+ Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in response to the forces acting on them: these forces can be due to gravity, centrifugal acceleration, or electromagnetism.DD NZ AO We CO —— i. * In geology, sedimentation is often used as the opposite of erosion. In that sense, it includes the termination of transport by siltation or true bed load transport. Settling is the falling of suspended particles through the liquid, where as sedimentation is the termination of the settling process. 6 OyContd... —— i. ¢ Sedimentation may pertain to objects of various sizes, ranging from large rocks in flowing water to suspensions of dust and pollen particles to cellular suspensions to solutions of single molecules such as proteins and peptides. Even small molecules supply a sufficiently strong force to produce significant sedimentation. ©) Oy* Sedimentation is the process of allowing particles in suspension in water to settle out of the suspension under the effect of gravity. The particles that settle out from the suspension become sediment, and in water treatment is known as sludge. When a thick layer of sediment continues to settle, this is known as consolidation. When consolidation of sediment, or sludge, is— i(@ assisted by mechanical means then this is kno Ne as thickening. .o)aT Tat Te Se aD aU)The sedimentation process comprises the following aspects: * Erosion * Transportation + Deposition * Compaction & Cementation* The term erosion refers to the process of weathering, corrosion or abrasion of a material to form smaller particles. * The smaller units thus formed are relocated by water, wind, ice, animals or humans. * The top soil, organic material and other valuable natural resources are removed by the process oe erosion. &* The sediment particles move under the action of the force of gravity and/ or the movement of fluid in which the sediment is entrained by a variety of sediment transport process, such as rolling, sliding, jumping and suspension. * The sediment transport is due to the movement in the fluid occurs in water bodies such as rivers, lakes, oceans and sea, due to currents and tides snd) in glaciers under the influence of wind. eS X©O . The sediment particles carried by wind, water or ice are laid down near the banks or the shores. The sediments carried by flowing water, for instance, a stream are deposited when the velocity of the flowing water decreases. The large sediment particles are deposited near the shore, whereas the smaller sediment particles a EAE Name cere lon SCO) Ccn i )O . The deeply buried sediments are under pressure because of the weight of overlying layers, which causes the grains to pack tightly. This is Compaction. Cementation involves the sticking of the sediment particles together with the help of cementing minerals such as calcium carbonate, silicon i dioxide, iron oxides and clay minerals. This i similar to the cement binding the sand SUED ick layer’s mortar.Sediments, minerals} and rocks Weathering & Erosion le 0% ; Pare Sedimentation o | ee _| & Deposition Key 5 Increasing € “Cementation” (stuck Y vressure f together)+ Damage of agricultural land because the harmful materials in sediments reduce the fertility and productivity of soils. + Sediments deposited in fertile plains hamper surface drainage. * Its deposition in stream channels lowers the flood Corley tive) e Inn ita ke KOKO US THT Cam TORS ian fo raullenvan )Sediment deposition affects the quality of water and its suitability for human consumption. Loss of important or sensitive aquatic habitat. Decrease in fishery resources. Loss of recreation attributes such as boating, PTR IVTUSeS Sa TONTT UT La Feael Cone Corals have been observed to be intolerant to sediments as it affects the physical and biologica Kec MW (OMELET ones lores bite icon =~ a> Sediments threaten a _ nation’s economy. Sedimentation of reservoirs have the following Fran preter ** Loss of Hydroelectric power generation “+ Loss of Irrigation production “Loss of Flood control benefits “Increasing in dredging costs of hydroelectric ooareles vm “*Loss of revenues from tourism and recreational Etoihatetesn¢ Effective erosion & sedimentation control measures can be accomplished only when the soil surface is protected from the erosive forces of wind, rain & Tuo * Some of the techniques for best management practices of erosion control are: 1. Mulching: In this method, organic material is applied to soil surface to conserve soil moisture. prevent surface compaction and erosion ae soil, control of weeds, etc., ( © ~SILT FENCES ED « Silt fences are constructed usually at the construction site. They act like dams to trap the sediment and allow water to leave the site. —i—— — .BERMS — is ¢ Berms are narrow, earthen ridges built across roads to allow water to leave the site. ‘A. neeGEOTEXTILE ROLL nN * They are known as filter fabrics. These are highly permeable, synthetic textile material used to prevent erosion of soil. It acts like a filter, allows water to move from the soil while the soil is retained.BRUSH MATTRESS nN ¢ It is also referred as brush mat. It is a revegetation technique that provide protection to stream banks or slopes from soil erosion.GABIONS nn * These are structures filled with bricks, boulders and stones, used for stabilization and retention of soil. They are of three types namely gabion basket, gabion mattress and sack gabion.TREE REVETMENT —— i. ¢ In this method, trees are anchored along the banks of a stream. The erosion of soil, sand and silt decrease, which get deposited along the bank. Eg az “SODDING ED ¢ Layers of soil containing grass and plant roots are placed as a thick mat over an area of exposed soil as an effective erosion control measure.