future.

Machine Learning: Machine learning (ML) is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows
software applications to become more accurate at predicting outcomes without being explicitly
programmed to do so

Regression: In statistical modeling, regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for

estimating the relationships between a dependent variable and one or more

Terms related to Day 2 Session2 (Graph Theory, Optimization)

Optimization: Its an act, process, or methodology of making something (such as a design,
system, or decision) as fully perfect, functional, or effective as possible specifically : the
mathematical procedures (such as finding the maximum of a function) involved in this

Fitness function: A fitness function is a particular type of objective function that is used to
summarise, as a single figure of merit, how close a given design solution is to achieving the set
aims

Constraint Optimization: Constraint optimization, or constraint programming (CP), is the name

given to identifying feasible solutions out of a very large set of candidates, where the problem
can be modeled in terms of arbitrary constraints. CP problems arise in many scientific and
engineering disciplines. 

Unconstrained Optimization: Unconstrained optimization involves finding the maximum or

minimum of a differentiable function of several variables over a nice set. To meet the complexity
of the problems, computer algebra system can be used to perform the necessary calculations.

Optimal solution: An optimal solution is a feasible solution where the objective function reaches
its maximum (or minimum) value – for example, the most profit or the least cost. A globally
optimal solution is one where there are no other feasible solutions with better objective function
values.

Graph Coloring: Graph coloring is the procedure of assignment of colors to each vertex of a
graph G such that no adjacent vertices get same color. The objective is to minimize the number
of colors while coloring a graph

Chromatic number: The chromatic number of a graph is the minimal number of colours needed
to colour the vertices in such a way that no two adjacent vertices have the same colour

Tree: A connected acyclic graph is called a tree. In other words, a connected graph with no

cycles is called a tree. The edges of a tree are known as branches.

Binary Tree: Binary Trees are graphs or tree data structures where each node (shown as circles in
the graph to the left) has up to a possible two branches ('children'). These are called the left
branch and right branch, or, sometimes, the left child and right child
Complete Binary Tree: A complete binary tree is a binary tree in which all the levels are
completely filled except possibly the lowest one, which is filled from the left. A complete binary
tree is just like a full binary tree, but with two major differences. All the leaf elements must lean
towards the left.

Connected Component: A connected component or simply component of an undirected graph

is a subgraph in which each pair of nodes is connected with each other via a path.

Terms related to Day 2 Session3 (Hardware Security)

Side-channel: A side-channel attack is a security exploit that aims to gather information from or
influence the program execution of a system by measuring or exploiting indirect effects of the
system or its hardware -- rather than targeting the program or its code directly.

IOT: The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are
embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet

Authentication: Authentication is the process of determining whether someone or something is,

in fact, who or what it says it is. Authentication technology provides access control for systems
by checking to see if a user's credentials match the credentials in a database of authorized users
or in a data authentication server.

Invasive probing: Invasive attacks refer to attacks of physical systems where the physical
properties of the chip are irreversibly modified. Different kinds of attacks are possible using
“standard” reverse engineering techniques with optical or scanning electron microscopes (SEM)

Non-invasive probing: Non-invasive attacks. • Are side-channel attacks which exploit weak

channels. – Hidden information may leak in the form of physical. phenomena: • Power
consumption, electro-magnetic emission, photon emission,

FPGAs: Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are semiconductor devices that are based
around a matrix of configurable logic blocks (CLBs) connected via programmable interconnects.
FPGAs can be reprogrammed to desired application or functionality requirements after
manufacturing.
PUF: A physical unclonable function (sometimes also called physically unclonable function,
which refers to a weaker security metric than a physical unclonable function), or PUF, is a
physical object that for a given input and conditions (challenge), provides a physically defined
"digital fingerprint" output (response)

Ring-Oscillator PUF: Ring Oscillator and its application as Physical Unclonable Function (PUF)
for Password Management. ... Physical unclonable function (PUF) is a unique physical feature of
a semiconductor device such as a microprocessor that can be generated from physical conditions
such as supply voltage, temperature, etc

Arbiter PUF: Arbiter-based Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) is one kind of the delay-
based PUFs that use the time difference of two delay-line signals. One of the previous work
suggests that Arbiter PUFs implemented on Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGAs generate responses with
almost no difference, i.e. with low uniqueness.

Model-Building attacks: Numerical modeling attacks on PUFs presume that an ad- versary Eve
has collected a subset of all CRPs of the PUF, and tries to derive a numerical model from this
data, i.e., a computer algorithm which correctly predicts the PUF's responses to arbitrary
challenges with high probability.

Terms related to Day 3 Session 1 (Clustering)

Clustering: Clustering is the task of dividing the population or data points into a number of
groups such that data points in the same groups are more similar to other data points in the same
group than those in other groups.

Intra-Cluster Distance: Intra-cluster distance is the distance among members of a cluster, rather
than the distance between two different clusters. 

Inter-Cluster Distance: It’s occurring between or involving two or more clusters The existence
of hot intercluster gas has not been established in superclusters, so it is not possible to use X-ray
methods to determine the masses of superclusters.
Hard Clustering: Hard clustering is about grouping the data items such that each item is only
assigned to one cluster. As an instance, we want the algorithm to read all of the tweets and
determine if a tweet is a positive or a negative tweet.

Soft Clustering:The distance between the cluster mean and the data items are minimised. Soft
clustering algorithms are slower than hard clustering algorithm as there are more values to
compute and as a result, it takes longer for the algorithms to converge

Crisp Set: Crisp set is a collection of unordered distinct elements, which are derived from
Universal set. Universal set consists of all possible elements

Fuzzy Set: A fuzzy set is a class of objects with a continuum of grades of membership. Such a
set is characterized by a membership (characteristic) function which assigns to each object a
grade of membership ranging between zero and one.

Fuzzy Membership Value : a membership function for a fuzzy set A on the universe of
discourse X is defined as µA:X → [0,1], where each element of X is mapped to a value between 0
and 1. This value, called membership value or degree of membership, quantifies the grade of
membership of the element in X to the fuzzy set A.

K-Means Algorithm: The K-means clustering algorithm computes centroids and repeats until
the optimal centroid is found. It is presumptively known how many clusters there are. It is also
known as the flat clustering algorithm

Fuzzy C-Means FCM: Fuzzy C-Means clustering is a soft clustering approach, where each data
point is assigned a likelihood or probability score to belong to that cluster

Terms related to Day 3 Session 2

Data Mining : Data mining is the process of finding anomalies, patterns and correlations within
large data sets to predict outcomes. Using a broad range of techniques, you can use this
information to increase revenues, cut costs, improve customer relationships, reduce risks and
more.

KDD: Knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) is the process of discovering useful knowledge

from a collection of data.

OLAP: OLAP (for online analytical processing) is software for performing multidimensional
analysis at high speeds on large volumes of data from a data warehouse, data mart, or some other
unified, centralized data store

Correlation Analysis: Correlation analysis in research is a statistical method used to measure
the strength of the linear relationship between two variables and compute their association.

Clustering: Clustering is the task of dividing the population or data points into a number of
groups such that data points in the same groups are more similar to other data points in the same
group than those in other groups. In simple words, the aim is to segregate groups with similar
traits and assign them into clusters

Classification: The definition of classifying is categorizing something or someone into a certain

group or system based on certain characteristics. An example of classifying is assigning plants or
animals into a kingdom and species.

Outlier: Outlier analysis is a data analysis process that involves identifying abnormal
observations in a dataset. If you want to draw meaningful conclusions from data analysis, then
this step is a must

Quantile Plot: The quantile-quantile (q-q) plot is a graphical technique for determining if two
data sets come from populations with a common distribution. A q-q plot is a plot of the quantiles
of the first data set against the quantiles of the second data set.
Scatter Plot:  scatter plot (also called a scatterplot, scatter graph, scatter chart, scattergram, or
scatter diagram) is a type of plot or mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display
values for typically two variables for a set of data.

Accuracy : The accuracy of a classifier is given as the percentage of total correct predictions
divided by the total number of instances. 

Completeness: Completeness is one of the important attributes of data quality. The ultimate
objective of data quality assessment is to fully understand the characteristics of the data set and
determine strategies for the data analyses. The proposed method has certain advantages in
assessing data quality.

Consistency: Consistency (or Correctness) in database systems refers to the requirement that any
given database transaction must change affected data only in allowed ways. Any data written to
the database must be valid according to all defined rules, including constraints, cascades,
triggers, and any combination thereof.

Terms related to Day 4 Session 1(Societal Computing for Internet of Things )

IoT: The Internet of Things is an emerging topic of technical, social, and economic significance.
Consumer products, durable goods, cars and trucks, industrial and utility components, sensors,
and other everyday objects are being combined with Internet connectivity and powerful data
analytic capabilities that promise to transform the way we work, live, and play.

Sensing: Human sensing (also called human detection or human presence detection)
encompasses a range of technologies for detecting the presence of a human body in an area of
space, typically without the intentional participation of the detected person.

Edge Computing: Edge computing is a form of computing that is done on site or near a particular
data source, minimizing the need for data to be processed in a remote data center.
Challenged Networks: Computer networks are dealing with growing complexity, given the ever-
increasing volume of data produced by all sorts of network nodes. Performance improvements
are a non-stop ambition and require tuning fine-grained details of the system operation

Challenged Environment : They have continued to increase earnings and provide good dividend
yields despite the challenging environment.

Post Disaster Management: Post-disaster recovery planning is defined as developing a set of

strategies to assist a community in rebuilding after a disaster occurs. Recovery planning can also
be thought of as building the blueprint for reconstruction of the community after a disaster.

Intermittent Network: An intermittent network problem is a problem that occurs in your network
for a short time, and then seemingly goes away. 

Environment Monitoring:  Environmental monitoring describes the processes and activities that

need to take place to characterize and monitor the quality of the environment. Environmental
monitoring is used in the preparation of environmental impact assessments, as well as in many
circumstances in which human activities carry a risk of harmful effects on the natural
environment.

Human Activity: Human activities are the various actions for recreation, living, or necessity done
by people. For instance it includes leisure, entertainment, manufacturing, recreation, war, and
exercise.

Air Pollution: Air pollution is one of the biggest threats for the environment and affects everyone:
humans, animals, crops, cities, forests, aquatic ecosystems...

Terms related to Day 4 Session 2 (Optical Networks)

Optical Networks: Optical networking is a means of communication that uses signals encoded in
light to transmit information in various types of telecommunications networks.
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM): In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division
multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto
a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e., colors) of laser light.[1] This technique
enables bidirectional communications over a single strand of fiber, also called wavelength-
division duplexing, as well as multiplication of capacity

Wavelength routing: Wavelength-routing enables the re-use of wavelengths in different parts of

transparent optical networks to overcome some of the limits of a finite number of available
wavelengths. Wavelength-routed networks can offer large capacities with transparent optical
paths that do not undergo optical-to-electronic conversion.

WDM and wavelength routing: In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division

multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto
a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e., colors) of laser light. Wavelength-
routed networks can offer large capacities with transparent optical paths that do not undergo
optical-to-electronic conversion

Total Internal Reflection: Total internal reflection, in physics, complete reflection of a ray of

light within a medium such as water or glass from the surrounding surfaces back into the
medium. The phenomenon occurs if the angle of incidence is greater than a certain limiting
angle, called the critical angle

Optical Fiber: Fiber optics, or optical fiber, refers to the technology that transmits information as
light pulses along a glass or plastic fiber. A fiber optic cable can contain a varying number of
these glass fibers -- from a few up to a couple hundred. Another glass layer, called cladding,
surrounds the glass fiber core.

critical angle: critical angle, in optics, the greatest angle at which a ray of light, travelling in one
transparent medium, can strike the boundary between that medium and a second of lower
refractive index without being totally reflected within the first medium
Broadcast-and-Select Networks: Broadcast-and-select networks are based on a passive star
coupler device connected to several stations in a star topology. This device is a piece of glass that
splits the signal it receives on any of its ports to all the ports.

Wavelength Routed Networks: Wavelength-routing enables the re-use of wavelengths in

different parts of transparent optical networks to overcome some of the limits of a finite number
of available wavelengths. Wavelength-routed networks can offer large capacities with
transparent optical paths that do not undergo optical-to-electronic conversion.

Linear Lightwave Networks: Linear lightwave networks are all optical networks in which only
linear operations are performed on signals in a waveband selective manner. Special constraints
arise because of the linearity in the linear lightwave network

Lightpath: LightPath Technologies (NASDAQ: LPTH) is a fully integrated manufacturer and

supplier of visible and infrared optical components and sub-systems.

Lack of wavelength reuse: Wavelength routed WDM networks have the potential to avoid the
three problems— lack of wavelength reuse, power splitting loss, and scalability to wide area
networks (WANs)—of broadcast-and-select networks

Terms related to Day 4 Session 3(Applications of Game Theory)

Game theory: Game theory is the study of mathematical models of strategic interactions among
rational agents. It has applications in all fields of social science.

Mechanism design: Mechanism design is a field in economics and game theory that takes an
objectives-first approach to designing economic mechanisms or incentives, toward desired
objectives, in strategic settings, where players act rationally

Strategyproofness: In game theory, an asymmetric game where players have private

information is said to be strategy-proof or strategyproof (SP) if it is a weakly-dominant strategy
for every player to reveal his/her private information, i.e. given no information about what the
others do, you fare best or at least not worse by being 

Pareto optimality: Pareto optimality is the state at which resources in a given system are
optimized in a way that one dimension cannot improve without a second worsening.

Matching: The meaning of MATCHING is going together well : suitably paired or used together.
How to use matching in a sentence.

Auction: It is a usually public sale of goods or property, where people make higher and higher
bids (= offers of money) for each thing, until the thing is sold to the person who will pay most: a
furniture auction

Vickrey auction: A Vickrey auction or sealed-bid second-price auction (SBSPA) is a type of
sealed-bid auction. Bidders submit written bids without knowing the bid of the other people in
the auction. The highest bidder wins but the price paid is the second-highest bid.

Participatory democracy: Participatory democracy or participative democracy is a model of

democracy in which citizens are provided power to make political decisions. Etymological roots
of democracy (Greek demos and kratos) imply that the people are in power, making all
democracies participatory to some degree.

Voting: Voting is a method for a group, such as a meeting or an electorate, in order to make a
collective decision or express an opinion usually following discussions, debates or election
campaigns. Democracies elect holders of high office by voting.

Nash Equilibrium: Nash equilibrium is a concept within game theory where the optimal outcome
of a game is where there is no incentive to deviate from the initial strategy.

Terms related to Day 5 Session 1 (Multivariate Analysis)

Analysis of variance (ANOVA): Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is an analysis tool used in
statistics that splits an observed aggregate variability found inside a data set into two parts:
systematic factors and random factor

Confusion matrix: A confusion matrix is a table that is often used to describe the performance of
a classification model (or "classifier") on a set of test data for which the true values are known

Covariance: Covariance is a statistical tool that is used to determine the relationship between the
movements of two random variables. When two stocks tend to move together, they are seen as
having a positive covariance; when they move inversely, the covariance is negative

Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA): Linear Discriminant Analysis or LDA is a

dimensionality reduction technique. It is used as a pre-processing step in Machine
Learning and applications of pattern classification

Least square criterion: The least squares criterion is a formula used to measure the accuracy of a
straight line in depicting the data that was used to generate it.

Multiple Linear Regression: Multiple linear regression (MLR), also known simply as multiple
regression, is a statistical technique that uses several explanatory variables to predict the outcome
of a response variable.

Multivariate analysis: Multivariate analysis is conceptualized by tradition as the statistical study

of experiments in which multiple measurements are made on each experimental unit and for
which the relationship among multivariate measurements and their structure are important to the
experiment's understanding

Principal Component Analysis (PCA): Principal components are new variables that are
constructed as linear combinations or mixtures of the initial variables.

Overfitting: Overfitting is a modeling error in statistics that occurs when a function is too closely
aligned to a limited set of data points. As a result, the model is useful in reference only to its
initial data set, and not to any other data sets.

P-value:  p-value is a measure of the probability that an observed difference could have occurred
just by random chance. The lower the p-value, the greater the statistical significance of the
observed difference
RMSEC: The root mean square errors of calibration (RMSEC), the root mean square errors of
prediction (RMSEP), the ratio of standard error of prediction to standard deviation (RPD), and
the determination coefficient of calibration (Rcal2) and validation (Rpre2) were simultaneously
assessed to optimize the best modeling path.

Terms related to Day 5 Session 2 (Computational Models in Biotechnology) 

Persistence in bacteria: The persistence phenotype is an epigenetic trait exhibited by a

subpopulation of bacteria, characterized by slow growth coupled with an ability to survive
antibiotic treatment. The phenotype is acquired via a spontaneous, reversible switch between
normal and persister cells

ODE based models: An ODE (ordinary differential equation) model is a set of differential
equations involving functions of only one independent variable and one or more of their
derivatives with respect to that variable

Coupled differential equations: coupled first order differential equations. We focus on systems
with two dependent variables so that. dx1 dt = f(x1,x2,t) and dx2 dt = g(x1,x2,t). Most of the
analysis will be for autonomous systems so that. dx1 dt = f(x1,x2) and dx2 dt = g(x1,x2).

Bistable genetic systems: The basic feature of bistable systems is that once an input signal
reaches a defined threshold value, the system switches into the corresponding stable state and
remains in that state even after this signal is removed. Switching back to the initial state requires
the pulse of a second input signal

 Bimodal population and stochastic switching in MTb : A population in which the measurements
of a given character are clustered around two values. Stochastic genetic switching at the single
cell level can lead to phenotypic switching at the population level. This is one mechanism for
bacterial persistence, where a slow-growing drug resistant phenotype (green) coexists with a
fast-growing phenotype (blue) that is susceptible to the antibiotic

 Saddle node bifurcation: saddle-node bifurcation, tangential bifurcation or fold bifurcation is

a local bifurcation in which two fixed points (or equilibria) of a dynamical system collide and
annihilate each other

 Hysteresis in complex systems: Hysteresis is the dependence of the state of a system on its
history. For example, a magnet may have more than one possible magnetic moment in a
given magnetic field, depending on how the field changed in the past

 Relevant genes for stress response in MTb: Studies have shown that certain genes are linked to
specific anxiety traits. However, not all stress and anxiety is inherited. Environmental factors
also play a significant role in the development of stress and anxiety.

Growth effects on protein concentration: These factors include the concentration of enzyme,

substrate (and co-factors, metal ions, etc.) and possible inhibitors as well as physical or
environmental conditions such as pH, temperature and ionic strength. 

Emergent bistability: In a dynamical system, bistability means the system has two stable
equilibrium states. Something that is bistable can be resting in either of two states. An example
of a mechanical device which is bistable is a light switch.

Terms related to Day 5 Session 3 ( Bioinformatics ) 

Biological databases: hese are the databases consisting of biological data like protein sequencing,
molecular structure, DNA sequences, etc in an organized form.

Omics: The word omics refers to a field of study in biological sciences that ends with -omics,
such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, or metabolomics. The ending -ome is used to
address the objects of study of such fields, such as the genome, proteome, transcriptome, or
metabolome, respectively.

Sequence alignment: Sequence alignment is a way of arranging protein (or DNA) sequences to
identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of evolutionary relationships between
the sequences

BLAST: BLAST finds regions of similarity between biological sequences. The program

compares nucleotide or protein sequences to sequence databases and calculates the statistical
significance.

Phylogram:  Phylogram is a scaled phylogenetic tree in which the branch lengths are
proportional to the amount of evolutionary divergence. For example, a branch length may be
determined by the number of nucleotide substitutions that have occurred between the connected
branch points

Comparative modeling: Comparative modeling predicts the 3-D structure of a given protein

sequence (target) based primarily on its alignment to one or more proteins of known structure
(templates). 

CASP: This set of eight critical appraisal tools are designed to be used when reading
research. CASP has appraisal checklists designed for us

Ab initio prediction: Ab Initio Protein Structure Prediction is a method to determine the tertiary
structure of protein in the absence of experimentally solved structure of a similar/homologous
protein

ROC curve: An ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic curve) is a graph showing the
performance of a classification model at all classification thresholds. This curve plots two
parameters