Lab Reports

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR

Submitted By: Abdullah Zargham

Submitted To: Sir Wasim Habib
Section: B
Reg Number: 18WELE5320
Date: February, 12, 2022
 Lab No: 01 Networking Basics

LAB OBJECTIVES:
• To become familiar with Network Terminologies
• To become familiar with Network Devices
• To become familiar with OSI Model

TASK 1:
IDENTIFY THE NETWORK DEVICES:

Router

Hub

Bridge
 Switch

ATM Switch

TASK 2:
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

✓
✓

✓
 ✓

NAME THE FOLLOWING TOPOLOGIES:

Bus Topology

Ring Topology

Star Topology

Extended Star Topology

 Hierarchical Topology

Mesh Topology

NAMES OF LAYERS OF OSI MODEL:

ANSWERS:
• Layer 1. Physical layer
• Layer 2. Data Link Layer
• Layer 3. Network Layer
• Layer 4. Transport layer
• Layer 5. Session layer
• Layer 6. Presentation layer
• Layer 7. Application layer

✓
✓
 Lab No: 02 Network Basic Commands

1. PC NETWORK TCP/IP CONFIGURATION:

LAB OBJECTIVES:

• Gather information including connection, host name, Layer 2 MAC address and Layer 3
TCP/IP network address information.
• Compare network information to other PCs on the network.
• Learn to use the TCP/IP Packet Internet Groper (ping) command from a workstation.
• Learn to use the Trace Route (tracert) command from a workstation.

STEP NO 1:
CONNECT TO INTERNET:
Establish and verify connectivity to the Internet. This ensures the computer has an IP address.
STEP NO 2:
GATHER TCP/IP CONFIGURATION INFORMATION:
Use the Start menu to open the Command Prompt, an MS-DOS-like window. Press Start >
Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
OR
Start > Programs > Command Prompt.
OR
Press Start>Run Then type cmd.
The following figure shows the Command screen. Type ipconfig and press the Enter key. The
spelling of ipconfig is critical while case is not. It is short for IP Configuration.
Fig.1: Command Screen for ipconfig
 Fig.2: Command Screen for ipconfig

This first screen shows the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway. The IP address and the
default gateway should be in the same network or subnet, otherwise this host would not be able to
communicate outside the network. In the figure the subnet mask tells us that the first three octets must
be the same to be in the same network.
Note: If this computer is on a LAN, the default gateway might not be seen if it is running behind a
Proxy Server. Record the following information for this computer.
STEP NO 3:
RECORD THE FOLLOWING TCP/IP INFORMATION FOR THIS COMPUTER:
IP address: 10.110.165.185______________________________
Subnet Mask: 255.255.240.0______________________________
Default Gateway: 10.110.160.1_______________________________
Difference between Fig.1 and Fig.2: Physical Medium________________________
STEP NO 4:
COMPARE THE TCP/IP CONFIGURATION OF THIS COMPUTER TO OTHERS ON THE
LAN:
If this computer is on a LAN, compare the information of several machines.
Are there any similarities?
Yes, there are few similarities i.e. They have same subnet mask and same default gateway. Only
last byte of the IP is different to make IP address unique.
** **
What is similar about the IP addresses?
I have checked the IP address of different computers connected on the same LAN. They have IP
address that has similar first three bytes.
The IP address of these computers are given as under;
10.110.165.185
10.110.165.206
10.110.165.105
** **
What is similar about the default gateways?
Default gateway was same for every computer which was, 10.110.160.1
The IP addresses should share the same network portion. All machines in the LAN should sharethe
same default gateway.
** **
Record a couple of the IP Addresses:
10.110.165.191
10.110.165.209
10.110.165.227

STEP NO 5:
CHECK ADDITIONAL TCP/IP CONFIGURATION INFORMATION:

To see detailed information, type ipconfig /all and press Enter. The figure shows the detailed IP
configuration screen.
 Fig.3: Command Screen for ipconfig /all

The host name, including the computer name and NetBIOS name should be displayed. Also, the DHCP
server address, if used, and the date the IP lease starts and ends should be displayed. Look over the
information. Entries for the DNS, used in name resolution servers, may also be present. The previous
figure reveals that the router is performing both DHCP and DNS services for thisnetwork. This
would likely be a small office or home office (SOHO) or small branch officeimplementation.
Notice the Physical Address (MAC) and the NIC model (Description).

MAC Address: C4-D9-87-1A-DF-5B

NIC model: Intel(R) Centrino(R) Advanced-N 6235
Write down the IP addresses of any servers listed:
Facebook: 176.13. 69.63
Google: 8.8.8.8
** **
Write down the computer Host Name:
DESKTOP-V7977LP
** **

Write down the Host Names of a couple other computers:

DESKTOP-6FTC8N9
DESKTOP-LTGAC7K
** **
Do all of the servers and workstations share the same network portion of the IP address as
the student workstation?
Yes, it would not be unusual for some or all of the servers and workstations to be in another
network.It means that the computer default gateway is going to forward requests to the other
network.
STEP NO 6:
CLONE THE SCREEN:
Close the screen when finished examining network settings. Repeat the previous steps as
necessary. Make sure that it is possible to return to and interpret thisscreen.

Based on observations, what can be deduced about the following results taken from three
computers connected to one switch?
Computer 1:
IP Address: 10.110.5.13
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway: 10.110.12.1
Computer 2:
IP Address: 10.110.5.5
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway: 192.110.12.1
Computer 3:
IP Address: 10.110.11.97
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway: 10.110.12.1
Should they be able to talk to each other?
Yes, except computer three b/c it is on different network.
Are they all on the same network? Why or why not?

Yes, except computer three it is on different network.

2. USING “ping” AND “tracert”:

OBJECTIVES:
• Learn to use the TCP/IP Packet Internet Groper (ping) command.
• Learn to use the Trace Route (tracert) command.
• Observe name resolution occurrences using WINS and/or DNS servers.

BACKGROUND:
This lab assumes the use of any version of Windows. This is a non-destructive lab and can be
done on any machine without concern of changing the system configuration.
Ideally, this lab is performed in a LAN environment that connects to the Internet. It can be done from
a single remote connection via a modem or DSL-type connection. The student will need theIP
addresses that were recorded in the previous part of the lab.

PING COMMAND SET:

Ping [-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS]
-t ==> repetitive.
-n ==> number of echoes to be sent
-l ==> sending buffer size [Max: 65500 bytes]
-f ==> don’t fragment.
-r count ==> record route for count hops [3rd layer device]
-j ==> loose source route
-k ==> strict source route
-i TTL ==> time to live
-v TOS ==> Type of Service

EXAMPLES:
Ping -t -l 60000 192.168.230.1
-f -l 1000
-l 1000
To see the difference between fragmenting and non-fragmenting, use -f

ping -r 3 192.168.230.1

STEP NO 1:
ESTABLISH AND VERIFY CONNECTIVITY TO INTERNET:
This ensures the computer has an IP address.

STEP NO 2:
ACCESS THE COMMAND PROMPT:
As accessed in previous part of the lab.

STEP NO 3:
PING THE IP ADDRESS OF OTHER COMPUTER:
 In the window, type ping, a space, and the IP address of a computer recorded in the previous lab.
The following figure shows the successful results of ping to this IP address. Ping uses the ICMP echo
reply feature to test physical connectivity. Since ping reports on four attempts, it gives an indication of
the reliability of the connection. Look over the results and verify that the ping was successful. Is the
ping successful?

STEP NO 4:
PING THE IP ADDRESS OF DEFAULT GATEWAY:
Try to ping the IP address of the default gateway if one was listed in the last exercise. If the ping
is successful, it means there is physical connectivity to the router on the local network and probably the
rest of the world.

STEP NO 5:
PING THE IP ADDRESS OF DHCP OR DNS SERVER:
Try to ping the IP address of any DHCP and/or DNS servers listed in the last exercise. If this works
for both server and they are not in the network, what does this indicate?
Was the ping successful? Yes

STEP NO 6:
PING THE LOCKBACK IP ADDRESS OF THIS COMPUTER:
Type the following command: ping 127.0.0.1. The 127.0.0.0 network is reserved for loopback
testing. If the ping is successful, then TCP/IP isproperly installed and functioning on this computer.
Was the ping successful? Yes

STEP NO 7:
PING THE HOST NAME OF ANOTHER COMPUTER:
Try to ping the hostname of the computer that was recorded in the previous lab.

STEP NO 8:
PING THE HOST NAME OF ANOTHER COMPUTER USING -t:
Try to ping repetitively, the hostname of the computer.
How can we stop the ping? Ctrl + c

STEP NO 9:
PING THE YAHOO WEBSITE:
Type the following command: ping www.yahoo.com
 Fig.4: Command Screen for ping www.yahoo.com

The first output line shows the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) followed by the IP address. A
Domain Name Service (DNS) server somewhere in the network was able to resolve the name to an IP
address. DNS servers resolve domain names, not hostnames, to IP addresses.
Without this name resolution, the ping would have failed because TCP/IP only understands valid IP
addresses. It would not be possible to use the web browser without this name resolution.
With DNS, connectivity to computers on the Internet can be verified using a familiar web address, or
domain name, without having to know the actual IP address. If the nearest DNS server does not know
the IP address, the server asks a DNS server higher in the Internet structure.

What is the IP Address of www.yahoo.com:

98.137.11.163

How much time did our ping took to reach www.yahoo.com?

Minimum = 303ms, Maximum = 305ms, Average = 303ms

TRACERT COMMAND SET:

tracert [-d] [-h maximum_hops] [-j host-list] [-w timeout] target_name

-d ==> do not resolve address to hostname.

-h maximum_hops ==> maximum number of Hosts to Search for Target
-j host-list ==> loose source router along host-list
-w timeout ==> wait timeout milliseconds for each reply

STEP NO 10:
TRACE THE ROUTE TO THE YAHOO WEBSITE:
Type tracert www.yaho.com and press Enter.
 Fig.5: Command Screen for tracert www.yahoo.com

Tracert is TCP/IP abbreviation for trace route. The preceding figure shows the successful result when
running tracert from Bavaria in Germany. The first output line shows the FQDN followed by the IP
address. Therefore, a DNS server was able to resolve the name to an IP address. Then there are listings
of all routers the tracert requests had to pass through to get to the destination. tracert uses the same
echo requests and replies as the ping command but in a slightly different way. Observe that tracert
actually contacted each router three times. Compare the results to determine the consistency of the
route. Notice in the above example that there were relatively long delays after router 11 and 13,
possibly due to congestion. The main thing is that there seems to be relatively consistent connectivity.
Each router represents a point where one network connects to another network and the packet was
forwarded through.
What is the difference between the following commands?
Tracert www.yahoo.com:
This works for maximum number of hops.
Tracert –h 20 www.yahoo.com:
Maximum number of Hosts to Search for Target here max 20 hops.

STEP NO 11:
TRACE A LOCAL HOST NAME OR IP ADDRESS:
Count the number of Hops: 30
Total Time Taken to Trace the Route: <1ms
 Lab No: 03 Cable construction

OBJECTIVES:
• Build a Category 5 or Category 5e (CAT 5 or 5e) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet
network patch cable or patch cord.
• Test the cable for continuity and correct pinouts, the correct color of wire on the right pin.

REQUIRED MATERIAL:
• One 0.6 to .9 m (2 to 3 ft) length of Cat 5 cabling

Four RJ-45 connectors

• RJ-45 crimping tools to attach the RJ-45 connectors to the cable ends
• Ethernet cabling continuity tester
• Wire cutters

STRAIGHT-THROUGH CABLE CONSTRUCTION:

PROCEDURE:
• Determine the distance between devices or device and plug. Add at least 30.48 cm (12 in.)
to the distance. Standard lengths are 1.83 m (6ft) and 3.05 m (10 ft).
• Cut a piece of stranded Cat UTP cable to the desired length. Use stranded cable for patch
cables because it is more durable when bent repeatedly. Solid wire is used for cable runs
that are punched down into jacks.
• Strip 5.08 cm (2 in.) of jacket off of one end of the cable. Hold the four pairs of twisted
cables tightly where jacket was cut away. Reorganize the cable pairs into the order of the
wiring standard. Take care to maintain as much of the twists as possible since this provides
noise cancellation.
• Hold the jacket and cable in one hand and untwist a short length of the green and blue pairs.
Reorder the pairs to reflect the color scheme. Untwist and order the rest of the wire pairs
according to the color scheme.
 • Flatten, straighten, and line up the wires. Trim them in a straight line to within 1.25 to 1.9
cm (1/2 to ¾ in.) from the edge of the jacket. Be sure not to let go of the jacket and the
wires, which are now in the proper order. Minimize the length of untwisted wires because
sections that are too long and near connectors are a primary source of electrical noise.
• Place an RJ-45 plug on the end of the cable, with the prong on the underside and the orange
pair to the left side of the connector
• Gently push the plug onto wires until the copper ends of the wires can be seen through the
end of the plug. Make sure the end of the jacket is inside the plug. This provides for stress
relief and to ensure that all wires are in the correct order. If the jacket is not inside the plug,
the plug will not be properly gripped and will eventually cause problems. If everything is
correct, crimp the plug hard enough to force the contacts through the insulation on the
wires, completing the conducting path.
• Repeat Steps 3 through 8 to terminate the other end of the cable. Use the same scheme to
finish the straight through cable. Test the finished cable.

CROSS-OVER CABLE CONSTRUCTION:

PROCEDURE:
• Create a crossover cable using the following tables and diagrams. One end of
the cable should be wired to the 1st standard. The other end should be wired
to the 2nd standard. This crosses the transmit pairs and the receive pairs, the
second and third pair, to allow communication to take place. Only four wires
are used with 10BASE-T or 100BASE-TX Ethernet.
• Determine the distance between devices, or device and plug, and then add at
least 30.48 cm (12 in.) to it. Standard lengths for this cable are 1.83 m (6 ft)
and 3.05 m (10 ft)
• Cut a piece of stranded UTP cable to the desired length. Use stranded cable
for patch cables because it is more durable when bent repeatedly. Solid wire
is fine for cable runs that are punched down into jacks.
 • Strip 5.08 cm 9 (2in.) of jacket off one end of the cable. Hold the four pairs of
twisted cables tightly where the jacket was cut away. Reorganize the cable
pairs into the order of the 2nd wiring standard. Take care to maintain the twists
since this provides noise cancellation.
• Hold the jacket and cable in one hand. Untwist a short length of the green and
blue pairs, and reorder them to reflect the 2nd wiring color scheme. Untwist
and order the rest of the wire pairs according to the color scheme.
• Flatten, straighten, and line up the wires. Trim them in a straight line to within
1.25 cm to 1.9 cm (1/2 to ¾ in.) from the edge of the jacket. Be sure not to let
go of the jacket and the wires, which are now in order. Minimize the length of
untwisted wires because sections that are too long and near connectors are a
primary source of electrical noise.
• Place an RJ-45 plug on the end of the cable with the prong on the underside
and the orange pair, green pair on the 1st end, to the left side of the connector.
• Gently push the plug onto wires until the copper ends of the wires can be seen
through the end of the plug. Make sure the end of the jacket is inside the plug
and all wires are in the correct order. If the jacket is not inside the plug, the
plug will not be properly gripped and will eventually cause problems. If
everything is correct, crimp the plug hard enough to force the contacts through
the insulation on the wires, thus completing the conducting path.
• Repeat steps 4-8 to terminate the other end of the cable using the 1st scheme
to finish the crossover cable. Test the finished cable.

CONCLUSION
In this lab we learnt about the cable construction of straight-through cables and cross-over
cables.
 Lab No: 04 Introduction to CISCO packet tracer
OBJECTIVES:
•To get familiarization with “Packet Tracer 5.3.3”.
•How to make Connections Between more than one Devices.
•How to test the Connectivity between the devices
CISCO PACKET TRACER:
The Packet Tracer network simulation tool is used by users to visualize network configuration
for innovative designs built by them. It allows users to create simulated network topologies by
dragging and dropping routers, switches and various other types of network devices.

CISCO PACKET TRACER MODES:

Cisco Packet Tracer provides two operating modes to visualize the behavior of a network
• Real Time Mode
• Simulation Mode
REAL TIME MODE:
In real-time mode the network behaves as real devices do, with immediate real-time response
for all network activities.

SIMULATION MODE:
Using simulation mode, user can see packets flowing from one node to another and can also
click on a packet to see detailed information categorized by OSI layers.
INTERFACE:
If you open the Cisco Packet Tracer you will see a blank workspace. On the bottom left corner,
you can see a lot of devices and cables. Different series of routers and switches are available to work
with. If you click on any module, you can see exactly how many types of devices are available. Just
drag and drop a device to workspace if you want to configure it.
Different types of cables are also available to connect those devices. With the help of cables and
devices, you can create a topology and configure it.

COMPONENTS IN CISCO PACKET TRACER:

Cisco Packet tracer consists of the following components:
• Routers
• Switches
• Hubs
• Wireless Devices
• End Devices
• WAN Emulation
• Custom Made Devices
• Multiuser Connection

ROUTERS:

SWITCHES:

HUBS:

CONNECTION MEDIUM:
END DEVICES:
 Lab 05: Building a Switch Base Local Area Network (LAN)
OBJECTIVES:
• Create a simple LAN by connecting different PCs and Switches using Cisco packet tracer
• Identify the proper cable to connect the PCs to the switch
• Configure workstation IP address information
• Test connectivity using the ping command

SWITCH:
It is networking hardware that connects devices on a computer network to establish local area
network (LAN).
• Unlike Hub, switch has memory
• Store MAC address table

STEP 1:
Identify the proper Ethernet cable and connect the PCs to the switch in Cisco packet tracer.
The connection between the PCs and the switch will be accomplished using a Category 5 or 5e straight
through patch cable. We Located two cables that are long enough to reach from each PC to the switch.
We attach one end to the NIC and the other end to a port on the switch and repeat this for all.

What kind of cable is required to connect from NIC to switch?

Answers: We used copper straight through cable for connection between pcs and switch

** **
b. What is the category rating of the cable?
Answer: Category 5 or 5e straight through cable

STEP 2:
VERIFY THE PHYSICAL CONNECTION:
Give IP addresses to the devices. Plug in and turn on the computers. To verify the computer
connections, ensure that the link lights on the both PC NICs and the switch interfaces are lit.
Are all link lights lit? Yes

STEP 3:
CONFIGURE TCP/IP SETTINGS FOR THE TWO PCS:
• We first select a network which class B having network address 192.168.0.0
• We give different host number to every PC.
• Subnet Mask must be a Class C subnet mask.
• We Ignore Default Gateway
Why don’t we require Default Gateway in this case?
Answer: It is because here we design local area network, we don’t need to connect it outside the
network.

STEP 4:
VERIFY THAT THE PCS CAN COMMUNICATE:
1. Test connectivity from one PC to the other through the switch by pinging the IP address of the
opposite computer. Use the following command at the command prompt.
2. >ping Given IP
3. See if the Ping Works. If not, check the PC connections and TCP/IP settings for both PCs.
What was the ping result?

PING PC3 FROM PC0:

PING PC5 FROM PC2:

 Lab 06: Interconnecting two different LANs
OBJECTIVES:
• Create a two LANS and connect them using router in Cisco packet tracer
• Configure workstation IP address information
• Test connectivity using the ping command
ROUTER:
A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or subnetworks
• Router is three-layer device
• Router block the broadcasting unlike Switch or Hub

STEP 1:
Open cisco packet tracer and make the connection as shown.

STEP 2:
Click on PC go to config and Configure the PC’s by assigning them a specific IP address. Also
assign a default gateway address to it. Click on router and then go to config Configure the router by
assigning a IP address to each of its ports.
STEP 3:
Complete the routing table of each router. As we are doing it statically so click on router go
to config and then click on statically. Now assign network address, sub netmask and next hope
address.

STEP 4:
To check the connection, click on PC go the desktop then go to command prompt and then
ping the address of PC for which you want to check the connection.

PINGING PC1 AND PC3 FROM PC5: