INFORMATICS PRACTICES (065) - XII BY G SIVA PRASAD (PGT)

AGGREGATE(GROUP) FUNCTIONS:
Multiple row functions perform operations on multiple values and return result as single value.
These functions are called aggregate functions.
The aggregate functions are:
1) Max()
2) Min()
3) Avg()
4) Sum()
5) Count()
Consider the following “EMPL” table.

1) max()
MAX() function is used to find the highest value of any column or any expression based on a column.
Eg: To display maximum salary of an employee from empl relation.

2) Min()
MIN() function is used to find the lowest value of any column or an expression based on a column.
Eg: To display minimum salary of an employee from empl relation.
INFORMATICS PRACTICES (065) - XII BY G SIVA PRASAD (PGT)

3) Avg()
AVG () function is used to find the average value of any column or an expression based on a column.
Eg: To display average salary of all employees from empl relation.

4) Sum()
SUM() function is used to find the total value of any column or an expression based on a column.
Eg (1): To display total salary of all employees from empl relation.

Eg (2): To display total net salary (salary+commission) of all employees from empl relation.

5) Count()
 COUNT() function is used to count the number of values in a column. COUNT() takes one argument
which can be any column name, an expression based on a column, or an asterisk (*).
 When the argument is a column name or an expression based on a column, COUNT() returns the
number of non-NULL values in that column.
 If the argument is a *, then COUNT() counts the total number of rows satisfying the condition, if any,
in the table.
Eg (1): To display the number of employees who are getting commission.
INFORMATICS PRACTICES (065) - XII BY G SIVA PRASAD (PGT)
Eg (2): To display the number of employees who in empl relation.

Note: None of the aggregate functions takes NULL into consideration. NULL is simply ignored by all the
aggregate functions.

“GROUP BY” clause:

 The group by clause combines all those records that have identical values in a particular field or a
group of field.
 The group by clause is used in SELECT statements to divide the table into groups.
 Grouping can be done by a column name, or with aggregate functions in which case the aggregate
produces a value for each group.

Eg (1): To display the no.of employees in each department along with department number from empl
relation.

Eg (2): To display the total salary of all employees in each department along with department number
from empl relation.

Eg (3): To display the minimum, maximum, and average salary of all employees in each department
along with department number from empl relation.
INFORMATICS PRACTICES (065) - XII BY G SIVA PRASAD (PGT)
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Eg (4): To display the no.of employees in each department along with department number from empl
relation except whose commission is null.

HAVING Clause:
 The HAVING clause places conditions on groups. But, WHERE clause that places conditions on
individual rows.
 WHERE clause conditions cannot include aggregate functions, but HAVING clause conditions can
do so.
Eg (1): to display the job and their no.of employees where employees count is less than 3.

Eg (2): To display the no.of employees in each department along with department number from empl
relation except whose commission is null and department total salary must greater than 5000.