Professional Documents
Culture Documents
What Is A Nonlinear Analysis
What Is A Nonlinear Analysis
86 86986 9
2 93236 988
gJEB>9C>E>PIFH9F=E<>hFEHQC9Ci
lmno p9KC>q>p;BI<9EHC
Y6j(VkVV
883 _%)
3%S!X
YZ[SR\]S!^)%/
_V-
YZ[SR\]S!^)%/
_6-
_/R#\_%/.%#
2%U_R2WS!
012356789
835
95822656
!"#$%&'%(!#%%)*)%)%% R%%$%`T%,a%#
%)+&,%###)*-.**/%)#* `0^)*"%.b
0%*#)*-
.*)%%$&'%'#*%-1%,'(%!!,
+'(%0#)*+-2%%0!$%)%#&!#
�%*%$0#)*+*)-3%!&$#%4*0%- c d e f
5(*%&'%%#,'!&0%#0))#%&!
000%$%/%)-.%)(,!)!)#
506(,#!',%#0*%##*)%)- R&&R-^-R3,
7
rstuvwxyzvwr{|}~
89:;<=>?@>AB<=CCDAB<E9F>G=HEB9IFCJ9K>LC=M>NI<>OEB=<9EH>PIFH9F=E<9BQ
7
R%#(0%*%!#%,#0%0#)*#
0%$0%*)#%#)*/%)-.0%*%!*!
+'%$*&'%-2&)%�!"#$%
0%*%!-S0%*%!*&#%$+&0$0%$
)#))#%#00#)*0%%#%$%
##%%#T*%*##UR50VW-
MO[?H=aGNbPGbNB _NC[bPGH B?GbNBH EbHGCMBNH VBHCbNPBH ECMW?FS ECFG?PG=dH >NS=DCN=NBB
012345789
43
34
9
553141255
41
154
5
!"#$" "%"&#'$(#%#)*+%#,&-&"'&%#'"*+,#",,!"#*'!,'!&.&& !"#$, "'"*
,#"/&.''**'!,'!#%&(-#'"*!&'&0'&"#%%#*12"&0#-+%&( !"#$" "%"&#'$. !%&
, -+&**" "%$ !"#$, "'"*(#*'!,'!&", "'#,'.'*%(!"#'"1
3452678&", "'#"**!," "%"&##"#%$**(!",'"*#* !"#$" "%"&##"#%$**!*"/" "%"&#&%&-&"'*
9, -+&**"7'&"*")"%$&%&-&"'*:#"%#/&*+%#,&-&"'/& -&'," "%"&##"#%$**1
;;
<=>?@AB=CD=ECFGBFGH;
I
JIK=LBCMBGNOP=QCFAOFB?N=RF?ASHOH
; JKJ=QBTGCFUV?WXHCF=YGBN?GOCF=ZBGXC[
JK\=RNPU]BF^GX=YGBN?GOCF=ZBGXC[
;\K=_U`BAG?=RF?ASHOH
; \KJ=ZC[?A=abWBNWCHOGOCF=ZBGXC[
;cK=RF?ASHOH=dHOF^=QCFAOFB?N=eABMBFGH
;fK=aGODDFBHH=CD=QCFAOFB?N=eABMBFGH=ghQi
;jK=_bHXCkBN=RF?ASHOH=gQCFAOFB?N=aG?GOP=RF?ASHOHi
;
jKJ;=RF?ASHOH=ZBGXC[
I
; jK\=eABMBFG=>SWBH=dHB[=OF=ZỲRalLBF
; jKc=EX?N?PGBNOHGOPH=CD=QCFAOFB?N=aWNOF^
jKf=RF?ASHOH=ZBGXC[
;
; jKj=RWWAOB[=]C?[H
; jKm=E?W?POGS=aWBPGNbM=?F[=`BM?F[=aWBPGNbM
; jKn=E?APbA?GOCF=CD=_BNDCNM?FPB=_COFG
jKo=ek?Ab?GOCF=CD=_BNDCNM?FPB
I
j;=Kp=_NCPB[bNB=DCN=_bHXCkBN=RF?ASHOH
;
q3rs
rtuvwx4yx
54x1
123
z5x4
z55rx
z1{258
I
I
I
LB
I
CMBGNOP=QCFAOFB?N=RF?ASHOH
6-#%%*+%#,&-&"'9|1}:!*&"%"&##"#%$***/~&"&%.!"&'&#**!-+'"(*-#%%'#'"1
3&+&*&"'**+%#,&-&"'#"&+&*&"'*'&((&&"'#'"('&(*'*!*,+', "#'&1&"#%#/&
*+%#,&-&"',,!*#** .""/!&'&*'!,'!#%&(-#'",#"" '&&0+&**&.'*-#%%*'#"#"$
%"/&1#/&*+%#,&-&"',#"&~&"''#'"#%#"" ")'#'"#%, -+ "&"'*#*+&'&&
!#'"*&%.1
013456789
899569
84595818459584568995889
99699859969
845
48948lW
89i^e
D mUgRnURgG ogbiRnUe pG^URgGe qReUblGge cGebRgnGe qblS^Xr qbXU^nUDse QgrDtbgDpgGG
8498454594496
89499454
98954598454
595959
4569
8454891484969
8456
49958945
4559
565441
99855594858696949969
845459486596
49954496
895948454
0!"#$%&'%($)*$+#,%-)./.$0#+1%2"$%+)%30#!$%456/0,$*$.+
789:;<9599=845496
89985559484541456459
456454
484894
>?9656989985559485984559@=8454
8654991>9>9845
999959569
896969
845=6
4995
8945
59@=84548654994599A
89964448A9451
964199995B
445659854
594845448945459699599855594859
48958696
745455
98848498464549
8555948454
9
499559@=8454865499449699451CDEDFGHIDGJIDGKIDGHIDGJIDGKLD4569
5
5946
4995MCN5948O96P456959A
89964MCDEDQMR85949
4594894
895
9@=845486549919598549995
89
4596
8
>9891
9899A
899659@=84548654991456958995
94994599
859499451
9998
5948A85489
5948A9
>555594898945459
459659988945
9>9959598544569A9854
891SGTUVSWXUEY
Z9>5=[4
54568=959648996
8
56559555948989459
Z9>5=[4
5961>4465896196
8
44549\89
894
:54
88:54
=4]198=959696
789:;<95
9899
81941456
499995
899855594845498
98
9
99954899619
59569896159998555948
^_D̀GaUbXVc^SdebXDfUGg^UWbXDhGUdbi
859998555948454
488995j9969A98544619998
599A
89964
4
55
96
49951>954
9969998
594459
89898989
99
45499Z9>5=[4
5964>6996961>44996
4995598>
9959A9854464>55\89k9
5948A8948845965949
89
99445
4
98>946955998945
46=6
49955>594>49
98459459659
5948989
89
9845
@SVRe5fPK?LP?KN gKTV?LPe hNRP?KNe i?ePT@NKe GNeT?KLNe iT@jR1/ iT1PRLP5ke FK/5lTK5hKNN
0123457895
5
!"!#$!%#!&%'!!()%&*+*"%,$!,!$-./.01234565/.0154525/75.015434-8!%&
+!,%9!$$%#"*$$$")$,!!&%'!,:;<9!=>?@$9"9)"!-!$"9!:!$A)$!&*?@B
65?@CD52
>?@;+%,%9!!%!!!,'!$!-!8!"$##!$$EF.?@4!)&"9!"%G@2D5C5G@
,!9"9)"!-!A)$!$"9!:!?@2D$%&!;
+!!,'!,%9!$$$9%)!)"!:)!%#9,!:!$"9!:!-!!,*%,"%$!$
8!9%'!,!9!":;
=
=
HI5JKLCMN1OP35QPNKRPST15UNP3TV
=
W!!,"!,'!,%9!$$-!9"9)"!'")!#%,$"9!:!9,!:!9&!!9!$$'!#!"%X
$"9!:!9),'!$9"%$!%%,Y%";W#!"%9,!:!,!:$9%$-!,!$)"$"9!:!9&!
()!!9!$$'!;+!Z,9X"!:!%,!$%"'!$$)9 ,%&"!:$-[X,%) &! '%,$9&!"*Y!$:",
%)$!$"9!:!9%,%":!%;Z"$%-!Z,9"!:!%9"*Y!!'!![X&9\&! '%,$-
8 9 !$"9!:!9%,%":!%9%"*Y!][!!^),!_]&``;
012345a8b4cd5
25
013456789
5134534
3451
7
1875513
855137537153
759515
545135
345187551#(3P9D
53
Q@R4S
4
5@
74R?11=R1T8P441
5 S@D5U1?9@
3445R?35D73V4
5D7@
T8#?
5RD3"3?DT14
R3S?D53VT
34#W9B
5373C135
VTB@9S@3XD YRC3ZTR3UR??
187551345
17
85
5751
7573
535715345135
3451875513758 !5
51534553571
785583
733455111
1875513"#$%13451875513
53571
785583
7&'()
4513
)
3
5*345
8
58513&'(184153557*35
3573
1
45
3
13
345
55+3
1815513
345
13
7313451875513
85513
815
15
,0-6./0511345
8
585131&'(1*13454578
344
58
137138
13
15+3
1
&237575513345
85513
51343
575371513455+3
1&4(353&4($%674(3333513
345
5
5+3
13
8
8
35345
8
58513&'(5
05157
*3
3
1537
345
55+3
10134585
8
5157
3
1
1575+
513
3
1
3454578
34534
75501
7573
535715484
15
34575
157
3
13
5
53451
583
75*3451875513
85513583
7
3457585117551335
3573
1
8
8
3515573455+3
15
0345
3
18
131
1515351
15
35
5345
35
55
58350
34
3
17
85
8351
5345
3
18
53
345
157
3
1&'(353$9:;9<5
1
1
1
=1$>?2@93AB92CD(D
45E9-5
31
*
3
11,0-6./0513*5
05
53781
1
1573*48488
13
758
17*37837
54
7451
1371575
75
315
*
53
5
7
5
551345E9-5
35583
757
113
13783754575445738
78583
1345
357
*
85378375
85*44
357
785
F73
*
518
5846G0HIJ160.G9KL-58*343345E9-5
35583518
5137837
1
*53
88
13
7
7575
38557
785
45E9-5
31
*53751,0-6./051
15
13458
1853
3451578
1
*534
35
7
M8N
11
*K1573381
*57
7573
751
18
13
113451155
5378
31537
7
355
1345557
785
73755
3157
345731
*455
5378
315373475535
*
5153
57
75+5133381
*513
34551
8
15751858
13
17535
64
1175O338
18
13
175
75+753
8
157345E9-5
35583
7*181
*5
458
1853
345E9-5
31
*51,0-6./0514
15
1
fbe_WYZXghiXhg[ jgkehiXW l[_Xhg[W mhWXkf[gW n[Wkhgi[W mkf\_^a mk^X_iXYoW pgaYqkgYlg[[
0123457809
4
459911
!"#$%$&%'"(%&$&)%*$%+',$-.)#$%$+)&-/#$/"/0"($'!"("01$(",-&'2#3$2#$/)/"#',$%#*$,!"%($4)(+",$2#$'!"$/"/0"(5$%#
%**2'2)#%&$'"#,2)#$4)(+"$("*-+",$'!"$/"/0"($4)(+",$6!"("%,$%#$%**2'2)#%&$+)/.(",,2)#$4)(+"$2#+("%,",$'!"$/"/0"(
4)(+",7$8++)(*2#3&15$'"#,2)#$4)(+",$%+'2#3$)#$+)&-/#$/"/0"(,$,-09"+'"*$')$&%'"(%&$&)%*,$2#+("%,"$'!"$,'244#",,
."('%2#2#3$')$&%'"(%&$0"!%:2)(,$6!2&"$+)/.(",,2)#$4)(+",$!%:"$%#$)..),2'"$"44"+'$)#$'!"$+)&-/#$/"/0"(,7
012345;8
93<=5
>1
4?35
595@
A4$'!"$BCD"&'%$"44"+'$2,$23#)("*5$'!"$+)&-/#$/)/"#'$*-"$')$'!"$&%'"(%&$&)%*$%&)#"$:%(2",$4()/$EF$%'$'!"$').$')$EGH
%'$'!"$0%,"7$I!"$%**2'2)#%&$'"#,2)#$%#*$+)/.(",,2)#$4)(+",$.()*-+"$#"3%'2:"$%#*$.),2'2:"$BCD"&'%$/)/"#',
(",."+'2:"&17$I!"$"44"+',$%("$'%#'%/)-#'$')$%#$2#+("%,"$)($*"+("%,"$2#$'!"$&%'"(%&$,'244#",,$)4$'!"$+)&-/#$/"/0"(
*"."#*2#3$)#$6!"'!"($)($#)'$'!"$%**2'2)#%&$%J2%&$4)(+"$2,$'"#,2)#$)($+)/.(",,2)#7
8++)(*2#3&15$'!"$&%'"(%&$*2,.&%+"/"#'$+%#$0"$"J.(",,"*$%,$%$4-#+'2)#$)4$&%'"(%&$%#*$%J2%&$4)(+",7
KL$!"("$(".(","#',$'!"$2#'(2#,2+$&%'"(%&$,'244#",,$)4$'!"$+)&-/#$%#*$KM$(".(","#',$'!"$"44"+'$)4$+!%#3"
N2#+("%,"O*"+("%,"P$2#$,'244#",,$*-"$')$%J2%&$4)(+",7$Q)(/-&%'2)#$)4$3")/"'(2+$,'244#",,$/%'(2+",$4)($'(-,,5$0"%/$%#*
.&%'"$"&"/"#',$+%#$0"$4)-#*$2#$R-+S&2#3$8#%&1,2,7
I!"$BCD"&'%$%#%&1,2,$+%#$0"$,-//%(2T"*$%,$4)&)6,U
VWXYZX[\Y]^_àWbW
c
d^eYZX[\Y]^_àWbW
H3562UV6U27 W2F3UV6 123X5766
U297
78
YU
6FH72 Z7FU2V7 YFH8
YF
6V6D [2
\F2X277
656789
656789
!"#$%%&'(%%)#"*%%%"+,-#+'*%-,).#*#%#
,,,#'%%%"+".%%%"+/0#%.%%%"+%.-%,*'*-'
1'*234'*%),#*5**,%*#*6,/0#*5**,%,,
7234''(%%8'9).#*#:+"-";-"<,4%&'*"0'*/0#5%&%
&,-'#*5*=-"%%%,/
;##234''(%%-:<4>?@&,-*%5(**-%-'%.#'',%&'*"%
'5'(%"''A.##'%*'"B/
0#%*=-'-"=-234''(%%-%,:<4>?@*+&%%,%
234''(%%:<4>?@&"%%#'.C
@"*%%%"*%*%,234'*%*"-','(-%%)",.''
'"%/
J','*%A,,%#,"%B"'"%*%,,'(7J3>%%
I*9,-+'*%/
234''(%%%5',.##'%*'"/
<')%*"",,#234''(%%*,-#'%%-*-',%%*%
"3*%-"&*%%"%*"&-'"/
9
D
EF
72G7H7
6
;''(%%:<4>?@%&&',%*'(%%'%-*-.#*#%"''"%
*'-,,/0#''"%#*-%,%-*#*%*'-,%3'(-%%'")#6
'")*''")*"&%%3'(-%%'")&'",%?*"&%%3'(I'%*J6/
0#%*=-'-"=-%-*-'%(%"-%%-*#''"%*.%
KGLM!N
0#=-'-"=-*#'%%%)O)PI=/$Q*%'5,(#'.."#,%C
0#%"#,%6%#%'-#=-(",(#',".#-*##%%%
"/0#'(%%%*,-(#'.&*,-C
<.&&'(#%%%''"%#'%#%,%#=-),"5#%%%
''"%#',")PI=/RQ*,5,/
KGLM1N
<PI=/RQ)#'%%%#%-*-,#%%%''"%#'%'.(%"
-*#,/0#)%*'(%%%-*-*''"%***"&'%#,(
&,'(",(#',"##%,#=-.#-#5&,'(*"&%
#''%%%,*"&%#"+/;'(,%#%"#,,'(&"''(%%)-'%
,-*'(%%"%,5.#-#"&*%%%%%"*%.#"-'&'
',*%%+%/
0#%*,"#,%6%#%'-#=-(5'(%%"'#%%%"+#
%-*-.#-5(#',"'.#&*,-'./
%*'(%%%&",('(%%-"#%%%''"%PI=/$Q/S%#%-'%
#%%*'(%%)#%%%''"%%,).#*#%#,,,#%%%#
'%-*-"#''%%%/0#.%%%%#&&',*(-#-,%*
'(%%),#%&*,-%&,-'#%'-%-,/0#%"#,,%%&'(%%
,',*,%%#%%%"*%''"%5(.##',*,%/
0#5."#,%%-','5'%*5*,&,#(&%%-*-%/0#%
"#,%''(*5'(T%-*-#*%%3'(*%).#*#=-
).!+*+.!).!18- !,. )+/ .+)* &&).&!%9.!).!-.
*+!%)I=
+.eFA
)B
;<G.
fg
<fG
)@
/(!hGCef
g<A%i@/F<fG.@A1 jfA<CI@GA k@ACfGg@A jCIlF?m jC?<Fg<BnA oGmB>CGBiG@@
:
;<=>>?@AABC>BDC?E=?@FGBHE@I@?<ABJKDL
M
NO7P2Q6 )).. .&& & !/ .*%+() / .+/ /* !&!) !.&!/
. %1R !.&& &R!,8S+6(.%( + .!/ +. *&+() / ..*.
++. S!(+.) 1R !.&& &)*/ .*. +&!/. !..
&!) 1
R !.&& &.Q)/(!T%/ .)R!,8S+6(.%( )* + .!/ +
*%UVW1#X1Y !,.&& ) &!.%)*/ . +.* )+ !+))!+..
) &.&!) . / /* !1R !.&& )).+*%+ .!/. &&)..&& ,
-)'(!+UVW1ZX1
[H\]B^_
[H\]B̀_
2) . !/ .+NO7P2Q6 +.!&).. ! +() / .&&).+/.! !.%,
/ /..&!(().!.+* -1
N.! !.%.)+ !+1
b !.%&!! +() / ..)+ !+1
O.*.%+ .+/%))!.!).!,-)%)/(+& !/ .1R &
+ )/(+&% !/ .!.- +1
V/ ..&& ) -.)+() / .+/ /* !&!) + .((++1R !&!,
!( !(.&. !.&!/+++)!(!*.+1
O. )&+%/)%&!.!).!,-))+ !/ .,. .&& .. !..
.9+1
M
R %(!) +!&! !/ .&-a
c. !.&& &. .!).!+. .&& & !/ ... !..,&!/..
*.&& /.!'++).!1
c. *.&& /.!'++).!,( !&!/..)%.*.+() / .+/ /* !
&!) 1
d &!/.. *.&& /.!'++).!1
O&/ .+"+,- !. %( !&!/ +-..). .&& .!/-!%. +
.!/,. !.&& )/(.+*%. +() / .+/ /* !&!) *. +2.(3,-)
. +.!&!/.. +.!/1O&/ .+3+,- !. %( !&!/ +-.).
.&& .!/,. .&& & !/ .)/(.+&!.*%. !.+() / .+
/ /* !&!) ,-). +.+ .!/ . *.&& /.!'1
d ( ..(3+#.. )! ) !W!/ .!.&+1
01234567912
01234567912
63
679
7346311
!"#$%!&'( !) *++ ,( )%!*+-.
)/!+).%,(..!).!,(!%, ./.!,+*!.
).!(!0).12) 34"5, (+(!+.))((!.&!/+*+
(!+).)/+6 ,6 ,+7 $1
628
MILHCORORF QRPOL FIORFL LOPFRL FLPRFL PNIGK PGOIOHL RKHPRHRFF
"#$%&'&"()*+#,-% & .*/-#/0,+&1/,-2%#% & .*/-#/0,+&3-040/)% & 1/,-2%#%&5,/(,-&6*+&5#7,%890/
:;<==>
?@ABCDEFGHBGIJKLMLH
=NOMPGLH;HQIROHST
U/&)V#%&4,)0+#,-W&2*(&X,/&700$-2&-0,+/&V*Y&)*&$0+6*+4&Z&+0$+0%0/),)#[0&,/,-2%0%\&
]^&_0%$*/%0&`$0X)+(4&1/,-2%#%&
a^&"#40bc#%)*+2&1/,-2%#%&
Z^&d(Xe-#/f&1/,-2%#%
ghijklmnop qnjklmnop
rsitluonhv
wsoxnmylzl{i|nmh}nkhsm
~pvpklwsmkiy
_0,7&,-
U&,f+00&)*&)V0&"0+4%&*6&%0&'&+#[,X2&*-#X2^
011214256789
19
8911789
81
4
86
8
JKLMNOPQLKRMSMTKURVKLLKWRXY
0123417
01234366789
7Z[ \6H706H
9]G
79
6
8
7
86
4708
79 8
7 C786 7G9H
99
99 14"2)9 $!%&'()6+&8)9 ?E%')'9
!"# 1%2(!)3'"4&"25 $!%B()?++4"(8)"%29 24"2 *'++%!) :"&893!"&5
$!%&'()*+ (, *) 4*)!'()'! 34%5 :"&89I %)(<
9 62& !5!%'2& *:"28!982&D E"28!9
!"# 7!8#"25 F')%!"849
$!%&'()*+ (,
9
2-9. *"9:"(7 9"52
!"# ;"5<=!"93'"4&"25
>%24"2 8!?284@9"9
A 9<
/0 7 9"52