Introduction To Microbiology

Introduction to Microbiology
Ma. Christy V. Gonzales, RMT, MPH

College of Medical Laboratory Science
Our Lady of Fatima University
Bacteriology Lecture
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the development of history in bacteriology.

2. Explain how bacteria are categorizes, classified and named.
3. Describe the host-microorganism interaction
4. Describe the definition of terms used in bacteriology.
History
• Anton van Leeunwenhoek
• first observations of bacteria at the microscopic level
• Huygens: free living protozoa

• Robert Hooke (1667): filamentous microscopic fungi
• Pietro Antonio Micheli: described 900 species of molds
Cicero and Fracastorius- fevers might be caused by minute

animals (contagium vivum)
History
Spontaneous Generation
• Louis Pasteur
• when air is filtered through cotton wool, large numbers of
microorganisms are held back.
• John Tyndall
• existence of heat-stable forms of certain bacteria
• removal of which involved the process of repeated heating
and rest
Spontaneous Generation
History
• To progress
• Improvement in microscopes
• Development of methods for culturing microorganisms
• Robert Hooke (end of 16th century)
• Microscope with 3-500x
• Recognized cellular structures
• Ferdinand Cohn (1849)
• staining of histological specimens
• Robert Koch (1877)

History
• Robert Koch (1882)
• staining the tubercle bacillus with
• Employing for the stain to penetrate the waxy envelope
• Hans Christian Gram (1884)
• Gram’s stain
• Frederick Loeffler (1890)
• demonstrate the presence of bacterial flagella
• ultraviolet microscope (1919)
• electron microscope (1934)
• Belgian physicist Marton
• scanning electron microscope (1965)
History
• Pasteur (1860)
• Semisynthetic medium
• Ferdinand Cohn (1872)
• basal medium, to which various additions could be made
• Solid medium
• Introduction of gelatine and then agar in 1882
• Silica gel media
• Julius Richard Petri (1887): petri dish

• Beijerinck (1898): enrichment culture media
• McIntosh and Fildes: anaerobic jar
• Chamberland (1884):
History
• Edward Jenner (1796)

• Cowpox virus used to immunized a boy against smallpox
• Ignaz Semmelweiss (1844)
• Childbed fever
• Louis Pasteur (1865)
• disease must be airborne
• Joseph Lister
• Metchnikoff (1882): cellular immunity, phagocytes

• Ehrlich (1891): active and passive immunity
• Charles Calmette
• BCG vaccine
Taxonomy
• 3 disciplines
• Importance:
• Use a common label for every organisms
• Minimizes confusions about names
Taxonomy
Classification
• Organization of microorganisms that share similar morphology,
physiology and genetic components into specific group/ “taxa”
• Specie - Collection of bacterial strains that share common
• Genus physiologic & genetic features
• Family Subspecie; biotype; serotype; genotype
• Order
• Class
• Division
• Kingdom
Taxonomy
Classification
• Organization of microorganisms that share similar morphology,
physiology and genetic components into specific group/ “taxa”
• Specie
• Genus- Comprises of different species with common and
• Family sufficiently different features
• Order
• Class
• Division
• Kingdom
Taxonomy
Nomenclature
• Naming of microorganisms according to established rules &
guidelines Every organism is assigned a genus and species name
• BINOMIAL: in Latin or Greek derivation
• Components:
• Genus: Always capitalized
• specie: never capitalized
• Genus + specie
• In print: italics
• In script: underlined
• Example: Streptococcus pyogenes or Streptococcus pyogenes
• May be abbreviated: S. pyogenes
• Informal designations: streptococcus
Taxonomy
Identification
• Describe key features of microorganism
• Methods:
• Genotypic characterization
• Genetic makeup
• Genes and nucleic acids
• Phenotypic characterization
• Readily observable characteristics
Taxonomy
Genotypic criteria Principles

DNA base composition ratio G, C, A, T (nitrogenous bases)
- Used as indicator of relatedness
Nucleic acid base sequence Order of bases along RNA or DNA
analysis strands
- Measure of degree of relatedness
Taxonomy
Phenotypic Principles
criteria
Macroscopic Microbial growth pattern in culture media
morphology - colonial size, texture and pigmentation
Microscopic Size, shape, intracellular inclusions or appendages,
morphology arrangement of bacterial cells
Staining Ability of the organism to be stained with a
characteristic particular stain
Environmental Temperatures, presence or absence of oxygen, pH
requirements levels presence of ions and salts
Host-Microorganism Interaction
Stages: Physical encounter between
host and microorganism
Microorganism colonization of
Physical encounter
host surfaces
Microorganism
bet. host and colonization of host
microorganism surface
Microorganism entry, invasion
and dissemination
OUTCOME
Physical encounter between host and microorganism
Intervening agent
• Vector
• Vehicle
Reservoir MOT Host
• Direct
• Indirect
• Exposure is dependent on human activities
• Reservoir
• place of origin of infecting agent
RESERVOIR Examples
Human Direct Indirect
• Conatal • Nosocomial infections
• Blood transfusion • Ingestion of contaminated
• Sexual transmission food or water
Animal Direct Indirect
• bite • Bite of insect vector
• Water food supply
• Animal for human food
Environment • Inhalation of soil and dust particles or inoculation
• Modes of transmission
• Direct
• indirect
• Vectors
• Vehicle
*Insects
• vector rather than reservoir
• arthropods
*** useful in determining ideal specimens for isolation &

precautionary measures
Microorganism colonization of host surfaces
• HOST
• Microbial colonization
• Persistent survival of microorganisms in surface of human
body
• Dependent in human defenses that protects internal
tissues and organs
a. Skin
• Physical and chemical barrier
b. Mucous membranes
a. Skin
Structure Protective activity
Dermal layer • Physical barrier
• Capability to slough off
• Provide dry, acidic and cool conditions
Hair follicles, • Produce acids, alcohols and toxic lipids
glands
Conjunctival • Tears (flushing action)
epithelium (eyes)
SALT • Specific and nonspecific immunity
b. Mucus membrane
Structure Protective activity
Mucosal cell • Capability to slough off
• Tight intercellular junction
Goblet cell • Mucus production:
• Protective lubrication
• Bacterial trapping
• Contains Ab
• Provides antibacterial substances:
• Lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase
MALT • Specific and nonspecific immunity
• MICROORGANISM
• Colonizers/ Normal flora
• Microorganisms that inhabits human body
• Resident
• Survive, thrive and multiply
• Presence is more permanent
• Transient
• Survive but not multiply on the surface
• Vary with anatomic location
*** useful in determining clinical significance of microorganism
isolated from patient specimens
• MICROORGANISM
• Microbial colonization
• Last step in establishment of long-lasting, commensal
relationship between colonizer and human host
• First step in developing infection and disease
• MICROORGANISM
Factors contributing to successful colonization
Survival against • Localization in moist area
environmental conditions • Protection within ingested debris
• Expression of specific metabolic
characteristics
Attachment and adherence • Pili
to host cell surface • Adherence proteins
motility, production of subs. that may compete with host for
acquisition of nutrients, ability to coexist w/ other
microorganism
Microorganism entry, invasion and dissemination
• HOST
Factors contributing to disruption of physical barrier
Trauma • Wounds
• Abrasions
• Burns
Inhalation • Smoking
• Toxic gases
Implantation of medical
devices
Other diseases • DM, alcoholism
Childbirth and overuse of antibiotics
• HOST
• Responses to microbial invasion
• Nonspecific response
• Biochemical or cellular
• Phagocytes
• Inflammation
• HOST
• Phagocytes
• Cells that ingest and destroy foreign particle
PMN • Types: Macrophage
First cell on the scene ---
Bone marrow- circulation Bone marrow- circulation- tissues
Days or less in survival Several days to weeks
--- Mediates immune system defenses
• HOST
• Inflammation
• Swelling
• Redness
• Heat
• Pain
• HOST
• Inflammation
Coagulation
Phagocytes system
Complement
Cytokines
system
• HOST
• Specific response (immune system)
• Antibody-mediated immunity
• Cell-mediated immunity
• HOST
• Specific response (immune system)
Cellular B cells T cells NK cells
Residence Lymphoid tissues Circulation &
Lymphoid tissues
Function Produce Ab • Similar to

cytotoxic but
Subtypes • B cells • Helper T cells not require
• Plasma cells • Cytotoxic T cells presence of Ag
• B-memory cells • Suppressor T cells to function
• MICROORGANISM
• Infection
• Growth and multiplication of microorganisms that result in
damage to host
• Disease
• Infection produce notable changes in human physiology
• Pathogens
• Microorganisms causing infections/diseases
• Virulence factors
• Characteristics that enable them to cause disease
• Pathogenesis
• First step in infection and disease development
• MICROORGANISM
Microbial virulence factor
• Attachment
• Microbial attachment to surface through different MOT
• pathogens vs colonizers
• Invasion
• Traumatic factors
• Direct actions of virulence factors
• Examples:
• capsule: Klebsiella pneumoniae
• enzymes: Staphylococcus aureus
• MICROORGANISM
• Surviving inflammation
• Phagocytes
• Production of capsule and toxins
• Inhibit fusion of phagosome-lysosome
• Resistance to lysosome
• Active and rapid replication
• Complement system
• Capsule to hide surface molecules
• Produce substances that:
• inhibit complement activation
• Destroy specific complement proteins
• MICROORGANISM
• Microbial virulence factor
• MICROORGANISM
• Microbial virulence factor
• MICROORGANISM
• Microbial toxins
• Biochemically active substances released by microorganisms that have
a particular effect on host cells
• Can cause disease in the absence of pathogens
• Intoxication
• Ingestion of preformed bacterial toxin
• Endotoxin
• Gram (-) bacteria
• Exotoxin
• Gram (+) bacteria
• Specific and more limited effects than endotoxins
• MICROORGANISM
• Microbial toxins
OUTCOME
Encounter Colonization Invasion &

Outcome
& entry & entry dissemination
Incubation Prodromal Clinical Stage of Convalescent

stage stage stage decline stage
• No S/S • S/S • Peak of • S/S • Full recovery
• Highly S/S subsides • Chronic
communic infection
able • death
Definition of Terms
• Acute phase
• Early stage of a disease preceding the adaptive phase of
the immune response
• Anaerobe
• Organism that does not require oxygen for life and
reproduction.
• Antibody
• Protein or immunoglobulin molecule characterized by
specific amino acid sequence produced by the host as
a result of a specific antigenic stimulation.
• Antigen
• Substance that produces sensitivity and initiates an
immune response
• Antisepsis
• Destruction of microorganisms to prevent infection
Definition of Terms
• Bacteremia
• Presence of viable bacteria in the blood, as evidenced
by their recovery in blood cultures
• Bactericidal
• Antimicrobial that kills a microorganism
• Bacteriocin
• Proteins produced by some bacteria that inhibit the
growth of other strains of the same organism or related
specie
• Capnophile
• Microorganism that grows best in the presence of
carbon dioxide
• Capnophilic
Definition of Terms
• Disinfection
• Removal of microbes that may cause disease from an
environment
• Disinfectant
• Substance designed to be used on inanimate objects
to kill or destroy disease-producing microorganisms
• Etiologic agent
• Microorganism causing a disease.
• Fastidious
• Hard to grow; requires additional growth factors.
• Genotype
• Genetic makeup of an organism.
Definition of Terms
• Gram-positive bacteria
• Bacteria that retain the crystal violet–iodine complex
and appear blue-black on Gram-stained smears.
• Gram-negative bacteria
• Bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet
complex; stained red by the safranin counterstain.
• Halophilic
• “Salt-loving”; an organism that grows best in media with
an increased concentration of NaCl.
• Immunocompetent
• ability of an immune system to mobilize and deploy its
antibodies and other responses to stimulation by an
antigen.
Definition of Terms
• Immunocompromised
• describe an individual with deficient function of the
immune system
• Immunosuppression
• describe the state of an immune system that is
suppressed
• Latent phase
• permits the infection to evolve without any obvious
external symptoms.
• Mesophile
• Organism that grows best in moderate temperature,
neither hot nor cold
Definition of Terms
• Microaerophile
• microorganism that grows in conditions of reduced
oxygen and increased carbon dioxide.
• Microaerophilic
• Microorganisms that require environments containing
concentrations of oxygen lower than that present in the
atmosphere
• Microbial load
• Total number of organisms present
• Obligate aerobe
• Microorganism that requires oxygen for growth.
• Obligate anaerobe
• Microorganism that can live and reproduce only in a
strict anaerobic environment (0% oxygen)
Definition of Terms
• Nosocomial infection
• Infection acquired within 72 hours of a stay in a health
care facility.
• Opportunistic infection
• Disease caused by a microorganism with low virulence
that becomes pathogenic in a host with low
immunologic resistance.
• Pathogenicity
• Ability of a microorganism to cause disease.
• Phenotype
• Observable or measurable characteristics of an
organism.
• Sepsis
Definition of Terms
• Systemic response to bacterial infection
• Resistant strain
• not inhibited by the usual systemic concentrations of the
antimicrobial agent with normal dosage schedules
• Susceptible
• implies that an infection caused by the bacterial strain
tested may be appropriately treated with the dosage
of antimicrobial agent recommended for that type of
infection and infecting species.
• Intermediate
• implying that the agent might be effective for
infections located at body sites where the drugs are
physiologically concentrated, or when a high dosage of
drug can be used.
Definition of Terms
• Zoonosis
• Disease that humans acquire from exposure to
infected animals or products made from infected
animals.
• Zoonotic
• Pertains to diseases that can be transmitted from
animals to humans.
Thank you!
References:
Mahon, Lehman, Manuselis. (2015). Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology (5th

edition). Missouri: Saunders, Elsevier, Inc.
Tille, P.M (2014). Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology (13th edition) .
Missouri: Mosby, Elsevier, Inc.

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Introduction to Microbiology

Ma. Christy V. Gonzales, RMT, MPH

1. Describe the development of history in bacteriology.

• first observations of bacteria at the microscopic level

• Huygens: free living protozoa

Cicero and Fracastorius- fevers might be caused by minute

• Robert Koch (1877)

• Julius Richard Petri (1887): petri dish

• Edward Jenner (1796)

• Metchnikoff (1882): cellular immunity, phagocytes

Genotypic criteria Principles

Reservoir MOT Host

*** useful in determining ideal specimens for isolation &

Function Produce Ab • Similar to

Encounter Colonization Invasion &

Incubation Prodromal Clinical Stage of Convalescent

Mahon, Lehman, Manuselis. (2015). Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology (5th

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