CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT NANDINI TOMAR, STUDENT

OF CLASS 12TH (MED.) HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED
THE INVESTEGATORY REPORT ON THE
PROJECT TOPIC
WATER POLLUTION.

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF MR. PRAMOD FOR

ACEDEMIC SESSION 2021-22.

Subject teacher external examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY SPECIAL THANKS

OF GRATITUDE TO MY TEACHER MR. PRAMOD, AS
WELL AS OUR PRINCIPAL WHO GAVE ME THE
GOLDEN OPPURTUNITY TO DO THIS PROJECT ON
TOPIC WARER POLLUTION WHICH HELP ME TO
LEARN A LOT IN THE RESEARCH AND COURSE OF
COMPLETION OF THIS PROJECT.

I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO EXPRESS SPECIAL THANKS

TO MY PARENTS AND FRIENDS FOR THEIR
VALUABLE SUPPORT, ADVISE AND LOVE WHICH
HELPED ME TO DO THIS PROJECT WITH THE GIVEN
TIME FRAME.
WATER
POLLUTION
WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION?

WATER POLLUTION (OR AQUATIC POLLUTION) IS THE

CONTAMINATION OF WATER BODIES., USUALLY AS A RESULT OF
HUMAN ACTIVITIES, IN SUCH A MANNER THAT NEGATIVELY AFFECTS
ITS LEGITIMATE USES. IT REDUCES THE ABILITY OF THE BODY OF
WATER TO PROVIDE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES THAT IT WOULD
OTHERWISE PROVIDE.

WATER BODIES INCLUDE FOR EXAMPLE LAKES, OCEANS, RIVERS,

AQUIFERS, RESERVOIRS AND GROUND WATER.

WATER POLLUTION RESULTS WHEN CONTAMINANTS ARE

INTRODUCED INTO THESE WATERBODIES.

WATER POLLUTION CAN USUALLY BE ATTRIBUTED TO ONE OF FOUR

SOURCES: SEWAGE, INDUSTRY, AGRICULTURE, AND URBANRUNOFF
INCLUDING STORMWATER.

WATER POLLUTION CAN ALSO LEAD TO WATER-BORNE DISEASES.

PEOPLE USING POLLUTED WATER FOR DRINKING, BATHING, WASHING
OR IRRIGATION.
SUPPLYING CLEAN DRINKING WATER IS AN IMPORTANT ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES PROVIDED BY SOMEFRESHWATER SYSTEMS,
BUT APPROXIMATELY 785 MILLIONPEOPLE IN THE WORLD DO NOT
HAVE ACCESS TO CLEAN DRINKINGWATER BECAUSE OF POLLUTION.
Sources and effects of water pollution

Water pollution can be caused in a number of ways, one of

the most polluting being city sewage and industrial waste
discharge.
Indirect sources of water pollution include contaminants
that enter the water supply from soils or groundwater
systems and from the atmosphere via rain.

Soils and groundwaters contain the residue of human

agricultural practices and also improperly disposed of
industrial wastes.
Sources of water pollution are either point sources or non
-Point sources.
Point sources have one identifiable cause, such as
a storm drains, a wastewater treatment plant or an oil
spills.
Non-point sources are more diffuse, such as agricultural
runoff Pollution is the result of the cumulative effect over
time.
Pollution may take the form of toxic substances (e.g., oil,
metals, plastics, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants,
industrial waste
products), stressful conditions (e.g., changes of pH, hypoxia
or anoxia)
Contaminants and their sources
➢ pathogens from sewage and agriculture:

Disease-causing microorganisms are referred to

as pathogens.
The major groups of pathogenic organisms are:
(a) bacteria (b) viruses (c) protozoans (d) helminths.  
In practice, indicator organisms are used to
investigate pathogenic pollution of water because the
detection of pathogenic organisms in water sample is
difficult and costly, because of their low concentrations.
The indicators (bacterial indicator) of fecal contamination
of water samples most commonly used are: total coliforms
(TC), fecal coliforms (FC) or thermotolerant coliforms,
escherichia coli (EC).  
The source of high levels of pathogens in water bodies can
be from human feces, sewage, blackwater, manure that
has found its way into the body. The cause for this can be
lack of sanitation or poorly functioning on-
site sanitation system (septic tank, pit latrines), sewage
treatment plants without disinfection steps, sanitary
sewers overflow, and combined sewer
overflows (CSOs) during storm events and intensive
agriculture (poorly managed livestock operations).
 ➢ non- biodegradable organic compounds:

Non-biodegradable organic substances can enter water

bodies from a variety of sources, for eg: industrial
wastewater. Many of these chemical substances are toxic.
• Chemicals from insecticides and herbicides.
• petroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels
(gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels, and fuel oil) and
lubricants (motor oil), and fuel combustion by-
products, from oil spills or storm water runoff
• volatile organic compounds, such as
industrial solvents, from improper storage.
• Persistent organic pollutants, for example per- and
polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS).
• Organochlorides, polychlorinated
biphenyl (PCBs), trichloroethylene, perchlorate (th
ese are currently or were in the past used
as pesticides, solvents, pharmaceuticals, and
industrial chemicals).
The following compounds can all reach water bodies via
raw sewage or even treated sewage discharges:
• Various chemical compounds found in
personal hygiene and cosmetic products.
• Environmental persistent pharmaceutical
pollutants, which can include
various pharmaceutical drugs metabolites (see
also drug pollution), such
• as antidepressant drugs, antibiotics or
the contraceptive pills.
Types of pollution
1) Marine pollution:
Marine pollution occurs when substances used or spread
by humans, such as industrial, agricultural and
residential waste, particles, noise, excess carbon
dioxide or invasive organisms enter the ocean and cause
harmful effects there. The majority of this waste (80%)
comes from land-based activity, although marine
transportation significantly contributes as well.

2) thermal pollution:
Thermal pollution, sometimes called "thermal
enrichment," is the degradation of water quality by any
process that changes ambient water temperature. Thermal
pollution is the rise or fall in the temperature of a natural
body of water caused by human influence. Thermal
pollution, unlike chemical pollution, results in a change in
the physical properties of water.
What Can You Do to Prevent Water Pollution?

It’s easy to tsk-tsk the oil company with a leaking tanker,

but we’re all accountable to some degree for today’s water

pollution problem. Fortunately, there are some simple

ways you can prevent water contamination or at least

limit your contribution to it:

• Reduce your plastic consumption and reuse or

recycle plastic when you can.

• Properly dispose of chemical cleaners, oils, and

non-biodegradable items to keep them from

ending up down the drain.

• Maintain your car so it doesn’t leak oil, antifreeze,

or coolant.

• If you have a yard, consider landscaping that

reduces runoff and avoid applying pesticides and

herbicides.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.wikipedia.com
www.google.com