ae Frolfic i neecin 4. Tote Raeasi contr +2 i) | TER 1 pb me Brrhecluetion : — Waffic — erginue ie the beh, of nue which — deaaly qi reyprovernt ot of teal Ri po on wad raticork § FY rani frog Sf cpterat caaftic Studia, & entific ool is fe \ nuea ng of ie Trafic aa veclucky foie ome an one Shard | ‘ x nie on nee on << Traffic Engineer'y thuefore ach with the opplicati y hols, techniqpts ard fire Of Svent revelers fs sale , rapid resp & effivert rrovernwott of people § gers: The rrocol toffee is composed! of aif erent “ee op veliculag -hafhic & pedertrara —halFic gach ery ef Vehicule -halfic hwy two componente, the hanhn! tlement af the drivg & the aching as the Vehicle. alFic erp tears fa ale to be recognite, & spreyntal 4 cial § physical woente > pefinetion, — “aR, Institule ot “Raffic engin S, use fa defindd -hafic erginuning as +" Tralic i nasxingy is tha Dal ty prose of h deeds larsning § fons CH Engi Moe chi sian cp © eed aay ef sheet. higheny , lard: & with seer opy thy son, 1 thay ered a ralatid to the Sake, conveni G Ecoromnuc fyareportati on of pecan’ & qe prefescoy Rese Blarclen ef cabifosnin Cetus bor prepeced died — ceteri tion, "+ event : Hy yierta oo PACORUS WG. yea c. tye De be cde Ad Scanned with CamScannerinne Scanned with CamScannerrent factors - — toca © ceil, intitkgence Enpeyi ens i re a affect thy od usey cheqackyistics . Knowle 4 n c chayattzistics, hoffe behevoicuy » dr july + woods A psychology of vod vs Ton ut ee oh i f ; loa 445 till a Lem. © Profhic operons Reactors +p tw : ce become wore spombarvod f Onclystarding “fe ~halt i ee Se 7 halfic vepudation € Speci Lins & timely f° ak inshucton py mw § mmc action — duperd4 9 intllgne o psy choi ical facto Thue offect “reaction ie grtuahors “eP vood ums too gest esbint The emrortinodl Factors Such ay abhi ventic , Feoq - qe supesht on imgetene gery adtitucls oud Macfie & nye g metigs& , abo Come urdy Wie cole e re en uses elo rot dur © d -to : spofiic “let & de rot hve te odtituda Poon the sock ate \iteqaa Ayalfhic . \ vy cnuironmental factors. — us Saviroomerdal conditions afFeching. the pehaviony of wood wey one Holic cteeos fe ctaiyer , teeosphyic corchiti ons the Sgictics. ods op TUL locality , The -hallic — St8earn mo “ shafFic oF buoy roll c . f the peyeenlige chefhi c SIS hab - the nad for Fos by felvcla. TH odapte 4 Increase, foy the Fay shesadyi eh depend Thi \losto chegal op sho | evel YOON WY -to d frevenk fyraba ¢ etre 7 patos 5 malll , thy pivg’s 49 0, wits . ue ay hu Scanned with CamScanner~y vehicle limensions .— The tye qoonstie . st nah, he dag 4 Gate chifFerent width ite & f ‘ ‘Cr lee width ofthe uchile. alfeck- the widiy, oe Foullys § pobre Recilities. Po the eoug is rot oolegpuate duc +o wwieley vebicly uy; , a he Spey oP arm will decrease Speen ome of the velvcla § -thy dag baue are portant factors in otal “ met an thes c the da o hori2oatq( ¢ me “Sake Oveytali distance, Capac ral & i ir “pty c acl lesgh 7 ne : : the Vehide affect thy ¢ are nt torday strudliyey such ay ove — br ac - electric & cthy ter Sign beagds Sic mimes C4 head Delails en ‘i meatinc - fe-ckcted tele fe 5 Ally wg 8 i Bet tren i sit ad Scanned with CamScannerType 3 vere a-si “Type a -s2- eae r | orf oy ol ik | gil po Hes Type & SI Type a 82 Type S- : an df Wego! Bu pHtle-o~ e- ibe tyre 2-3 {iene ick re e geod transport ve J leodae} vehiden) — the rox wt of night of vo dhe wheal & “only affect te danige a ona al ae ent. Dn Act the fimiti cine Teg the pelle poy ot Ct han vehi day the be opvoss dephty g ole wo bean IRC loen i Table. ible ymsse mom Pe ee a boy tre Nansen peymissible goose wogh § ove loos e “transport veh by , Homiroor) | Maninnom ck bt, (ae i vehicle type res weight, Fuck | woctor | Trailer tomy FAW | RaW FA RAW 3 th an re 6 | bo single tyre) 1 tyve tb. ayo BRA rrres Scanned with CamScannercps me Pe op pore of cia ity " ven a ¢ ads 9 a Thiet was ce tren consis tng of ve pes STONE! of han yn Sst yeas tanw oh oe nesictorce. af yeast _ qe ob spt vehicle — thy Velvele ae oH austere C60) wd cape etvation vi q » on vation cae & cunt g ould “s aque! yarns tio? wy width of gach oath Jane] pov Gon forigertal Coro vy Lasign contol rntasuys ii} oli q Nora ia Teed Controls ros of qrodiek wor | sof the ah he dasign hy elmuntt oF ep wt gable - hk daccheyation & & bali ia ~~ vehicle duped on the sae A e chy“ of vehicle choyadka i q iF eer “he Se crielon “cet distant © & the Specing iw the 4 in a ctaffic. Streann V ye affected Ce e att the eCiceny qd He bet austin . ho ep capacity & hartig sight distance vere direct tly get Mfectid by the accelyation § ducely + cheepclgis fa ing ay wll a the backing cheqochiyistiy ef. skid yeast ychicly - evo ' 4 sible to | Bx geet: Ais pestle urd) pre aot | sditons b&b + paeiey & } by y ad & |. 8 a - CYTE | F { \-UPEE od Scanned with CamScannerWe. least too of He follow! Heres rntonugenenty ant “o atl tat Yin ordy -to dat Fie seit yal fumad. | ae the tL metre hs. eral. a , be nal gped crm [eee cagption ef brate opi pplicabson, od Actite le: - Pe erent eon oe travelbng. ot 9 Spee a ° { J by applying role C fatty ft Gp so pmph ume stored yf rprlging \ eticl magks woe 8 Rate leglh peti “the ovr of Hy pave noch Ray Focs stid —-yesistarre ayitial sperl & 20 traph k= 58M Braki isto, | 30 ge 33.0 [SEC qritial apd U =e & 63m = => bv alictanm, hk 48 kid vetishra, 2 - at eae \ was Stopped bo hjcle — roui a 4o tmph ape { 120 she lordlee G the Langth of suid reay was, ‘es d -vesist arte fi the premert vg Kren bemine the 4 ons J dabjrnine He ovale eEriaeney of t =p hid yegisternce | = O-F uo wrepl us Hall mS wd WIE Scanned with CamScanner- fier” = Sie ' op KO SI% 1 Pad 6M wot . yo 0 a to wuertp / we even 434% lune & => refnittors of aallic spel uolurme —& Dens =ped re vali ot which eomaont or comithong opt oS able T° roo eee volun the arcoutt of pace thot a Sube ober oacepith » OF rat iS ercloced with a © owas = a ; © le ov male | quomitty F tea axe on spe c The grovel ime T= a lationship blw peed , yelolil te 4ralFi c ened V, syothic * the funclo ree => Re he Variable Cc hey acti sti ou Sno ¢ alfic clensi fy kK. 4 wl . bas; volume § Gu \q | halt iC cpeed : Scanned with CamScannerprem v ‘t faeeus] ort oad tony wi spol of gel day i? * aie { "1 man hidly POs! 4 ~ ie. (vel [wx Yolume © \ prod vig Cov me syoaduoct | avi , spe Ee mT Ae of ak ogi ans Scanned with CamScanner\blunis - eperd a dunsiff ai sala copes Plow: =u. = moe iene “p ' i aperd” Vo cp 4 the mm ; Ud jam dui Ke THE TORO ri ee J 7 4 ; or the Capac Plow Ae occuy up “Yer ; sp & chns: & is KL \ Speed if = ae rox = Ve“ a 4 Scanned with CamScanneringks lars, wp Ie CO pe lane | $= +o Cnte shen ¢ Roadivar4 qeemilvicn G \ \ factors Such a ccndition, vec hy \ { AFORE ka Scanned with CamScanner5 undy — Stop Pi, is 64m Belin, go tmph, Sion eyxaos q pate Q 1000 = INT Yeh, 64 a0 Hanirom — flow Yar (OO Capos ly Flow . 4 \ ep ky . ey ane - fon 3[8900 =F] vehi. 98 Y — . => Copci & hovel of Seyi — pelore 8 um ; of. Soma * of g "details of — Gpaci 4 Lhe olefinic on c Yelatd «tyme ow oe hye . Seen ulema eo Comedie Volum droftic How , “Trafic Capacity g Trafic ° cunsiG - 1 dLfinitions of abe Hrsee writt the ws VY §& K. () - petipnuirabi oo ef thuovtical — mon capo _ An evtinrad of Hheoreti ca max Cor) bosig nals lane ey } be made Peom Scanned with CamScanner“a “The =Gusu lon ’ amp that paws — frottion to the speed gp ro andes ee Wn chivedt , or ’ e Ge Stra qn oO an appro matt Pecedtn Ne a. §o, Gy the Space wt Yehidy 19 the Kolfie gtre 0 erat plied. - 4 He re VS Sapo | epee ve § vt jime of PH deve] E,Thu in . ie qe hy Space ar 4 o45 VEO) 0. - Mm y | Is wt, 0 , tongh sage in msec & whye v GY ot aug speed { \oduoo. sin a jh. MNmo Streasn is Hyyefore apo lo He i ger, PS n os perce oe “iy Stream g “y of [= ah * jo aravt +t) Sie be tow 5 Hs The OY react on tne 1S oa a oe Ps we l is often qagurnich +o le oto : vo 4 analysis 5 &ogp"” he yolus Of (9 he v i HO tire bes eel asco oy oF see pre. SPR no p i cg gwen bt nelotion — -Fo* gpact a q { / esd aaah Q A jaa tfic. lane wou haadur ng NUM vant Scanned with CamScanner :pues - — - . 7 . tice Copaa Example —— = she Thane “pe " ww Jane with one tealhi c an > blu of Ao . pss the ( | to Pre she yelotion Sy ¥ pave aul a is tho og weacho, Jy Streun — epee in beaph, © So4sec; cuscume “4 sgh of We =o 8 Boli— 2 gheom apecel We Hotmph Reoction | ie + =94 Sec “wy - Length yk =5-0m gs S ak go ase th =0 gs xuoxoet +O fa =12 48 ae J a pecretcal cago SY - Ve * oop XO : Tag \ le = 3,130 eby dy [hi / lane Scanned with CamScannerTRAFFIC ENGINEERING STUDIES AND ANALYsig 7 5.3 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING STUDIES AND ANALYSIS 5.3.1 General [Te traffic engineering studies cartied out for collecting traffic data are aso catieg Waffic surveys. ‘Traffic engineering studies are cartied out to analyse the traffic characteristics and their movements along the identified roads. ‘The results of the studies are used for the design of geometric features and traffic conttol measures fy safe and efficient traffic movement. ‘The analyses of results of these studies are also Useful for assessing the need of the proposed road project with justifications, The different watlic engineering studies generally carried out are: (a) Traffic volume studies (b) Spot speed studies (c) Speed and delay studies (d) Origin and destination (O & D) studies (c) Parking studies (Q) Accident studies raffic Volume Studies Traffic volume or flow Traffic volume is a.measure to quantify the traffic flow, Traffic volume or traffic flow is expressed as the number of vehicles that pass across a given transverse line of the toad during unit time. As the carriageway width of the roads may vary, the traffic volume is generally expressed as number of vehicles per hour ot per day, per traffic lane. Different classes of vehicles make use of the same roadway, particularly in developing countries like India; thus the traffic streams consist of ‘mix The vehicles of the traffic stream may be classified into different vehicle classes y consist of: (i) fast moving vehicles such as (a) passenger cars, (b) buses, (c) trucks or heavy commercial vehicles (HCV), (d) light commercial vehicles (LCV ). (e} auto- vickshaws, (f) two-wheeler automobiles (motor cycles and scooters) and (ai) slow moving vehicles such as animal drawn vehicles like bullock catts, cycle rickshaws, pedal cycles, etc. Determination of the volume of cach vehicle class separately and finding the total volume is called ‘classified traffic volume studies’ it becomes | vehicle ied an ia order to express the total traffic flow on a road per unit time, necessary to convert the flow of different vehicle classes into one type. such as the “passenger car’, Therefore cach vehicle class is as ed “passenger car unit’ (PCL!) in terms of a standard pa PCU values are given in Art, $4.4 of this cl nd nda equivalency factor, ¢ rse position. Th ssified Scanned with CamScanner181 The data on turning movements of different vehicle classes are ye design of signal timings or to justify the need for grade separated iments the data on queue length and delay at the intersection, occupancy of different venon,,° can be used in the economic analysis of intersection improvement proposal YS Pedestrian volume counts will help in the design of sidc-walks and in decid suitable facilities for pedestrian crossing, including the timing of signatioe’ intersection The traffic volume studies at the intersections are conducted during peak and off. peak periods and the traffic volume data collected will help in the design of differen sels of signals timings for different timte periods of the day presentation of traffic volume data The data collected during the traffic volume studies are processed and ate presented in any of the following forms depending upon the requirements Annual average daily traffic (AADT) red by determining average daily The total traffic as well as tative Annual average daily traffic (AADT) is obtai traffic volume recorded for all the 365 days of the year classified traffic may be determined. This data is useful in deciding the importance of a route and im phasing the road development programme. This is useful for determining the growth rate of different vehicle classes. The PCU vaiue are used to convert the different vehicle classes to one class such as passenger cat (see Tables 5.6 and 5.7) Average daily traffic (ADT) When the traffic volume counts are carried out only for a few d volume obtained is called ‘avera ‘oads are generally carried out vi ys period, once during the peak tratt (such as for 3 10 ge daily traffic’ or ima year by season and 7 days) the average daily traff ADT. Traffic census on non-urban wise counts for 7-da taking directio once during the lean season, Trend charts “oct rend chats showing volume trends over period of yeas afe prepared, THES! C8 Saat rowth and for planning future expansion, design are useful for estimating the rate of and re; nilation, prepared, These ¢ prepar daily and seasonal vari peak waffic periods wing hourly Vai facilities and re: help in vation needed during representing the affic valume Traffic flow maps 7 along the routes. (the thickness of the | any desired scale) > existing 103 ni at inter Scanned with CamScannerKAP ~ © lan te / ratte vetuont a the plot between hourly fc op Design hourly wah reve dE ee seen : -to Design heal wo al the wai hi that it ill Not Be economical et a Bieri oe eer Tanna average wry volume a. o hourl 1 AS a ne eeause dung considerable Period of the facthines according st ot at all fiom ADT wal 00 tion. The de be sufficient a tice m the USA 15 to adopt a deg ' Sra er seen 450" highest hourly volume of the year. siume between 10" and 50" hig ee Sel ee ie veure! as the hourly ve ill be teag 2 Thuricth highest hourly rat vo times inva year and all other hourly volumes mes = eee how the value the highway faites designed with capacity MC Sea ceea eae anny clare eis eeetined yer fod eb Satisfactory from Mlkdjuating est hourly traffic volute a 3 Facility aswell asthe cost This 18 because the cost wall be me vn compare! to the peak heurly volume and there will he Congestion only he year and this 1s considered reasonable tn the 30" highest hourly volume is generally taken asthe “design hourly volume fop n design of the toadway facility, Instead, the design hourly traffie volume < socided by drawing the diagram as shown in Fig. 5.3, after carrying out traffic * studies on the desired location of the road. ‘The design hourly volutne thus arrived “Ssostascessanly comeide with the thirtieth highest hourly volume in all the cases RLY TRAFFIC VOLUME UR: Ho! IN ONE YEAR wnt PING THAT sHown AFFIC Fig. $.3 Highest hourty VOLUME Exo (attic Volumes ol traftic volume count data Short counis and adjustments ie the requirement ain tmber of enunge hicle classe tadies Sand afg Scanned with CamScannerIt is desirable that continuous traffic volume counts are made at set stations’ located at strategic locations so that the short volume counts matey perm values of the jin each speed range and is represented as Uifferent speed ranges. Column as a percentage of the total number ‘ven in column no. 4 The cumulative ine different speeds are given in column no. 5 mulative frequency values of 7) Cumulative frequency, _| fat or below the speed). % cumulative spot speed distribution diagram is drawn by plotting the mid speed ble 5.4 on the X-axis and the % cumulative frequency ot below the specified speed given column (5) of the 5.5. From the cumulative speed distribution = 35" percentile speed = 60 kmph percentile speed = 30-kmph ercentile speed Scanned with CamScanner Floatin Int approx: stream, group each n On used inters watch these tabul test a thi test obs met cau__ = CENTRE LINE OF |/ EXISTING ROAD | a ——— DESIRE LINES 1 + 5.6 Desire line diagram 5.3.7 Parking Studies Need for parking oadway width including the number of lanes are decided based on the ehicles do not keep moving during the entire day » or park at the desired locations for different for travel to a market area may Though th design traf of volume, all the Some portion of the traffic will n bux those who The need parking f Scanned with CamScannerwidth of Effect , Sf parking along road side n in the will reduce the effectiv’ Even a fe @ few vehicles parked along the road side Te in substantial reducto” the carria ayeway for the moving traffic and the arvi : 3g traffic and rest on e ms ay capacity. ‘Therefore road side parking facility may be made available eae vide stretches ofthe road, during the period of the day when the traffic How 18 LOW However sad sie parking will have to be prohibited on ongested roads with heavy ehicnlar flow Investigations for parking studies Different aspects to be covered during parking studies are: ities available. (a) study of existing parking characteristics and the fa (b) inventory of additional parking space that could be availed (c) determination of the actual parking demand during different periods of the e ae + local (2) lamin and design of suitable parking facilities that are suitable to meet the we demand keeping in view the available 5 g facil ailable space for parking facility obta Parking characteristics The study is directed to understand the present parking practices prevalent in the sho of In case of road-side area under consideration and the general problems in parking. ference parking or "kerb parking’, itis also necessary to study the parking pattern, int reemooth flow of taffi¢ caused during parking and un-parking operations and the recidents involved during parking operations. In the case of off-street parkin the maximum and average values of walking distance to reach ditferent 0 be worked out minimum, destinations after parking the vehicles are t Parking space inventory 4 map is prepared showing all places The area under study is fully surveyed and ‘lities can be provided to meet the where kerb parking and off-street parking 0 emand, While designing appropriate parking facilities, the traffic engineer vferation the important factors such as: (2) taffie ow along the adjoining roads (13) roadway capacity (iii) parking demand and (iv) the maximum parking space that can be made vpailable for different classes of vehicles. The desten of parking fac ed in Art. 5.7 park has to take into con igs is present Parking demand shicles that are uunulation’ indicates the total number of ve period. Depending on the timing of the ea during a specified time the parking demand increases from early morning and reaches @ » period of heavy parking demand and later 0 the night, it ened with fe the day and the Y- ed with X-axis showing the timing oF TY day and the ¥ nae 5 curve is an The term “parking Jocation, hitic ne ace. Parking nef Scanned with CamScannerweno AND ANALYSIS ws The park: ing der ig demand in a locality may be eval valuated by different methods One of th te methods F study dur sis by cou y during dite eo bY counting the number oF ve . ander parked vehi periods of the di Ir vehicles parked 1n the area ail Parked vehicle at any deste tine ayy tng teens othe aoe eat FE estimate the ch ime interval (such as 30 minute, One hour. €| mel thuration o E pels ef when pon net ene Oe ag wre pt tea me ree es Melee shan eased pos obvious Sana RS rate ae unin Ae Macnee es sctiod fais 19 He y itis This vely larger area around the 1e selected area centering, the 1 possible 0 Another method is by od is by making cordon counts of a 1 locality with high parking demand, ‘The accumulation oF Blea bby subtracting the outgoing traffic from the trafic volume es ned area during the study period. However by this etiod it is 0 btain the duration and the specitic locations of parking An usefitl method of ficld study ts by intervtew ne shop owners and other vehicle owners in the locality desired parking period of the ed vehicles. the drivers of par in dletatl » obta It is possible day. pretel J is very of information such as frequency, amount of parking fee willing to pay, ete. This method then the parking demand in the study area 1s Higher than the total parking space available, 53.8 Accident Studies and Analysis ccident studies ortation due to: (i) comple fof vehicles and (ii) th personal Importance of dent is very acute in road transp\ sa trafic (ii) presence of mixed TYPE Traffic accidents may involve pre dof the main objectives of waffle The problem of acci patterns of vehicull ans on the roads. zs and also deaths. One qraffic movements perty damage flow gineering is to provide ent any tg that occur from time to time on an ally prevented, th sneering and manazer nt stadies 10 to the road acciden ts cannot be tot le traffic et yy out systematic accide measures in terms of desig Jent and to maintain 2One carried owt pertocke e accident studies pertain oad system, Though road accide e accident vereased substantially by suita herefore the traffic engineer fas 10 62° to take prevenuve ny individual acid nts will help to at T existia 2 can be meast res. accidems and gate the causes of 2 [t is essen! yse evel aM | analysis of acct fo ana and control > statistica hes or zones or a City veal the accident rates sise accident records. | locations or nt stud Scanned with CamScanner” TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ares i control meas” ‘© ' suppor proposed changes in design, regulation and selected zon (4) to carry out “before and after studies’ afte demonstrate the improvement in the accident problem + implementing changes and to (©) to make computations of financial loss due to accidents and . Acct (1 to provide ecwonie justification forthe improvement measures suggested PY : the traffic engin eral of di Causes of accidems suse Coll There are five basie ele namely: (a) Road user b) Vehicle c (b) Vehicle a (e) Road and its condition io (d) Tate (ec) Favironmental factors such as weather, visibility, ete ne road user responsible for the accident may be the driver of one or more vehicles involved, pedestrians or the passengers. Vehicles involved in the accident may also be «lefective. The condition of the road surface or other existing geometric es or any of the environmental conditions of the road may not be up to the ‘pectation resulting in accidents. The traffic flow and their characteristics could also cause undue strain on the driver. To sum up, an accident may be caused due to a ‘ombination of several reasons and seldom due to one particular reason. Hence it is often not possible to pin point a particular single cause of an accident Various causes of accidents may be listed as given below: (a) Drivers: Excessive speed and rash driving, carelessness, violation of rules and regulations, failure to see or understand the trafic situation, sign or signal, temporary effects due to fatigue, sleep or effect of consuming alcohol . carelessness while using the carri Pedestrians. Violating regulations meant for vehicular traffic (c) Passengers: Alighting from or getting into moving vehicles stem, of lighting system, tyre Failure of brakes, steerin: d) Vehicle defects burst and any other defect in the vehicles Slippery or skidding road surface, pot holes, nuts and other of the road surface, temporary obstruction to line of sight ree or disabled vehicle) resulting in reduction in normal & (e) Read conditior aged conditioi anch of (caused by b sight distance ometric design like inadequate sight distance at | width of on, inadequat ? trol devices Scanned with CamScanneroS CEKING 5 STUDIES AND ANALYSIS (3) Animal imals: Stray ani GW) Other canna Mima on the road ses: whe cing not closed Incorr ect i 'ENS oF signals, gate of level tos! fet boards oF req : wired. Pree eS. sibbon develope Bpadlytocared adverse Aci sae studies and re ao cords various steps involved am traf eaffic acculent stud data (ii Gi) preparation of aceidh cident reports (0) prepat of diagram 1s showing the type of coll collusion and (¥) applica accidents at the samme 1% of acexdent ration ds for satyan file OD PEEPA asures to present simula oe Collection of accident di fent data ant data is the first step in the vetead boy the tviary feoads © Collection of accider collecting the data has been sue see Ref 16). 1h aaa he detatls to be coblecte cee \ be collected are briefly mentioned Un der \ « date, Hime, persons involved in the ae ‘ i Genet te exten he vw the accident and here PACcle’s ww aca ike Fatal, settous, miner, POM sty damage only. et Location veal aletanls of the Hoeation of 8S wppanted Fr €) Details of verteles involved - registration umber, make and ription of 's. loadin + details, vehicular defects gy Nature of accident - ¢ seewdent ~ condition of vehicles avowed, details of Comision and Ar objcets involved, damages injuries, casualty. 1 te dition ~ details of road geometries, Whethet dhe road suet S curved, surface characteristics such @S dry, wet or stIPP wo ndition - type vehicles 10 the traffic flow, traffic volume and density. 3) ary causes of accident - various possible causes and the primary cause ‘cident by probable causes/secondary and contributing causes FoF the accident @ rat cost ~ the total cost of the accident, such * property damages. walties, computed i® terms of Rupees juries and as sonal it Ja farther collect ao Be Accident report aecudent should be reported to police authorities who WoW’ pecially in more Sere jdents involv of the individu The Jegal action Ities or severe ama} eparately taker The sand take as given ro property Accident Tepe accident data should be pared with all facts 8h collected pe useful “Re accident report S PY : ysis, claims for compensator, evaluation of aceite ~ tecident records w Scanned with CamScanner° PRAFFIC ENGINEERING ay cients by spots: Pins °F % —(b) Spor maps: Accident location spot maps show 2601000" Cy, gay 1 mim ps: Acid ; ov gy, A map OF aps of urban accidents spol fen iv Fig. 5-7 assis ‘wan faci tea symbols on the road map of the loca 4 to 6 m, may be used for the preparation of The common legend used for spot maps, are 8i¥ 0 NON - FATAL Type of accident FATAL wa Motor Vehicle -Pedestrain = @ ° Other motor vehicle traffic e ° Fig. 5.7 Legend for accident spot Mmaps y () Catioton diagram: “These diagrams depict the details of the aceident location {not drawn to scale) and show the approximate path of the vehicles and pedestrians involved in the accident and also other objects with which the vehicles have collided. Collision diagrams are most useful to compare the accident pattern before and after the remedial measures have been taken. A typical collision diagram and symbols used are shown in Fig. 5.8 MOTOR VEHICLE MOVING AHEAD MOTOR VEHICLE BACKING PEDESTRAIN PARKED VEHICLE FIXED OBJECT REAR END COLLISION SIDE SWIPE OUT OF CONTROL FATAL ACCIDENT PERSONAL INJURY PROPERTY DAMAGE ‘ONLY Fig. 5.8 Collision diagram and symbols, cident location s of the road and sn in the condition w (dh Cone ere width of roadwa' F tt Scanned with CamScanneroalnealay Relief to accident victims ‘The most essential and ur ate aet ent requirement is to provide fi transport. the See as possible. It is placteseeniny ANE medical facilities. Therefore it eae persons to the nearest hospital ithe ANE to ees ents aca eer ne ease ambulance equipped with emeces ee ern ceident spot as quickly as possible along Sine pporting staff who could take care of the accident ‘icine Accident investigations and analysis Accident inv : estigations and anal ; gations a alysis may a ous fi pacar ysis may be carried owt scientifically in the ALiOns (a) Accident inves (b) Analysis of individual accidents (c}_ Statistical analysis of accidents These are explained in the following paragraphs: Accident investigations es of accident. caus Objects and contributing ent driving by the ‘The important objective is to find the primary ‘reated in police records is “rash and nesiis (i) the drivers involved in the desirable to find whether saftuence af alcohol (ii) the vehicle had exceeded the legal fect in the vehicle oF the brake had failed (iv) the fe skidded due to slippery stface at the prevailing ipservations, noting required measurements. analysis. it is possible to estimate at the Most common cause 1 Therefore it 1s driver nder the accident were UW? speed limit (ni) there a5 any de brakes were applied but the vehic pavement condition. By making careful ol pondircting tests and carrymg our scientific approach speed of the vehicles before the accident pproach for este A scientific ay accident investigations to arrive at the primary and other d by the authors are niefly presented below causes of accidents SUgS ements iy in all major cities which should reach the ent, ‘Vhis mobile txboratory may CONS fas: GY F and equipment sue pment 10 of the ficient Observations and measure ory may be kept read after an acc 7 and supporting ste tent in the preath of driver (ii) ea if necessary (iil) instrument (O evaluate some ester to find the friction coef pavement condition (dry A mobile labora spot as soon 2s possible na waffic enginee wre the alcohol con acciden of a vehicle with breath analyser to med blood sample. (iv) skid resistance collect and store et essential driver character of the surface where the accident took piace under the same vestigations may P carried out to obtain the required data Recording genera! © 2) Carel obsess “PP M Scanned with CamScanner° TRAFFIC ENGINEERING (6) Detaits of accident, iuries and damages snface through {91 Condition of pavement surface, shoulders and other surface ce/mud oF oil OF urface/mu \chicies snvolved i the aceicent have moved (diy oF Wet S dry sand on surface. ere ) ” Fovironmental and weather cond ons at the time of accident mensions *} Meparaton of condivon diagrany of accident location with relevant climensio! (1) Preparation of accident inv. Tess on drivers ius tigation rep ive in the ace (2) Analysis of breath of drivers involved inthe (using a suitable breathalyzer). Mal him. collection of blood samp! the diver is de accident for alcoliol content Keohol mdicated 1s above the prescribed He for further analysis in th I. tests may be conducted on the spin, content if any tory. In case fluid for estimating the (by Tests on dniver characteristics such wlear Vision ete. If th 45 reaction time, distance jud; accident has occurred during night, glare tests may also be conducted on the d Skid resistance of pavement surface jgement, angle of vision and vlare Iriver in addition to the abov esistance of the road surface oticed should be measured cr the prevailing condition of the surfac accident. using portable skid resistance tester tiageway and shoulders) alon; The measurements may be made e (dry or wet condition) soon after the or any suitable equipment. Vchiete Tests ortant tests on vehich volved in the accident are given under Fests on the condition of brakes and steering of tl fay ne vehicles Tests on essential accessories such as brake lights, indicators, re mirrors, ete ar view (©) General condition and age of the vehicles involved in the accident (d) Type and condition of reteristics and details of dents on the vehicles and other objects involved cident and the cross section and material details of the colla to be noted. The purpose of recording these details ig to esti neti y dissipated in causing these d obable causes of the accident Assessment of nthe sideformations probabl ¢ causes (primary, secondary an on type of accident, site cor 4 contributing caw Jitions, skid marks and positior nvolved and other existing conditions based. es) of of th icles and oth: This may form a hon report Scanned with CamScannerTRAFFI IC ENGINEERING STUDIES AND ANALY: » ‘SIS (a) Injuries and fatalities of persons involved in the (b) Damages to the vehicles = (c) Other property damages (a) Major consequen: isi ssc aueters ol Selec including dislocation and delay to othe (c)_ investigations and legal proceeding, (9 Compensations Analysis of individual traffic accidents Some simple types of accidents Fach road accident is to be anal conclusions with reference to the major c iysed by the traffic engineer to draw sound Muse of the aceident and other contabullne to compute the orrginal speed of the vehicle portant to find whether the vehicle ws nts are listed under the Causes, Therefore one of the abjectives 18 javolved in each type of accident, as iC 15 0" R tew simple types of vehicular aeciden following categories: 4 moving vehicle collides with a stationary object which is collapsible (Hike an made of a hollow metal cylinder) snich is a rigid structure electtie pole which is (o) Ar moving vehicle collides with a stationary object 4 moving vehicle collides with a movable object like a parked vehicle (@)_ Two vehicles approaching from different directions collide av an intersection yosite directions Jes approaching from OPP’ 2) Head-on collision of two vehicl of two moving vehicles na (0) Rear-end collision ent analysis of two simple case for estimating the one presented in the following examples have been The speeds of vehicles. raphs, Assumptions assumptions are sty the analysis. the follow? i to find the In order ant skid has occurred pe assumed as @ arks are present the skid distances are ° distances and it is assumed that 100 pere a sible, 1 may When skid marks ate rot at all visible. # may Pe ts being applied oF due we cake failure. + vy collide, ove together xd mp with speeds *s plastic bodies ‘roth would 1 wy be expressed 8 may passes Ma ay When s : te perfectly it assumed the relati 4) to MOMENTA af Scanned with CamScannerud “TRAFFIC ENGINEERING : In case the coefficient of restitution, ¢ is tess than unity and the value is Known, then the relation is: © (va Mp) = (v= v4") The actual values of the coefficient of restitution should be known, nined experimentally or suitably assumed de Git) The rmpact ofthe vehicles may be either direct or oblique, at a known angle (iv) The friction coe! jent of the pavement surface under the prevailing conditions may either be determined from field test or be suitably assumed. However the friction coefficient is assumed to be uniform throughout the skid distances Analysis of initial speed from skid distance The basic equation for tin of wei king distance or skid distance, S for a vehicle ht W to slow down from speed vi to v2 misec is obtained by equating the reduction in kinetic energy with the work done against the frictional force, F = W.f, tion coefficient or skid resistance developed between the where f is the average f surface and the tyres (Eq. 5.6) } (Eq. 5.7) If the skid distance S is measured from the skid marks, th i initial speed vy may be calculated from the relation. (Eq, 5.8) Vi = (Eq. 5.9) would be zero le comes to a stop after the skid distance §, then vz or V> in Fy. 5.8 and Eq, 5.9 type (i), Collision of moving vehicle with parked vebicle sv a vebicle A, moving with speed v, nvsec skids throt u jication of th gh a distance Sy after ollides with a parked vehicle B and the two vehicles gh a distance Sy up. The objective of the Scanned with CamScanner