Management of Change

Forces for Change

Force Examples
Nature of the work force • More cultural diversity
• Increase in professionals
• Many new entrants with
inadequate skills

Technology • More computers and automation

• TQM programs
Economic shocks
• Reengineering programs
• Dot-com crashes
Competition
•Ethics scandals
• Interest rate fluctuations
• Foreign currency fluctuations
• Global competitors
• Mergers and consolidations
• Growth of specialty retailers
 Kurt Lewin’s Three-Step Change Model

Unfreezing Moving Refreezing

 Lewin’s 3 step Change
process.

Unfreezing Changing Refreezing

Unfreezing Old behavior creates motivation to learn.

 Lewin’s Three-Step Change
Model

Unfreezing Movement Refreezing

Unfreezing: - Change efforts to overcome pressures

of both individual resistance and group conformity.
Movement – Actual change process
Refreezing: - Stabilizing a change intervention to
make it permanent.
 Unfreezing the Status Quo

Desired
state
Restraining
forces

Status
quo

Driving
forces

Time
Sources of Organizational Resistance to Change

Threat to established Structural

resource allocations inertia

Threat to established Organizational Limited focus

power relationships Resistance of change

Threat to Group
expertise inertia
Overcoming Resistance to
Change
 Education and Communication
– This tactic assumes that the source of resistance lies in
misinformation or poor communication.
 Participation
– Prior to making a change, those opposed can be
brought into the decision process.
 Facilitation and Support
– The provision of various efforts to facilitate
adjustment. E.g employee counselling and therapy,
new skills training, or a short paid leave of absence
etc
Overcoming Resistance to
Change Cont…
 Negotiation
– Exchange something of value for a lessening of
resistance.
 Manipulation and Co-optation
– Twisting and distorting facts to make them appear
more attractive.
 Coercion
– The application of direct threats or force upon
resisters.
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