The Modern Portable Gas -Producer THEORY, DESIGN, FUELS, PERFORMANCE, UTILISATION AND ECONOMICS By BOSWORTH GOLDMAN and N. CLARKE JONES ‘A Meeting of the Institute of Fuel was held In the Meeting Room of the Geological Society, Burlingron House, Piceadil presented. Le, Ci SUMMARY 1, The Importance of Gas Producer ROVEN oil reserves are silent 10 meet the 1938 Crnsimption forthe ext M4 years Doing OSU to 1934 consumption etconod, discovery. while the reverse rst nw in Gh to 1928. Any hortage, peace or TEE ut bem danger nthe county Api rn co pressed uy, aka ete, the principal supply of home Noes cat ‘and Table shows tha tome Sa or nal) deeatives) tn gas prods e between two id thece th a effet at ny ol ean proces. Il Pest Developments Gas producer by means of hich sold facts sch as anthracite, kmetemperstare coke, charcoal, wood, ee Ca he a fo rece le pital or desl il, Have principally ban tive $3 Great Britain, Erance and Germany, During (228 co 1835 che Automobile Club de France onganised ine ralie in which wtndord vehicles equipped wth g3s prodcers took port IML. Theory The basis of producer gus practice, as is well known, # ‘the conversion of earbon (throug various stages) into carbon monoxide : a gas combustible in an engine when mixed with further oxygen By adding steam to the pomary ait, hydrogen and mofe carbon monoxide are made. This is advantageous for a number of reasons, notable because of the Increase in the calorific value of the mixed gus, and to reduce clinkering diffultics. AV, Producer-Gas Plants, The various types of gas produrer are nearly all built ‘of mild steel sheet, and fome use a refractory liner about the fre zane. The units of which a complete equipment WI. on Thursday. December 8, IW. A. Bristow, MLE, (VicePrerident) was in the Chair. when the following paper wat {is made up are disposed about » lorry in several alternanwe sways, conte of Which case a loss of load space. V. Designs of Generators, There are foor distinguishable types of gas producer ‘The updraught, in which the fuel and air move in oppesite JFcecttons, generally provides the best gas. The. down AAranght can be usrd with advantage for dirty or tarry fuels. The crosdcaught is the simplest in consiruetion, and Folles on very high temperature in cogtrar fo the other types, The double dravghit and double-gome feck to combine the reduction of good qualley TiteedSitg to woe bowie ere Vi. Gas Purification Gas purieation consists of methods of cooling, shock baling and wet or ory scrubbing in various, combinas ions ‘The simplicity of the euipment lepencs upon the fuel wel and the yeoceaior tn wfich the fiefs mide VIL Foils: Charactoites and Distribution Fuels for gas pratuces preferably should be receive, te ofautable sce and grade, have low moisture ant aa, tind have suficeat wolatilesonetituents Anthracite hag ahigh volume. calorie valve ratio, not very reactive cad as Hite Siatile ath oe motu. "Wood is bal iat aenetiee as high motte but Hide aah,” Charcoal less ‘bulky than ‘wood and is high reactive; ita ash, toll, a volatile vary afthin very wide limite unless it's the product of rotors Lowtemperatore cake i omogencons and others bas go anacteritics, Ie Charcoal. stable. furl ie available here. Not mane. facture or production, but the lack of dstrition of standardised aid clase fuels, is the problem to be tackle Steps inthis direetion have been taken tm ertan Continental vountriesi} sea Se HPSS 3 (a ne eee wae ie ine Pe Hl Ta ihe a dita ime ti Sui ie Ht ne ye te f nt fetal ate i 1 ie 3 ip inveetiel fa ti ide 43 ta un Pa ei lg ie a i i L iil ith +, Tuels for ie i Ca‘THE INSTITUTE OF FUEL Fronvany, 1930 it EpgTE HP a Pcaaeae gece fEHE NINER Wa bain De a ae, iad ye nf jing Hl Mh 5 ue . Hi Vet dd Fy ane i: ge Hi Phen eieeae! ati sidan taal bp HE beth lanai cL etree Hill iui eid e SOHA ea ro wa gab hii iat AE cicdaedi* a. tie At sis Eyl fg at Ta uh i ei Has eva | 4 B uni ae sires Lis Hp bl Wn alii 8wt Ha ue Hilts Hatt i Fi [re producers in Germany, Sweden. and Italy during the last THE MODERN PORTABLE GAS.PRODUCER few years, and consideration will be given to work in these ‘countries Tater im this. paper. at (i and Howerer Soak (0) Pomted ent Gt the application of egg inl gegen eye at ypeonatt me bed unieed etis hh ree aeltreny fe, He ineanced parGenarly the secon info! Sat dept and the mush higher capacity of the genet Dora ar wile ring er the roca imerenednsportane of Keping ‘he celal Stow fal bod wel fd wth ust an the grate ice of sheracion, Sit fri ae complet. tates and ther ronvern fois ge elect meee ees teary pt ae fre aot ye fly undectord. Tes, however ay cast fo trace the terum-dhemal changes, and the author: (Gall piace semmnre egy thee onl fice So peiecpal Ganges teking Pte in gaepoducet CO; Ce XO RADA (e ST6.220 5 Saoar € FO ce t geo. 16 260 > 0; @ 26, + 136400 cals (a) i where waters rd, eainierabe alsa rom th fact drown thnongh the fe bed HO + C = CO + Hy — 28800 cals, Be 2 Comin + ob, + 2400 ak CY 2H,0 = CO, S 2H, 18,800 cake (y) Broadly speaking, the aim of the producer design ‘should be to encourage the changes resulting in the j ‘duction of the combustible gases CO-and H., while keeping ‘the non-combustible CO, and X, as low a2 possible, Tris that the fuel bed in normal practice divided im four zones—vie I, ash: 2, i eduction : 4, distillation which merge into one Ina portable producer, by reason of the selocte the ash zone is almost eliminated. Tn the first place the ineoming air reacts with the hor arbor to form CO, exothermally (equation c). Imei’ diately the CO, is reduced to CO endothermaliv. (ei: tion 4) ; COg alto distociates reversibly to Oy and 200 hy 1 The direction of the reaction t decided by’ i ependent ps tact time. Nv the the fnel, 1200 1300" for coals snd 900" to 1000" Sor chars, () the conversion af CO, to CO is nearly complete 1 below 1000" the CO, tends to remain imiemverted in that csee, and bocavute ot all the heat rect fom formation it absrind b the reliant Othe ure will rise dunless the heat is dissipate! row citer femathn The abt a ‘ear ther serves 4 dual purpose ; co control the process of ail fiom wile tering to redace the formation of linker Tei of intrest to recall thatthe equation |e) predominates above 1000" C, and the equation (2) below i Thus with the maximum of CO and H, (and the mininsara of CO,) a5 the sim, temperature of about 100i Gesicae for a fairly pure carbon fuel, In this connection Gallon states that more than 16 per vent, Hy i 1 Possible with less than 2 per cent, COp ‘Direct production of CO without CO, i claimed exch sively for erowairaught producers » but tn fact his happens iv all producers witha clean faa bed The’ nitrogen remains inert throught the whole reaction, and in fact acts asa iluent ‘Water gas from © Bj0—~0 + Hycontains only 4 perFemecany, 1939 THE INSTITUTE OF cent, of nitrogen, while pute prodcer gas from C+ air — CO Ny (6. C+ J0q—= CO inthepresence of other gasesin air) gives a gx with about 62 per cent. nitrogen. purely on groands of thermal efficiency: the greater the ‘carbon oxidised by H,0. ‘carbon oxidised by air alae of the sane other actors be The alm of the maximum of water gas €0 the minimnm of proces ‘gis involves an eenmomy of solid fuel, since water 1 used rat the gteater the calsrife foa greater estent, Naturally this aim cannot be satisfied without eompr Jnr during te formation of vs" gas heat is absorber ated the vim the wilt fet ‘Must be maintained. Thus air lus tr ix use| to make od the hi ‘in the prodicer at ta keep the fel ai ‘Any improvement ia the thermal insulation. would tedce leat lowe and permit 3 greater utillcition of water Tout the effect may not be very great, Superbeating of bot incoming aie aud steams, for example by teoine faves, are also of valu in rediviog heat hoses, Tf the fuel contains volatile matter, this undetgoes prociss of destructive distillation whivl testis ith Paoduction of tethane, hydmgen, traces of amsiturated hiydroosittons and. tarry’ bodies,” These mix with the es {com the generat + the amount of these substane depends upon the volatile content of thie fics wad the design of the gene#itor in which the ful % gosta. In eneral, it cam be said that the presener nf volatiles drthie as Honig swe hnembl sttbstaners or vapenirs ea oh WV, Producer-Gas Plants () Omits, A pron plant emplaved for mobile power ipa ne 2) Generatar, vombined with fueb-hoppre by Conlers: (¢ Serubbers and of filter Ud) Airinlet device lc) Gas throttle and, in some cases. starting-fan ri Water-reguitor Vise teas ake connected by ping, Destin of a), (H) amd} are aven elewtiere, Cartan man factucers have employed a valve which attempts to s\n the air and gas cequired Yor the engine snintue Prare @Thr induction arrangement sed vith a Wisco broducer, Piste 1—The layout of the units of a Ke Redford chassis filed with a Kgela plantaera For the. of com bustic infra nin ens st Naas ee Sr ee gh Fenrir pt ae THE MODERN PORTABLE GAS-PRODUCER ‘The units are connected sither by light weldless steel pipes ot asbestos packed exible stel tubing. (i) Apion ‘he lyon tthe gue peodoereqeipnnt on standard voces aries with the type af Wal athe. plon (ithe cab in atti othe al tn sd nine Arrangement of Gohin Poulenc plant on motor bus Fie. 2, to the engine rranning board, in fine with the windscreen: (2) partially within he ca ‘up most of the spare driver's seat; (3) or imam: diately behind the cab, where some of the boy accommodate it (Plates 1, 6 and 12. I Producer gas plant on lorry (Keel). Fic. 3, oer, carom, freiay fave. be is reasonably cenp ve vee Lg ae on Men's penned pecnceny (9) ole home canes et eA wee aiate Tas very satinactory, but expensive. ty anaes ate nee ome sch ‘concer, epee semi ac Teeresting at non oovosive ioe ar Cm ployed with srenacaty omits, ses. and private cats the producer is usually cried the extreme rear ofthe wehice (Pate 2, “Pe conker Sted, may’ eter be varsed transversely bemath the vehicle, mounted in font ot the radator ty in the ease where the cole alan act's a aock titer i acer cb iad monte ail bene the vehicle's body on ite de to the producer, “the titers ay be divided nto two clasts for ting according to whether Une are verti or horizontal type in he tone ese uly mane ome ely oppose the producer This type almost invariably eeupie load space, nce, vem Mt thiseprvinrr WaelFenrvary, 1939 + FUEL INST.632 Sequcnce of units, Hy He. 4 accommodated without loss, there i rarely room for a fucther vertical eylinder outside the body. “On the other hand, the horizontal (wpe can. generally: be secured. be: neath the body parallel to the main chassis members, or transversely beneath the body’ behind. the back axle, ‘without sacrificing loud space, Anal ere for beth pas art sercndary ar, if fitted, i wevaily acvommedated. beneath the bonnet as close to kl ss possible, as is the mixing valve V, Gas Producers The types of sas producer employed for port ile pu poses fallinte fou categories : a) Up-draucht : () Down draught (e) Cross-draught (@) Double-draught and double-zone tspe, ©) Up-Dranght producers. 1h this pe of producer the flow of air and « upward “direetion "and counter-eurreatwise to the fuel flow. “Krom the thermal point of view this method is the lest, but for tarry fuels the itil entails the necessity of providing effective means of preventing tarry matter reaching the engine. In this type of producer the various zones of chemical reaction are Tapered horizontally, one ftbove the other TThe following makes of plant operate on this system German > Waco, Hansa, Himboldt-Deut British * Koela Hain : Dus, French > Malbay, CG. These designs fup-draught producer use low temperature cokes, anthracite, harem ani harcoal briquettes ae te Up-draucht herser quality protucors are characteried by giving ss than th Sownadranglit or crossalraught THE INSTITUTE OF FUEL boldt-Deurz plane. pes. and ine the casiest for starting the engine om jas Gusiication Is carried out at snovlerate Velocities, and. in most ces steam is alded to the entering air stream. Rimmer (™) states that “there is better flexibility with water addition while servicing and cleaning intervals ‘WISCO_PRODICER. Fie 5THE MODERN PORTABLE GAS-PRODUCER 0 3 Hl PE diisge sas e a ia Ht tty fail Hi Ha ae a Koda, 2 evinprines 2 eyindrica hopper saper- ‘bustion chamber, ends fe combustion internally im its base EE ‘fuel automatically into (ie. com! which feats This Hi fs pro nla chamber fot sr cetribuion, the amar Ha FUEL INST.650 § e 8 i : : 5 5 : Fig 9% Fic. 7. Fic. 6.the top wih «and we power pena fa * me tin ths pe cel we sup ‘when the product ivi opertion, E'cn'mperan ature became server te pu ig ting aul saps. wate ‘while cooling the gas as it eaves the producer. "A door ‘or cleaning out ce ash be arranged sys communicate with the asbpit and the combustion chamber above the grate ela uprdraught gas prodiver i demigned to Froploy: chateaals, low temperature cokes and anthracite 1s fuels, but provision is made to meet the varying iments of these fucks hy difering grate desizas and fre septs. Horizontal type grates are empliyed with charcoals, oat with mineral fuels 2 vertieal grate with centre cone i ised. The grate for rineral fuel does not, however, rest tin the anlar aie chamber as above deseeloed, fat feranged within te sjiee tare by the camber. Pro Vision is tide to withdraw the entire grate nm the: eterator if desire ‘Attention bas alo been given to prvi for fuel bes ‘Al vanaus depths as required by: diflerent ful. Inc's Bt miperange in the dese of upelranghe posticers el 1, The apex and-type Of grate 2 Fuel depth ee Mus of vapourtsing water {ke asta method of pinay le fest Poston af gas exe IMBERT PRODUCER. Exe. 19, ‘THE INSTITUTE OF FUEL nn (i) Down: Draught producers. In this type of producer the How of aie and gas isin a downward. Giection and carrent wise wit the foe! flow: ‘The following makes of plant operate on this system — Brick: Koel. Thlian: Fiat terman Ibert Scodish Svedlend, Graham-Stedts Frowoh: Imbert, Panieed, Sabatior, Sogim, Guile tauive, Rustic. ‘These plants mainly ase wood «luireoal,charecal briquettes raw wood, or tary fuel, Thread to the gs quality from this type of produce the fg elven uer the ction deal With kas are of "arlene and wil be med that power ‘Sinewhat Tower than in the case of up-draught genera‘or Dewa-draught producers are characterned by ther aialty to eats Gary mater ud foe dt, but utr co Some eaieat from never. theca! bance." Water is not Sedo enone di aga peer Bt ferain matafacrers claim that charcoal containing up 025 per ceut of motors con be aed with fll efficiency Pra, fevers mien tat Yow mete Content Areirabk’ by quoting @ percents mosture content for U Sharvoal ted Wyte ie sich foie part in the ‘angosBeteigun Rolle i 1826. ‘With regard {0 wood prefaces, iti umeresing to oie shat nthe BA rallye Of 1931, Hastie claimed hat they onl se gery et wood, but’ A sperial appara. ese sate in The prover to teshowe exeras nists thre content if thers fuel ea inporeant point Hts far se wala preducers are concer, an PANHARD PRODUCER. FG, 11a2 THE MODERN PORTABLE GAS-PRODUCER Imbert Tea epladiet downdnght prac (Fig 10) ‘wood It's minulactured Ss France, Germany’ and Tealy tder Loan, The strutare som: ins thre conceatte ytd fof whieh the ‘antal cylinders the Hoppe) ith narrow Spaces betwee hem. SW ar it the ‘ spice between the outale tnd intermedia a before gaining» the fire zone through horizontal taveres. The fire none is en~ closed by. ee sharply ralsted” hearth of heatereiting steel the waist” in fact acting as grate. As ‘voor! pases down Towards he hearth i is carbonized, the moisture being driven ‘ff as steam and subs Sequently decom. posed.’ The cas PRODUCER fet rated passes SABATIER PRODUCER. Sprards pelvis the enna termediate aad Fic. 12. ie protected against sgh ach and even ‘again near the top of the producer. The hot gases thus Et both the incoming air'and the fuel In the Germ “Ash, ete, is removed either through the tas, which ‘consists principally of « door, or through « smalier doar on the lower circamiference of a producer: ‘More than 1,000 of this type of generator arc said to bein use, Teis interesting to recall that Imbert's patent of appears to be the inspiration from which the cross draught raducers such as Gohin. H.S.G. and Dupuy have been wed. Imbert himself, according to his patent spevifi- ‘cations, is a French eitizen, and not German as has some- times been stated (=) Panhard. ‘The Panhard down-draught producer is designed to rus ‘on charcoal and is circular in plan (Fig. 11). The com thas a refractory limer, Fuel is ted. from hopper to the fire by a cone from behind which the centers the fire zone, having previously been heated Fie. 14. seyFemevaey, 1939 THE INSTITUTE OF FUEL ts spseands am annular space betien the ebractory nerd the oateie shell” Tis: upper trance to the fire zane i narrow ; then Ue ers setion expands rapidly through one fifth of its depth and con facts gradually through the emainder, The pas gener ted. prose immediate: to the coolers, The grate is spherical in shape and cin be rotated by means ofa shaft tnd handle projecting benvoth the ise of the generator Dien gies rca othe tee aad an pl Kort ‘The producer used for down-dranehe puipioe. 1 sub stantially as employed for up-draught operation Fig, Hy The air heting gis vooling arrangement is, however teveesed ind t-anction fa) operated be bund or powsr dive ts ample plore of the. press type. Tae State supple ie lao fe int the top oF fle sit Take pp Zul cuter dinetion 0 thea How nts the Manet yp the air an ter fw she ste eto “The majority of drendeanght pros do emp sien. Pengo oepetanae nega so tgp ok Towra pode cle 1, The ates of the contusion chamber 2, Pel dep 3. Netho aed postion of pnary ait ei vi) Creedvaneht rota In this tye of produce the fw of ir and gas sn th pro her, though tot neces Inthe sane horiottal pute The fat ow is downwards. The objet at thie design Ho concentrate he com bbastion and reduction zones into a small space, the fire being in tae? bunt up tn concentric zones. In this system gasiheation is achieved by admitting air Vely hh seletty te the fel bed though nao Steieceaad be bla pypel or tuber This rete iether mpm (0 “Tuned i he rmhoto sne a aph esti Thse_praiucr ave tharateined by hr snp sc Conant si uc string” The allwing makes O% pant operate ahi sysem ith HS Fron Gohin Vouk, Dap Peco: Wells This tspe of _praicer wes chara, low temperature cokes and anthracite as fuel, The Gobin-Poulene plant trop tisture of antic soa charval and ths ‘Site fal ecmeeded Xf cxamtin Figs 18-17 wll i te he cone felons ofthe) safogs curd pestrere 7 weve, dierences of etal ani mithod a operat at tse wal be ndated i the text The Trt ewrption of tone weit known mks Wi Sitve't si the vamsraction emplove Coin Polen (ig 181 Fis ssc drat generator of stindreal form dal tr aera fw temperate coke faire pretrais special mixture of the Ti tit isteach the performamee guarante tinh set anit ae dable for the dierent fc Novieiractery her 3 crmploved with thi poten Te 2ir ic ew in the comibston sone Crh singe Stall horizontal tuvere ot bast pipes smd creates 2 vere Site nme. Tve as leaven by a ie sll Tower {vt diamericll apposte the tuyere. This Civered by se the. purpose of which 0 the pesage of sh oe tong with the gs, while pine the Inter as hick as posable, “TRE. mot important TM of ths sen ithe tujere, mie copper and Fie ronze, between which water from the radiator is made to circulate, Even s), it burns avway from time to time, ‘but can be readile replaced. The cross-section of the tuyere, througit which the air passes, is proportioned aavcorting to the power to be developed. Ash ie with: UUrayem thenigh a doe in the base, This producer is widely used in France where it bas been H 5.6 PRODUCER name THE MODERN PORTABLE GAS-PRODUCER the fuel if the deawer ‘carried in a drawer, the inner part ‘tll wn. ft is claimed clinker can (4 parafin-soaed wick in the taser bby an electric fan near the in ‘The fan is driven by the vehicle log tet ran the consumption of sue (an Teyulting the jrewsare thre pens) war 187 fos wile Sf pints of Water Ses teed The wurde tithe win on 44 per Gohin Poulenc intades Seti) Novwater ised Dupuy. Dapay, produce is characterised by having a at ch ‘oes not protrude into the generator in the usta manmer The bist pipe water-cooled and is fitted with a vaive patolled by conection to the gas tote thats throttle is opened or cloud the cress seccioual ate ‘of the air inlet ts altered. The object ie to maintain. Constant ait velocity touch the fire lespite the varyin ised on she Tagine Toe under of Raa ee ‘controlled by’ valve mechanism sis linksd to thir thot Another important feature is the provision sa movabi tlorm which serves to support the fuel in the gone Tie pntinm ie provid Wh sable gor we ht ash atl slag canbe lowered fron the ranks “amt ait from time to thme. Tough donc it the Ise at Platform can be lowered ntl clear of the rtlurer, oo some, azaouzty that cher can be ely rome ~ Belay, The Bellay producer is characteris vy tue wate cooled. blast pipe being arranged in the form of 2 slo ‘Another interenting feature is the arrangement bi the as exit from the producer of ai insula dock which is provided with 1 nanub lock becomes highly heated be the hot gases aii = to erace any tar which passes fern the keneeston. Points to. be considered in relation wo the design cromslranght prodoeers are a fir inlet pipe and the gas outlet and 4s follows — 1. Their intrusion into the gener 2. Their distance apart. 3. Diameters 4. Relative distances between thie ayes amet dy distances from the bottom of the produrrr In regard to operation by erossdrauhit. it clin that the fire zones become concentric. (Certain users this system advise injection of water direct atul conten! that the use of steam in this type of proslurer st Yisable hecause steam rises and Ultimately tenis to ie the fire lower. It is also contended that steam is ruse easily drawn through the fre. Refractory Tncrs 00 ot {ited in erosdraugit producers (iv) Doalle Draught and Doubie-Zone Producer ouiledraught producers work on vie priniple of the upper part of & bed of far! burning downward atk! ‘ctsing volatile matter to be dev ofthe lowered by a handwhee! outside the circumference of the then passing through the upper ineandesce ites 4 spinille on which lower uprraught part of the fuel bed, ths c Sight and left-hand threads are cit. ‘Nuts connected to plete decomperition, Altnatively. in double-20n ‘by links moving towards or apart from ducers two fuel bls may be employe these ing a tine fnother, fase or lower the platiorm. The platform ranged one within the other and separate fuel feeds being ected with th iy be summarise teFemecany, 1939 Yrovided for cach be. The air supply may- be down ‘wards only theowzh the outer bed, the liot gases thea natively two aie foeds may be: I. In double-driudit producers the air’ fow may” be ae- ranged in. two separate feeds both current wise with the downward fuel fw. or one air feed downwards and the ‘other upwards. ‘The design of these producers aims at taking advantage of the benelits of the np and down draught sestems of operation ‘The following producers operate on this system : French: Baarlt, British > Kola Fie. 18 Tjegsendncets are designed ta wae wood sna chateau, Sonn soa Ton coal char and tarry neta Toes The flowing tril description of these prodicers is not Brandt (Fig. 18), This interesting double zone generator is, designed to use worst, thougle a certain quantity. of chateosl is ale consimed simaltaneously. The evlindrical producer Shell has within it 4 second eylinder of approximately fone «quarter of the outside diameter. The inner cvlinder contains charcoal, and between the two is wood. Im: mediately withput the circumference of the inner cylinder isan annular space throngh which ait is drawn from the top of the generatar, an isdetivered to the test ire zone by vertical tnyetes The air pases downwards through the wood towards the grate, the Fre gone being instlated against heat toss back by a refravtory liner aad an air gap. The inner ‘limdet descends about fourths of the vertical distance between the tiyeres amd the grate. Under ats fower int the gases yurss; and then rise throng the charcoal ‘THE INSTITUTE OF FUEL us reducing column, A puse and clean gas is said to result ‘rom ths conotruction = “The gree has 4 rotatable centre section, access to which {as to the ashpan) is obtained through a door on the cir- Ekmnference of the base. safe noel ae ft eg he rtf ‘ofl excess moistore, ete, dung periads of light Seer thing suerte enaloy omtup: of os fer cer tothe engine's exhaust pipe. the ge being let ‘through a condenser. The passige of gas through this ‘Ssh gull by a arms va, the open ‘hich is made to depend pon the Gegree of siction or otherwise in the engine's inlet manifoll. Moreover, a set “erew inthe valve ite! regulates the degrse ofits opening, the setting bring more open for resinous than for othe twouds Koala (Fs. 19) This generator compriues a crcalar combustion chamber KOELA DOUBLE DRAUGHT PRODUCE! Fes, 19 lined with refractory material whieh rests upon an annular chamber, Within this chamber is a slide grate of which ‘modified forms arc available in order to enable different Inds of fuel to be ised. The chamber is provided wit, slots in the side wali, through whieh air may be admittea for supporting the cowbustion when up-draughe is employed fof for gas withdrawal when downdraught used, A hipe connection is made to the chamber for the passage ‘of air oF gs, A fuel hopper is arranged over the combustion chamber" and at the bottom is fitted with an inclined base which i provided with « tubular dependence ot spout made of a Special nonorrosive hectresisting steel. This spout extends some distance into the combustion chamber and is of such diameter that a narrow pasage is left between it and the refractory liner. The tubular spoat acts as ait upper or atisiliary furmace and is provided with a con- tnalied aif feed tube which passes through the hopper wall The passage between the spout and Lier semmuniontes ‘with 8 chamber surrounding the inclined base of the fel hopper, and to tnis chamber there i conmected a. pipews THE MODERN PORTABLE GAS-PRODUCER i | : 3 E i WISCO_CLEANER roe er 628 Fu. 22 (6) This type i varied amd cam be divided into lowe subsections () Firat in seruber unten i ster utes: i) Light washing tiv) Dry . 6) Such scrubbers are filled with gravel or coke smoutenad with Water or seal ovr, wood 00), metal ‘cork malatened with (a) in sceh apparatus the was on its passze to the agin tate Song ot of wate, omc over ‘il'or water chamber. (i Tn auch apparatar the gas pies throu a scrubber file ih metal shavings mostned with she Pettoleum. "Some of this b cara to, the engine Ge) In such spporatus scrubbers sre party packed ihe, Semel ie wet Th yha about the sa of the producer ise, nd in the upper Fe acing ith ther ie he ato bhaga of filter trays. An alternstive arrangement i to have spedal fiers boil up of fitering cloth and wire fance, Complete portable gus producers eri ppanfying and filtering equipment selected from {ypes mentioned above tn @ variety of combinations. To arrroremctod of purting and fitering the es an be Embotied n'a single plantmeg the coke scrubber for Primary, and cloth Biter as secondary. puriers