WELCOME

FORCE
AND
PRESSURE
 FORCE

A force is a push or a pull or both. A force cannot be seen but we can feel and
observe the effects of the force.

PUSH PULL

• A force to move an object away from • A pull is when we apply a force to

our bodies move an object towards our body

COMBINATION OF PUSH AND PULL

- playing a guitar - scrubbing the floor

- sawing wood - rowing a boat
Forces are due to interaction:-
An interaction of one object on another object results in a
force between the two objects.

E.g.: If a man stands behind a car, the car does not move.
If he pushes the car, he applies force and the car begins to
move in the direction of the applied force.
Exploring forces:-
a) If two forces act on a body in the same direction,
the net force is the sum of the two forces.

Unbalanced force acting in the same direction

combine by addition.

F1

F2

Net force = F1 + F2
b) Unbalanced forces acting in opposite direction
combine by subtraction. The net force is the
difference between the two forces and is exerted in
the direction of the larger force.

F1 F2

F1 F2 = F2 – F1
OR
F1 F2 = F2 – F1 where, F2 > F1

The effect on the object depends on the net force acting on it.
c) If we pull the block from both sides with the same
force the block remains stationary. The forces are equal
and opposite. The net force is zero. Such a pair of
forces are called balanced forces.
Balanced forces do not change the state of rest or
motion of an object. However, can change in size and
shape of the object.

F F

Net force = F – F = 0
Effects of force on an object:-
i) Force can make an object to move from rest.
ii) Force can stop a moving object.
iii) Force can change the speed of an object if it is moving.
iv) Force can change the direction of a motion of an object.
v) Force can change the shape of an object.
Force may cause one or more of these effects.
Stretch a rubber band Press a sponge Squeeze a spring

After After After

An object that will return to its original shape and size after being
squeezed, pressed, twisted and stretched is elastic
 Drop a glass Tear a piece of paper Crush an empty can

After After
After

An object that will not return to its original shape and size after being squeezed,
pressed, twisted and stretched is inelastic
Types of forces :-
There are two main types of forces They are :-
i) Contact forces
ii) Non contact forces

Contact forces :- are forces exerted by one object on another

when they are in contact with each other.

Contact forces are of two types. They are :-

i) Muscular force
ii) Force of friction

Non contact forces :- are forces exerted by one object on

another without any contact with each other.

Non contact forces are of three types. They are :-

i) Magnetic force
ii) Electrostatic force
iii) Gravitational force
Contact forces :-
i) Muscular force :-
Muscular force is the force exerted by the muscles of our body.
We use muscular force for our various activities.
Animals like bullocks, horses, camels, donkeys, elephants also
use muscular force to perform various tasks.
ii) Force of friction :-
Force of friction is the force which opposes the motion of an
object over a surface.
Eg :- A ball rolling on ground gradually slows down and comes to
rest due to force of friction.
If we stop pedalling a bicycle, it gradually slows down and
comes to a stop due to force of friction.
Non contact forces :-
i) Magnetic force :-
Magnetic force is the force exerted by magnets.

Eg :- Force of attraction and repulsion between two magnets.

Force exerted by a magnet on a piece of iron or steel.
ii) Electrostatic force :-
Electrostatic force is the force exerted by a charged body on
another charged or uncharged body.

Eg :- A plastic straw charged by rubbing with paper attracts a

suspended plastic straw.
A plastic straw charged by rubbing with paper repels a
suspended plastic charged by rubbing with paper.
iii) Gravitational force :-
Gravitational force is the force exerted by the earth on all
objects. It pulls all objects towards the earth.

Eg :- A coin or pen falls down when it slips off your hand.

A ball thrown upward falls down .
Leaves and fruits fall to the ground when they get detached
from the plant.
Water in rivers flow downwards.
Depends on Force and Area
Pressure
Describes how a force is
spread over an area.

It is a measure of how
much force is acting on a
certain area.
Pressure is the force acting per unit area.
Force
Pressure =
Area
F
p=
A
Unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa).
If the area is smaller the pressure is more on the
surface for the same force.

Pressure 22
A sharp knife has a very small surface area
on its cutting edge so that high pressure
can be exerted to cut the onion.

Pressure 23
The high pressure on surface
of the ice so that the ice
melts and allowing the ice
skater to glide smoothly

Pressure 24
When a force is applied to
the head of a nail, the
pressure will drive its
sharp end into a piece of
wood easily

Pressure 25
The pressure under the studs is high enough for them
to sink into the ground, which gives extra grip

Pressure 26
Really need very high air pressure inside the
tyres, because the narrow tyres have a very small
contact area with the icy road.

Pressure 27
Skis have a large area to
reduce the pressure on
the snow so that they do
not sink in too far.

Pressure 28
A tractor moving on soft ground has wide
tires to reduce the pressure on the ground so
that they will not sink into the ground.

Pressure 29
A wide shoulder pad of a heavy bag will reduce the
pressure exerted on the shoulder of the person
carrying the bag.

Pressure 30
For a solid block resting on the floor, the
pressure acting on the floor is highest when the
block is resting on its smaller surface.

Pressure 31
Which diagram shows the child exerting least
pressure on the ground?

B
Pressure 32
A brick with rectangular sides rests on a table.

Pressure 33
1. The brick is now turned so that it rests on
the table on its smallest face.

Pressure 34
How has this change affected the force and the
pressure exerted by the brick on the table?

C
Pressure 35
LIQUID PRESSURE:
The pressure exerted by a stationary liquid kept in a
container, at any point inside the liquid, is known as
hydrostatic (liquid) pressure.

The liquid pushes on every surface in contact with it, no matter

which way the surface is facing.
Pressure exerted by liquids gases :-
• Liquids pressure on the bottom of the container does not
depend on the area of the bottom. It acts perpendicular to
the base.
• Liquids pressure at any point inside the liquid depends
upon the density and the height of the liquid column above
that point.
• Liquids exert sideways pressure.
• An external pressure applied on a liquid in a closed
container is transmitted uniformly throughout the liquid..
The deeper into a liquid you go, the greater
the weight of liquid above and the higher
pressure.

Pressure 38
The more dense the liquid, the higher the
pressure at any particular depth.

Pressure 39
Whatever the shape or width, the pressure at
any particular depth is the same.

Pressure 40
 heric ressure :-
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure of air around us.
Atmospheric pressure is due to the weight of air.
The weight of an air column of the height of the
of the atmosphere and area 10 cm x 10 cm is as
large as 1000 kg.

Rub€er sucker
Air column

10 c m
10 cm
The atmosphere is the layer of air enveloping the
Earth. It extends up to 1000 km above the
surface and has a total mass of 4.5 × 1018 kg.
The pressure inside our bodies is almost the same
as the external pressure and so balances it.
At high altitudes where the pressure is lower,
breathing is difficult. Nose bleeding may occur as
results from the pressure difference between the
body and the external pressure.

Pressure 42
 When the piston is
pulled up, the
atmospheric
pressure inside
the cylinder will
decrease.
The atmospheric
pressure outside
pushes the liquid
up into the
syringe.

Pressure 43
When a person suck
through the straw,
the pressure in the
straw become low.
The atmospheric
pressure outside
which is higher will
force the water into
the straw and
consequently into
the mouth.

Pressure 44
When a vacuum cleaner is switched on, it sucks out
the air inside the cleaner, causes the pressure inside
the cleaner become low.
The atmospheric pressure which is higher in
magnitude, forces the air and duct particles into the
cleaner. Pressure 45