Seismic Wind Forces STRUCTURAL DESIGN EXAMPLES ALAN WILLIAMS Pu.D., S.E., C.En. Wi 388 INSeismic and Wind Forces Structural Design Examples Publication Date: 06/2003 First printing, ISBN 1-892395-75-4 Acquisitions Editor Mark A, Johnson Manager of Development: Suzane Nunes Project Editor: Marje Cates Mlustrator: Mike Tamai Layout Design: Alberto Herrera Cover Design: Denise Sullivan COPYRIGHT 2003 4051 West Flossmoor Rd Country Club Hills, llinois 6047 ee INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIEE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This publication is « copyrighted work owned by the Intemational Code Coun- cil. All rights reserved. including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. For information sion to copy material exceeding fair use, please contact: ICC Publications Department. Information contained in this work has been obtained by the International Code Couneil (ICC) from soun believed to be reliable. Neither ICC nor its authors shall be responsible for any er ages arising out of this information. This work is published with the understanding that ICC and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render en services are required, the assistance of an appropriate prof _ ‘omissions, or dam incering or other professional serviees. If such -ssional should be sought. PRINTEDINTHEUS.ATABLE OF CONTENTS About the Author Introduction .. 1 SEISMIC DESIGN .. 11 Analysis procedures 1 1.2 Site classification characteristics enoos6 Gacneposspeccon 2 1.3. Barthquake response spectra : 3 4 s 13.1 General procedure 1.3.2 Site-specific procedure. 14 Site coefficient 1.5. Aajusted maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations eenneer) 1.6 Fundamental priag of vibration of the structure bolo 1.6.1, General approximate method : val 1.6.2. Approximate method for moment-essting frames 2 1.6.3 Rational analysis method : : : 3B 1.7 Design spectral response acceleration parameters 16 1.8 Seismic use groups and occupancy importance factors 19 1.9 Seismic design entegory .. paennnaasnens naan 20 1.9.1 Seismie Design Category A : : o aa 21 1.9.2 Seismie Design Category B con : 2 1.9.3 Scismie Design Category C wii 1.94 Scismie Design Category D : 2B 1.9.5 Scismie Design CateporyF 23 1.966 Scismie Design Catepory F 23 1.10. Lateral-orce-resisting systems 25 1.10.1 Bearing wall systems 25 1.10.2. Building fame system 26 1.103. Moment-resisting frames _ ; 28 1.104. Dual systems with special moment resisting flames 29 1.10.5 Dual systems with intermediate moment frames 30 1.10.6 tnwerted pendulum structures 30 1.11 Response modification coeticient oe 31 1.11.1 Single seismic-force-esistng system 31 1.11.2 Combinations of seismic-foree-resisting systems . ; 34 1.12 Overstrength factor 36 1.13 Deflection amplification factor... vo itneteieesaee Siiteeees3? 1.14 Seismie dead load... an o 38 1.15 Seismic response coefficient. . ae 1D 1.46 Seismic base shear at 1.17 Simplified lateral force procedures we AD 1.18. Vertical distribution of seismic forces 43 1.19. Simplified vertical distribution of base shear 46 1.20 Oventuming "7 1.21. Diaphragm loads 31 1.22 Story drift 33 1.23 Simplified determination of drift an 56 1.24 P-delia effects we voces : vn s7 1.25. Building separation : 60 1.26 Redundancy coefficient, : : 61 Forces—Strvctural Design Examples i1.26.1 Caleulating Fy; fora braced frame structure... coves 6 1.26.2 Calculating rgqy; OF Moment-resisting frame structure 5 veces 6 1.26.3 Caleulating rng; fOr @ shear wall structure 65 1.26.4 Caleulating rnqyj fora dual system structure . cece 6 1.27 Load combinations ‘ cece 8 1.27.1 Strength design loads and load factors + 68 1.27.2 Special seismic load combinations forthe strength design method nR 1.27.3. Allowable stress design method 16 1.27.4 Allowable stress design method: alternate load combinations 7 1.27.5 Special seismic load combinations for the allowable stress design method . 80 1.28 Structural elements: ‘i cevstteees Gepeuoogco 81 1.28.1 Connections fn ooapseo0n00eK 281 1.28.2 Lateral design force on walls. ‘i . 3 1.28.3. Lateral design foree on parapets cee 85 1.29 ‘Anchorage of eonerete or masonry was in Seismic Design Category C 87 1.29.1 Anchorage to flexible diaphragms. eee, 1.29.2 Anchorage to rigid diaphragms... 89 1.30 Architectural, mechanical, and electrical components supported by structures 9 force on rigid components. .... Gand 9a n force on nonrigid components, Soccacen we 96 1.30.3, Wall cladding displacements... ‘ egoonnoq500n cee 97 1.30.4 Wall cladding seismie Fore oo wee 1.31 Modal analysis procedure. .. 103 1.31.1 Plan structural irregularities . dood 103 1.31.2 Vertical structural irregularities. cevetenee 108 1.31.3 Selection of lateral force procedure. .....2.. +016 vee MI 131.4 Modal shapes: bovevees oncna 3 1.31.5. Modal participation factor cess a 7 1.31.6 Modal base shear : : gepo0g . 120 1.31.7 Sealing factors . . 123 1.31.8 Vertical distribution of modal forces: Fi feces 125 References. 18 2 DESIGN FOR WIND LOADS . peceree : -129 2.1 Analysis procedures 129 2.2. ASCE analytical design method fi cee 129 2.2.1 Exposure category ‘ 130 2.2.2 Basie wind speed...... 5 132 2.2.3 Velocity pressure exposure coefficients for the whole building 133 2.24 Topographic elects, . a 134 2.2.5 Dineetionality factor cece 135 2.2.6 Wind importance factor 7 =. 138 2.2.7 Wind velocity pressure . ‘i = 136 2.2.8 Design wind pressures. cee 2140 2.2.9 Building rigidity . 7 M4 2.2.10 Gust effeet factor : ‘i HL 2.2.11 Enclosure classifications ceo 5 . iat 2.2.12 Internal pressure coefficients, . 142 3.213 Exterat pressure coeticients forthe whote building . laa 2.2.14 Components and cladding . cece 1st iv ‘Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design Examples:2.2.15 Velocity pressure exposure coefficients for components and cladding re 151 2.2.16 Extemal pressure coefficients for components and cladding. 253 2.3: IBC simplified method for low-rise buildings cee cee 161 2.3.1 Simplified method applied tothe main wind-foree-resistng system... 162 2.3.2 Simplified method applied to components and clang vecteetees 166 References ceceeesee m 3 SEISMIC DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES................ +173 3.41 Concentseally braced frames... 3 3.1.1 Ordinary concentrically braved frames . 174 3.1.2 Special concentrically braced frames. See) 3.2 Eecentrically braved frames - cee 200 3.2.1 Link requirements . . 201 3.2.2 Beam requirements, . coveesee wee 215 3.2.3 Diagonal brace requirements . coven 221 3.2.4 Column requirements . coves 204 3.3 Special moment-resisting frames oo... ec ceseeeveees 228, 33.1 Beam-to-column joins and connections 228 3.3.2 Design principles 230 3.3.3 Strong column-weak beam concept 232 3.3.4 Beam details . zoe 3.3.5 Column details cect e vey e239 3.3.6 Continuity plates cectteeees 2240 3.3.7 Panel zone thickness, . : 245 References, cee 249 4 SEISMIC DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES eee ee eco! 4.1 Special moment-resisting frames. veces 251 4.1.1 Design loads... . ceccteteeee 252 4.1.2 Beam details. 254 4.1.3 Beam design 257 4.1.4 Column details 270 4.5.5 Column design 274 4.1.6 Joint design and details... 286 42 Special reinforced conerete structural walls . cee 290 42.1 Shear capacity of shear walls veces . 291 4.2.2 Special boundary elements, ce cvtvteteseteaeeseeesee 292 4.2.3 Non-special boundary elements, . cece 2-295 43 Slender wall design . eee 304 43.1 General requirements 304 43.2 Required strength ‘ 306 4.3.3 Service load deflections 308, 44 Anchorage in concrete . 317 4.4.1 Design requirements for tensile loading... c 318 4.4.2 Design requirements for shear loading... : 320 4.4.3 Interaction of tensile and shear Forces... . 322 References 325 5 SEISMIC DESIGN OF WOOD STRUCTURES. .... . 327 5.1 General provisions cee oononcoq 327 Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design Examples: v5.1.1 Building classification, 5.1.2 Design methodology 5.2 Lateral-force-resisting system 52.1 Lateral loud path 5.2.2 Connection details 5.3 Diaphragms oq00000 5.3.1 General requirements, 53.2 Diaphragm strength 52.3 Diaphragm deflection 5.3.4 Diaphragm flexibility 5.3.5 Subdiaphragm requirements 5.3.6 Design of collectors. 5.4 Shear walls 5.4.1 General requirements. 5.4.2 Shear wall strength 5.4.3 Shear wall deflection 5.44 Design using the segmented shear wall method 5.4.5 Design using the perforated shear wall method . 5.4.6 Design using the force transfer round openines method References 6 SEISMIC DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUCTURES.......... 6.1. Special reinforced masonry shear walls 6.1.1 Reinforcement requirements 6.1.2 Design loads 6.1.3 Strength reduction factors 6.14 Shear capacity ofa shear wail 6.1.5 Axial load capacity of a shear wall 6.1.6 Flexural capacity of a shear wall 6.1.7 Boundary elements 6.1.8 Delleetions. 6.2. Walls with out-of-plane loading. 6.2.1 Strength reduetion factors 6.2.2 Shear eapacity . 6.2.3 Flexural capacity ofa slender wall 6.2.4 Deflection under servive loads 6.3 Special masonry wall frames. . 6.3.1. General requirements. 6.3.2. Beam details 63.3 Column details 6.3.4 Beam-column intersection details 6.4 Headed anchor bolts. 6.4.1. Headed anchor bol in tension 6.4.2. Headed anchor bolts in shear References. INDEX... ‘Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design ExamplesAbout the Author Dr. Alan Williams was educated in the United Kingdom where he obtained his B.Se. and Ph.D. degrees at Leeds University. He subsequently has had extensive and diverse experience in the prac- tice and teaching of structural engineering. Dr. Williams’ practical experience includes bridge design with the Division of Roads in Zimbabwe and the design of bridges, industrial and commercial structures as a Consulting Engineer in South Africa and the United States. He is currently employed as a Senior Engineer with the State of Califor- nia Department of Transportation, His academic positions include Associate Professor at the University of Science and Technology in Ghana, Professor of Structural Analysis at Ahmadu Bello University in Nigeria, External Exan at the University of Cape Town, and Lecturer in structural steel design and reinforced concrete design at the University of California, Irvine. ‘The author's published works include text books on structural engineering design, structural analy- sis, seismic design, and reinforced concrete design. He has authored numerous technical papers for international journals and conferences. Dr. Williams is a Fellow and Life Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, the International Con- ference of Building Officials, and a Chartered Engineer in the United Kingdom and a registered Structural Engineer in California. Seismic ard Wind Forces-~Stuctural Design Examples viSeismic and Wind Forces--Sttuctural Design ExamplesIntroduction The purpose of this publication is to provide an understanding of the application of the 2000 Interna- tional Building Code** to current design practice. The 2000 International Building Code is a national design standard that has consolidated and replaced the three model codes previously published by Building Officials and Code Administrators International” (BOCA), International Conference of Building Officials* (ICBO), and Southern Building Code Congress International" (SBCC1), and is grad- ually being adopted by jurisdictions throughout the United States as the mandated building code. This text is intended to facilitate the transition of designers, teachers, and students from the older model codes to the International Building Code (IBC) and aid with code compliance. In the text, sec- tions of the code are presented, analyzed, and explained in a logical and simple manner and are fol- lowed by an illustrative example. Each example concentrates on a specific section of the code and provides a clear and concise interpretation of the issue. The text is organized into six chapters corresponding to the primary structural design sections of the code. These are: * seismic design + design for wind loads + seismic design of steel structures + seismic design of concrete structures * seismic design of wood structures * seismic design of masonry structures Chapter 16 of the IBC deals with structural design loads. With the exception of seismic design Joads, these provisions are derived from ASCE 7-98.’’The requirements for seismic design loads are derived from the NEHRP® provisions. In this text, seismic design loads are covered in Chapter 1 and wind design loads are covered in Chapter 2. Chapter 22 of the IBC deals with the seismic design of steel structures and is based on the AISC’ seis- mic provisions. In Chapter 3 of this text, these requirements have been supplemented by the recent FEMA'S provisions for steel moment frames. Seismic design of concrete structures is covered in Chapter 19 of the IBC and Chapter 4 of this text, ‘These provisions are derived from the ACI’ building code. Seismic design of wood structures is covered in Chapter 23 of the IBC and Chapter 5 of this text. These requirements are derived from the NEHRP provisions. Seismic design of masonry structures is dealt with in Chapter 21 of the IBC. These provisions are derived from both the UBC and the NEHRP provisions. Chapter 6 of this text covers these require- ments. Seismic and Wind Forces~Structural Design Examples xReferences 1. International Code Council. 2000 International Building Code and 2002 Accumulative Supple- ‘ment. Falls Church, VA, 2000 and 2002. Building Officials and Code Administrators International. BOCA National Building Code. Coun: try Club Hills, IL, 1999, International Conference of Building Officials. Uniform Building Code, Whittier, CA, 1997. Southern Building Code Congress International. Standard Building Code. Birmingham, AL, 1999. American Society of Civil Engineers. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Struc- tures; ASCE 7-98. New York, NY, 1998. Building Seismic Safety council. NEHRP Recommended Provisions for the Development of Seis- mic Regulations for New Buildings: Part 1, Provisions, Washington, DC, 2000. American Institute of Steel Construction. Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings and Supplement No. 2. Chicago, IL, 1997 and 2000. Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA 350 Recommended Seismic Design Criteria for New Steel Moment-Frame Buildings. SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, CA, une 2000, American Concrete Institute. Building Code Requirements and Commentary for Structural Con- crete (ACI 318-99). Detroit, MI, 1999. ‘Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design ExamplesCHAPTER 1 Seismic Design 1.1 Analysis procedures To determine the seismic response of a structure, several factors must be considered, and these include: + site classification characteristics + maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations + site coefficient + adjusted maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations * fundamental period of vibration of the structure + design spectral response accelerations + seismic use groups and oecupancy importance factors + seismic design category + lateral-force-resisting systems + response modification coefficient * overstrength factor + deflection amplification factor * seismic dead load + seismic response coefficient + seismic base shear ‘Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design Examples2 __ Seismic Design 1.2 Site classification characteristics The ground motion produced by an earthquake is affected by the soil profile through which the vibra- tions travel. The amplification of long period spectral amplitudes is significantly larger on soft soil than on hard soil o rock. To account for this potential amplification, six different soil types are iden- tified in IBC Table 1615.1.1 ranging from hard rock to soft soil and to sites containing peat, highly plastic clay, or collapsible soil. ‘The classification may be made by determining on site the average shear wave velocity in the top 100 feet of material, Alternatively, for site classification types C, D, or E, the classification may be made by measuring the standard penetration resistance or undrained shear strength of the material. Soil classification type B is defined as rock and is that material for which the maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration parameters are determined. Soil clas- sification type B occurs mainly in the western states. Soil classification type A is defined as hard rock and has the effect of reducing the ground response by 20 percent. Soil classification type A occurs mainly in the eastern states. Soil classification type E is defined as soft soil and has the effect of increasing the long period ground response by up to 350 percent. Soil classification type F is defined as peat, highly plastic clay, or collapsible soil and requires a site-specific evaluation to determine the maximum considered earthquake response parameters. When soil parameters are unknown, in accor- dance with IBC Section 1615.1.1, soil classification type D may be assumed unless the building offi cial determines that soil classification types E or F are likely to be present at the site. The site classifications are defined in IBC Table 1615.1. and an abbreviated listing is provided in Table 1-1. Table 1-1 Site classification definitions site | Soil profile | Shear wave velocity, classification | name tse A Hard rock > 5000 B Rock 2500 to 5000 c Soft rock 1200 t0 2500 D Stiff soil 600 to 1200 E oft soil < 600 F - . Example 1-1 The two-story steel framed building shown in Figure I-1 is used as an office building. The soil profile al the site consists of a 150-foot depth of stiff soil with a shear wave velocity of 1000 feet per second, Determine the applicable site classification. ‘Seismic and Wind Forces~—-Structural Design Examples.Chapter 1 3 Bents at 20-R centers a Figure 1-1 Details for Example 1-1 Solution From IBC Table 1615.1.1, the applicable site classification for this soil profile is site classification D. 1.3 Earthquake response spectra Earthquake response spectra are representations of ground motion accelerations and, in the IBC,! are based on the maximum considered earthquake. In most of the USA, this is defined as the probabilistic ‘maximum considered seismic event with a 2-percent probability of being exceeded in fifty years. This has a recurrence interval of 2500 years, and it is considered that a structure designed to the provisions of the IBC will have a low likelihood of collapse in this earthquake, In California, a deterministic approach is adopted to determine the maximum considered earthquake. The many active faults in California produce characteristic earthquakes every few hundred years. The deterministic maximum considered earthquake is obtained by increasing the median estimate of the ground motion accelerations of the characteristic earthquakes by 50 percent. ‘Two procedures are available for determining the maximum considered earthquake and the response spectrum. These are the general procedure and the site-specific procedure, The site-specific proce- dure is mandatory in the following situations: + in accordance with IBC Section 1615.1, for structures situated on sites containing peat, highly plastic clay, or collapsible soil (designated ication F in IBC Table 1615.1.1) Seismic and Wind Forces—Strucural Design Examples4 Seismic Design + in accordance with IBC Tables 1615.1.2(1) and 1615.1.2(2), for structures situated on sites containing soft soil (designated site classification E in IBC Table 1615.1.1) when Ss = 1.25 or Sy205 + in accordance with IBC Section 1623.1.3.5, for seismically isolated structures located on sites designated as site classification E or F or when Sj > 0.6 1.3.4 General procedure To apply the general procedure, reference may be made to the maximum considered earthquake spec- tral response accelerations mapped in the IBC and NEHRP? recommended provisions. Two sets of maps are provided to designate the two parameters Ss and S}. Ss represents the S-percent damped, ‘maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration for a period of 0.2 second for struc- tures founded on rock (site classification B) and is applicable to short period structures. S represents the 5-percent damped, maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration for a period of 1.0 second for structures founded on rock (site classification B). The two parameters may be used to derive the complete maximum considered response spectrum at a specific location as shown in Figure 1-2 gs g 2s a i Foss 2 i o7 ia Zo Period, sec co Figure 1-2 Maximum considered earthquake response spectrum ACD rom is also provided with the IBC, and the ovo parameters Ss and S; may be determined from the latitude and longitude or from the zip code of a specific location. The two parameters were estab- ‘Seismic and Wind Forces Structural Design ExamplesChapter 1 5 lished as part of the National Seismic Hazard Mapping Project and may also be obtained from the United States Geological Survey web site at hutp://geohazards.cr:usgs,gov The latitude and longitude for a specific location may be obtained from the web site www. mapblast.com. 1.3.2 Site-specific procedure A site-specific study must account for the regional seismicity and geology, the magnitudes, recur- rence rates, and locations of earthquakes on known active faults in the region, and the soil profile. The procedure for determining the site-specific maximum considered earthquake response spectrum is detailed in IBC Section 1615.2. As shown in Figure 1-3, this consists of comparing the spectra result- ing from a probabilistic and a deterministic maximum considered carthquake with a predefined deter- ministic lower limit. = Probabilistic response spectrum Governing value & \ -2=0- Deterministic lower limit § — = Deterministic response spectrum i & 8 02 __ Period, sec ow Figure 13 ‘maximum considered earthquake response spectrum ‘The probabilistic maximum considered earthquake response spectrum is represented by a S-percent damped acceleration response spectrum with a 2-percent probability of being exceeded in 50 years. The deterministic maximum considered earthquake is conservatively obtained by increasing by 50 ‘Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design Examples6 Seismic Design percent the median estimate of the ground motion accelerations, at all periods, resulting from a char- acteristic earthquake on all active faults within the region. The deterministic lower limit on the maxi- mum considered earthquake response spectrum is represented by the response spectrum shown in Figure 1-4. F, is the site coefficient at a period of 0.2 second and is obtained from IBC Table 1615.1.2(1) with Ss taken as 1 5g. F, is the site coefficient at a period of 1.0 second and is obtained from IBC Table 1615.1.2(2) with S, taken as 0.62. Spectral response acceleration, Period, sec Figure 1-4 Deterministic limit on maximum considered earthquake response spectrum The site-specific maximum considered earthquake response acceleration, Sayy is taken as the proba- bilistic maximum considered earthquake response spectrum unless the ordinates at a period of 0.2 second or 1.0 second exceed the corresponding ordinates of the deterministic maximum considered earthquake. For this condition, the site-specific maximum considered earthquake response spectrum is taken as the lesser of the probabilistic maximum considered earthquake response spectrum or the deterministic maximum considered earthquake response spectrum, but not less than the deterministic Jimit on the maximum considered earthquake response spectrum, as shown in Figure 1-3, Example 1-2 The two-story steel framed building shown in Figure 1-1 is located in Orange County, California. Determine the (wo maximum considered earthquake response accelerations, S¢ and S;, for this loca- tion, which has the coordinates 33.62° North and -117.64° West. ‘Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design Examples:Chapter 1 7 Solution ‘The CD rom provided with the IBC gives the following values for the response accelerations: Ss =1.239g S, = 0.457g Example 1-3 located in Miami, Florida, Determine the Ss and 5), for this location, which has ‘The two-story steel framed building shown in Figure 1-1 two maximum considered earthquake response acceleratio the coordinates 25.77° North and -80.19° West. Solution ‘The CD rom provided with the IBC gives the following values for the response accelerations: Ss = 0.060g S; = 0.024g 1.4 Site coefficient Site coefficients are amplification factors applied to the maximum considered earthquake response parameters obtained by the general procedure at a specific site, to account for the site classification characteristics and response parameters at the site. F, is the short period or aeceleration based amy fication factor and is defined in IBC Table 1615.1.2(1). F, is the long period or velocity based ampli- fication factor and is defined in IBC Table 1615.1.2(2). For site classification type B, the sit coefficient is 1.0, reflecting the fact that the maximum considered earthquake response parameters are derived for site classification type B profiles. For site classification type A, the site coefficient is 0.8 because of the 20-percent reduction in the ground response. In general, as the soil profile become: progressively softer, the value of the site coefficient increases. However, the short period site coeffi cient for a value of Ss = 1.0 reduces for site classification type E, reflecting the tendency for the ground response to attenuate as the seismicity increases. IBC Tables 1615.1.2(1) and 1615.1.2(2) are reproduced in Table 1-2. Linear interpolation may be used to obtain intermediate values, Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design Examples8 Seismic Design ‘Table 1-2 Site coofficients F, corresponding to S, and F, corresponding to Sy Response acceleration, Ss Response acceleration, S; Site classification | <025 | 050 | 075 | 1.00] =125 | <01| o2 | 03 | 04 | 205 A os | 08 [os] os) os | os | os | os | os | 08 B 10 | 10} 10] 10] 10 | 1.0] 1.0} 10} 10] 10 c 12 | 12} 11) 10] 10 | 17} 16 | as | 1a | 13 D 16 | 14} 12] 14] 10 | 24} 20] 18] 16 | 1s E 25 | 17} 12/09] @ | 35 | 32] 28] 24] @ F ® | @)@)@!) ®@ |) eo}]@] @] @ Note: (a) Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analy isrequited Example 1-4 The two-story steel framed building shown in Figure 1-1 is located in Orange County, California, Determine the site coefficients for this structure. Solution From Example 1-1, the site classification at the location of this structure is site classification D. From Example 1-2, the maximum considered earthquake response accelerations are Ss = 1.239g S) = 0457g From Table 1-2, the site coefficients are determined as F, F, =1.00 =1.54 Example 1-5 ‘The two-story steel framed building shown in Figure 1-1 is located in Miami, Florida. Determine the site coefficients for this structure, ‘Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design ExamplesChapter 1 9 Solution From Example 1-1, the site classification at the location of this structure is site classification D. From Example 1-3, the maximum considered earthquake response accelerations are Ss =0,060g S, = 0,024g From Table 1-2, the site coefficients are determined as = 1.60 = 2.40 1.5 Adjusted maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations The maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations, obtained by the general proce- dure, must be modified for the site classification effects. IBC Equations (16-16) and (16-17) define the modified spectral response accelerations at short periods and at a period of 1.0 second as Sus and Sua No adjustment is necessary to the maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations, Sax derived by the site-specific procedure, as these values already reflect the site classification effects Example 1-6 The two-story steel framed building shown in Figure 1-1 is located in Orange County, California. Determine the adjusted maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations for the struc- ture. Solution From IBC Equations (16-16) and (16-17), the adjusted spectral response accelerations at short periods and at a period of 1.0 second are Sus = FuSs = 1.00 x 1.23910 Seismic Design and Sin = 1.54 x 0.457 = 0.704g Example 1-7 ‘The two-story steel framed building shown in Figure 1-1 is located in Miami, Florida. Determine the adjusted maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations for the structure. Solution From IBC Equations (16-16) and (16-17), the adjusted spectral response accelerations at short periods and at a period of 1.0 second are Sus = FaSs = 1,60 * 0,060 = 0.0968 and Sm = FS) = 2.40 « 0.024 058g 1.6 Fundamental period of vibration of the structure Each structure has @ unique natural or fundamental period of vibration that is the time required to complete one cycle in the first mode of free vibration. The factors determining the fundamental period include the stiffiness and height of the structure. IBC Sections 1617.4.2 and 1617.4.2.1 provide three methods for determining the fundamental period of a structure. These are the general approxi- mate method, the approximate method for moment-resisting frames, and the rational analysis method. Seismic and Wind Forces— Structural Design ExamplesChapter 1 1 1.6.1 General approximate method The general method utilizes IBC Equation (16-39) and the approximate fundamental period is given by T= Ch) where: h, in = height in feet of the roof above the b: penthouses or parapets , not including the height of Cr = building period coefficient = 0.035 for steel moment-resisting frames = 0.030 for reinforced concrete moment-resis braced steel frames 1g frames and eccentric = 0.020 for all other buildings In order to use the values of 0.035 or 0,030 for the building period coefficient, the moment-resisting frames must resist 100 percent of the required seismic force. If the frames are restrained by more rigid components, a value of 0.020 must be used for the building period coefficient. The calculated base shear for a structure is dependent on the magnitude of the fundamental period, with a larger value of 7, producing a smaller value of the base shear. The approximate fundamental juation (16-39) underestimates the actual value of the fundamental shear. period determined by IBC period, thus providing a conservative value for the bast Example 1-8 Determine the approximate fundamental period of vibration for the two-story steel framed building shown in Figure 1-1 Solution ‘The approximate fundamental period is given by IBC Equ ion (16-39) as T= Ch wher Cp = 0.035 for a steel moment-resisting frame hy roof height = 24 ft d Forces —Stuctural Design Examples12 Seismic Design ‘Then, the fundamental period is = 0.035(24)54 = 0.38 sec Tt, 1.6.2 Approximate method for moment-resisting frames For moment-resisting frames not exceeding 12 stories in height and with a minimum story height of 10 feet, the approximate fundamental period may be determined by IBC Equation (16-40), which is T, =0.1N where: N — =number of stories Example 1-9 Determine the approximate fundamental period of vibration for the two-story steel framed building shown in Figure 1-1. Solution The story height is he = 120 > 10 ft... satisfactory ‘The number of stories is N =2 < 12... satisfactory ‘Then, for a moment-resisting frame, IBC Equation (16-40) specifies a value for the building period of T, =01N =01%2 = 0.20 see Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design ExamplesChapter 1 13 1.6.3 Rational analysis method Int 1 | ievel i en, | a Frame Story weights _Deflections Lateral force Figure 1-5 Rayleigh procedure IBC Section 1617.4.2 permits the fundamental period to be determined by a “properly substantiated analysis.” In accordance with NEHRP Commentary? Section 5.4.2, the Rayleigh procedure is an acceptable method and the fundamental period is given by T = 2n(Zw,d? eb)! = (0.32)(2w, 9? Bf6)! where: 3; = static elastic deflection at level / due to the forces f; fi = Iateral force at level j w; = dead load located at level i g acceleration due to gravity ‘The lateral forces fj represent any lateral force distribution increasing approximately uniformly with height as shown in Figure 1-5. This distribution, in the form of an inverted triangle, corresponds to the distribution of base shear that is assumed in the IBC and is equivalent to the inertial forces produced in a frame with uniform mass distribution, equal story heights, and with acceleration increasing uni- formly with height. The mathematical model representing the structure must include all significant elements of the lateral-force-resisting system. If the contribution of the nonstructural clements to the stiffness of the structure is underestimated, the calculated deflections and natural periods are overesti- mated, giving a value for the base shear that is too low. To reduce the effects of this error, IBC Section 1617.4.2 specifies that the value of the natural period determined by this method may not exceed the value of i Gan ‘Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design Examples.14 Seismic Design where: Ty approximate fundamental period determined by IBC Equation (16-39) CG, = coefficient for upper limit on calculated period ‘Values of C,, are given in IBC Table 1617.4.2 and are shown in Table 1-3. As indicated, the values of G, are dependent on Spy, the S-percent damped, design spectral response acceleration at a period of 1.0 second. ‘Table 1-3 Coefficient for upper limit on the calculated period Sor | 20.40 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.15 | =0.10 c,| 12 fia fia tis | 17 Example 1-10 Using Rayleigh's method, determine the fundamental period of vibration of the two-story steel framed building shown in Figure 1-1, which is located in an area with a value for Sp, exceeding 0.40. The force system shown in Figure 1-6 may be utilized, and the seismic dead load at each level and the total stiffness of each story are indicated. 25.60 kips f= 20 kips—¥ y= 30 kipsfin WY, = 51.20 kips 10 kips k,= 30 kipstin Figure 1-6 Details for Example 1-10 Solution Applying the force system indicated, the displacements at each level are given by Bat hk = (20 + 10/30 ‘Selsmic and Wind Forces—Structural Design ExamplesChapter 1 15 = 1.00 in 8 = filly +3 = 20/30 + 1.00 = Lovin The natural period is given by the Rayleigh procedure as .32(Ew 7 2/8)" ‘The relevant values are given in Table 1-4. Table 1-4 Rayleigh procedure for Example 1-10 Level | ow | 4 | 8 | wa? | 18 2 | 25.60} 20 | 1.67 | 71.40 | 33.33 1 | 51.20] 10 | 1.00 | 51.20 | 10.00 Total | 76.80} — | - | 122.60 | 43.33 Then: T = 0.32(122.60/43.33)'? = 0.538 see In a location with a value for the design spectral response acceleration at a period of 1.0 second of Sp, > 04, the valiie of the coetficient for the upper limit on the calculated period is obtained from Table 1-3 as G =12 Hence the natural period, in accordance with IBC Section 1617.4.2, is limited to T 2%, 1.2038 = 0.46 sec < 0,538 see Hence, use a maximum value of T = 0.46 sec Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design Examples16 Seismic Design 1.7 Design spectral response acceleration parameters ‘The design objective of the IBC, in accordance with NEHRP Commentary Section 4.1.1, is to provide a margin of safety of 1.5 against collapse under the maximum considered earthquake. This is achieved by designing a structure for '/; 5 or 7/5 times the maximum considered earthquake and rely- ing on the inherent overstrength of the structure to prevent collapse under a seismic event with a mag- nitude 50-percent greater than the design level ground motion. The 5-percent damped, design spectral response accelerations for a period of 0.2 second and for a period of 1,0 second are given by IBC Equations (16-18) and (16-19) as and Sps = 25yy3 Spy = 283 BS preeee . 0 T> Ts 1.0 20 Patlod, sec Figure 1-7 Construction of response spectra ‘The general procedure response spectrum is derived from these parameters as indicated in Figure 1-7. ‘The relevant parameters are defined in IBC Section 1615.14 and are given by Sps = S-percent damped, design spectral response acceleration for a period of 0.2 second Spi = S-percent damped, design spectral response acceleration for a period of 1.0 second T = fundamental period of the structure Ts = Spi/Sps To = 0.28p\/Sps Solamic and Wind Forces-~Stuctual Design ExamplesChapter 1 17 For periods not greater than Tp, the design spectral response acceleration is given by IBC Equation (16-20) as Sy = 0.6SpsTITg + 0ASps For periods greater than or equal to To and less than or equal to Ts, the design spectral response acceleration is equal to Sps. For periods greater than 7’, the design spectral response acceleration is given by IBC Equation (16-21) as Sa = Spy/T The design spectral response accelerations, using the site-specific procedure, are given by IBC Equa- tion (16-26) as Sq = Saal3 where: Sauy = maximum considered earthquake response accelerations derived by the site-specific procedure In accordance with IBC Section 1615.2.4, the design spectral response accelerations derived from a site-specific maximum considered earthquake response spectrum may not be taken as less than 80 percent of the values obtained from the corresponding general procedure response spectrum, Example 1-11 The two-story steel framed building shown in Figure 1-1 is located in Orange County, California. Determine the design spectral response accelerations and draw the general procedure response spec- trum. Solution From Example 1-6, the modified spectral response accelerations at short periods and at a period of 1.0 second are Sys = 1.239¢ 0.704 and Sin The corresponding design spectral response accelerations are Sps = 2Sy4s!3 = 0.826g “and Wind Forces-Structural Design Examples18 Seismic Design and Spy = 283 = 0.4693 ‘The response spectrum parameters are given by Ts =Spi/Sps = 0,568 see To = 0.28py/Sps 0.114 see At T'= 0, the design spectral response acceleration is given by IBC Equation (16-20) as Sy O.6SpsTITo + 0ASps 0+ 0.4 * 0,826 = 0.330g ‘The response spectrum is shown in Figure 1-8, 5 a & Sps- p25 3 E s,,|f+ ose | Bossa --——_| : osrtane [osonaee 0% te 30 Pot sc Figure 1-8 Design response spectrum for Example 1-11 Example 1-12 The two-story steel framed building shown in Figure 1-1 is located in Miami, Florida. Determine the design spectral response accelerations, Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design ExamplesChapter 1 19 Solut From Example 1-7, the modified spectral response a second are celerations at short periods and ata period of 1.0 Sis = 0.096 and Si = 0.058 The corresponding design spectral response accelerations are Sps = 28ys/3 0.064, and Spr = Sap /3 = 0.038 1.8 Seismic use groups and occupancy importance factors Seismic use groups and their corresponding importance factors are defined in IBC Section 1616.2 and are a measure of the degree of protection required for a building. The seismic importance factor pro- vides enhanced performance for those facilities that constitute a substantial public hazard because of high levels of occupancy or because of the storage of toxic or explosive substances and for those essential facilities that are required to resume operation immediately after a severe earthquake. An incre in the seismic importance factor increases the design base shear for these buildings, with a consequent reduction in the inelastic behavior and damage caused to the structure by the design earth- quake. Three seismic groups are listed in IBC Table 1604.5. Group III buildings are essential facilities such as hospitals with emergency treatment facilities, fire and police stations, emergency centers, post carthquake recovery centers, and buildings housing equipment or supplying facilities for these installations. Also included in group II] are structures housing toxic materials that will endanger the safety of the public if released. Seismic Use Group III structures are allocated a seismic impor- tance factor of 1.5, Group I] buildings are facilities with a high occupant load such as buildings where more than 300 people congregate, schools with a capacity exceeding 250, colleges with a capacity exceeding 500, health care facilities with a capacity of 50 or more that do not have emergency treat- ment facilities, jails, and power stations. Seismic Use Group Il structures are allocated a seismic importance factor of 1.25. Group I buildings are low hazard structures such as agricultural facilities, minor storage and temporary facilities. Seismic Use Group I structures are allocated a seismic impor- tance factor of 1.00. Also included in group I are standard occupancy structures that consist of all other types of facilities and are also allocated a seismic importance factor of 1.00. Details of the seis- mic use groups and corresponding seismic importance factors are given in Table 1-5, Seismic and Wind Forces Structural Design Examples.20 __ Seismic Design Table 1-5 Seismic Use Group and importance factors i "| Seismic importance ' Seismic Use Group Nature of occupancy factor, Ir | Standard occupaney and 1.00 | low hazard structures | 0 Assembly structur 1.25 ML ential or hazardous 1.50 structures Example 1-13 For the two-story steel framed building shown in Figure 1-1, determine the applicable seismic use group and importance factor. Solution The building is used as an office building that is a standard occupancy structure with an applicable seismic use group designation of I and a seismic importance factor of Ip = 1.00 1.9 Seismic des In category The seismic design category establishes the allowable height, structural system and irregularity, anal- ysis procedure, and detailing requirements necessary in the structure, In accordance with IBC Section 1616.3 and IBC Tables 1616.3(1) and 1616.3(2), six design categories are established based on the design spectral response accelerations in conjunction with the seismic use group. The seismic design category is determined twice; first as a function of the design spectral response acceleration at short periods, using IBC Table 1616.3(1), and then as a function of the design spectral response accelera- tion at a period of 1.0 second, using IBC Table 1616.3(2). The most severe seismic design category governs, Table 1-6 lists the six design categories, Seismic and Wing Forces—Strctural Design ExamplesChapter 1 21 Table 1-6 Seismic design category Seismic Use Group Sps Sor i) at mw Sps< 0.1678 | Spi<007 | A | A | A 0.167¢ = Sps<0.33¢ | 0.067¢< Sp) <0.133¢] B | B | C 0.33¢ = Sps<0.50g | 0.133¢2Sp)<020 | ¢ | c |p 0.50g ¢ Sps 0.20g < Sp; dp |p|op MCE* acceleration at 1.0 second period, BE |e | F S$, 2 0.75¢ * MCE = maximum considered euthquake 1.9.1 Seismic Design Category A Seismic Design Category A represents structures where Sps < 0.167g and Spy < 0.067g and antici- pated ground movements are minor, even for very long return periods. The design requirements for category A structures are detailed in IBC Section 1616.4, The objective of the requirements is to pro- vide a nominal amount of structural integrity that will improve the performance of buildings in the event of a possible earthquake. The structure shall be provided with a complete lateral-force-resisting system designed to resist the minimum lateral force, applied simultaneously at each floor level, given by IBC Equation (16-27) as Fe =0.0lw, where: wy = that portion of the seismic dead load, as defined in IBC Section 1617.5.1, that is assigned to level Lateral forces may be applied separately in each of two orthogonal directions and orthogonal effects may be neglected. The application of this provision is illustrated in Figure 1-9, IBC Section 1616.4.2 requires all smaller elements of a structure to be tied to the remainder of the structure with a connection capable of resisting a horizontal force of Fe = 0.05w_ where: wg = weight of the smaller element id Forces—Structural Design Examples22 __ Seismic Design F, =001, “. Fy, 0.01 wy. — “et F, =0010, * F, =0.01w, —y——“2 F, = 001m, ms Figure 1-9 Lateral loads for Seismic Design Category A In addition, for each beam, girder, or truss, a connection shall be provided to resist a horizontal force of Fa = 0.05wp where: wp = reaction due to dead + live load The anchorage of concrete and masonry walls to elements supplying lateral support to the wall is required, by IBC Section 1616.43, to provide a minimum horizontal resistance of 200 pounds per lin- ear foot. In accordance with IBC Section 1616.4.4, the seismic-force-resisting system of wood frame buildings that conform to the provisions of IBC Section 2308 need not be analyzed, 1.9.2 Seismic Design Category B Seismic Design Category B includes Seismic Use Group | and II structures in regions of moderate seismicity, Structures in this design category, with the exception of detached one- and two-story fam- ily dwellings, must be designed for the caleulated seismic forces in addition to the requirements for Seismic Design Category A. 1.9.3 Seismic Design Category C Seismic Design Category C includes Seismic Use Group III structures in regions of moderate seis- micity as well as Seismic Use Groups I and II structures in regions of somewhat more severe seismic- ity, The use of some structural systems is restricted in this design category and some nonstructural ‘Seismic and Wind Forces—Stisctural Design Examples.Chapter 1 23 components must be designed for seismic resistance. Detached one- and two-story fat are exempt from these requirements, dwellings 1.9.4 Seismic Design Category D Seismic Design Category D includes Seismic Use Group 1, I, and III structures in regions of high seismicity, but not located close to a major active fault, as well as Seismic Use Group II structures in regions of somewhat less severe seismicity. The use of some structural systems is restricted in this design category and irregular structures must be designed by dynamic analysis methods. 5 Seismic Design Category E Seismic Design Category E includes Seismic Use Group I and II structures located close to a major active fault that is defined as a region with a maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration at 1.0 second period of S, = 0.75g. Severe restrictions are placed on the use of some structural systems, irregular structures, and analysis methods. 1.9.6 Seismic Design Category F Seismic Design Category F includes Seismic Use Group HII structures located close to a major active fault that is defined as a region with a maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration at 1.0 second period of S, = 0.75g. Severe restrictions are placed on the use of some structural sys- tems, irregular structures, and analysis methods. Example 1-14 ‘The two-story steel framed building shown in Figure 1-1 is located in Orange County, Califor Determine the seismic design category. i Forces Structural Design Examples24 __ Seismic Design Solution From Example 1-11, the design spectral response acceleration at short periods is 0.826g Sos > 050g, From Example 1-13, the seismic use group From Table 1-6, the seismic design category = D. From Example 1-11, the design spectral response acceleration at a period of 1.0 second is Spr =0.469g > 0.20g From Example 1-13, the seismic use grouy From Table 1-6, the mic design category = D . .. governs Example 1-15 ‘The two-story steel framed building shown in Figure 1-1 is located in Miami, Florida, Determine the seismic design category. Solution From Example 1-12, the design spectral response acceleration at short periods is Sps = 0.064g <0.167g From Example 1-13, the seismic use group From Table 1-6, the seismic design category = A From Example 1-12, the design spectral response acceleration at a period of 1.0 second is Sp) = 0.038g < 0.0672 From Example 1-13, the seismic use grou From Table 1-6, the seismic design category = A... governs Seismic and Wind Forces—-Structural Design ExamplesChapter 1 25 1.10 Lateral-force-resisting systems IBC Section 1617.6 and IBC Table 1617.6 detail six major categories of building types characterized by the method used to resist the lateral force. These are illustrated in Figure 1-10 and consist of bear- ing walls, building frames, moment-resisting frames, dual systems with special moment-resisting frames, dual systems with intermediate moment frames, and inverted pendulum structures. These cat- egories are further subdivided into the types of construction material used. TTTT {itt q 7 or Bearing wall system Building frame system Moment-resisting frame fTTT} _. f1TT) _ftTTI wD wa l Dual system with Dual system with special Inverted pendulum intermediate moment-resisting frames. system moment-resisting frame Figure 1-10 Structural systems 1.10.1 Bearing wall systems Ina bearing wall system, shear walls or braced frames provide support for all or most of the gravity loads and for resisting all lateral loads. Shear walls are of masonry or conerete, or of wood in wood frame construction. In general, deformations in a masonry of concrete bearing wall system are negli gible and these systems provide an excellent method to limit damage to nonstructural components. However, the system has a poor inelastic response capacity and lacks redundancy because the lateral support members also carry gravity loads and their failure will result in failure of gravity load carry- ing capacity. In addition, shear walls and braced frames restrict architectural expression by limiting free access in a building, ‘Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design Examples26 Seismic Design For structures assigned to Seismic Design Categories D, E, and F, concrete and masonry shear walls are required to be specially detailed reinforced walls to satisfy IBC Sections 1910.2.4 and 2106.1.1.5. These walls are generally limited (0 a maximum height of 160 feet with the exception of a special reinforced masonry wall in Seismic Design Category F, which is limited to 100 feet. Ordinary steel braced frames in light frame construction in Seismic Design Categories D, E, and F are limited to a maximum height of 65 feet. Wood frame construction with wood structural panels, as specified in IBC Section 2306.4.1, may be utilized in Seismic Design Categories D, E, and F to a maximum height of 65 feet. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls and intermediate reinforced masonry shear walls may be used in Seismic Design Categories A, B, and C without limitations on their height, Bearing wall systems may comprise the types summarized in Table 1-7. Table 1-7 Bearing wall systems Building height limitation as determined by ‘seismic design category, feet ‘System type Aore | C D E F Ordinary steel braced light-frame construction | NL | NL | 65 | 65 | 65 Special reinforced concrete shear walls NL | NL | 160 | 160 | 160 Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls NL | NL | NP | NP | NP Special reinforced masonry shear walls NL | NL | 160 | 160 | 100 Intermediate reinforced masonry shear walls. | NL | NL | NP | NP | NP Ordinary reinforced masonry shear walls NL | 160 | NP | NP | NP Light frame walls with wood structural panels | NL | NL | 65 | 65 | 65 NL. = not limited , NP = not permitted 4.10.2 Building frame system A building frame system has separate systems to provide support for lateral forces and gravity loads. A frame provides support for essentially all gravity loads with independent shear walls or braced frames resisting all lateral forces. The gravity load supporting frame does not require special ductile detailing, but it is required to satisfy the deformation compatibility requirements of IBC Section 1617.6.4.3, and this imposes a practical limitation on the height of a building frame system. Failure of the lateral support members will not result in collapse of the building because the frame continues to support gravity loads. ‘Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design ExamplesChapter 1 27 For structures assigned to Seismic Design Categories D, E, and F, specially detailed concrete and masonry shear walls, as specified for bearing wall systems, may be utilized and these are limited to a maximum height of 100 feet for category F structures and 160 feet for category D and E structures. Steel braced frames in Seismic Design Categories D, E, and F may be special concentrically braced frames, as specified in SEIS‘ Part 1, Section 13, or eccenttically braced frames, as specified in SEIS* Part 1, Section 15, with a maximum height of 100 feet for category F structures and 160 feet for cate- gory D and E structures. Ordinary concentrically braced frames, as specified in SEIS* Part 1, Section 14, may also be utilized with a maximum height of 35 feet for category D and E structures and are not permitted for category F structures. Wood frame construction with wood structural panels, as speci- fied in IBC Section 2306.4.1, may be utilized in Seismic Design Categories D, E, and F to a maxi- mum height of 65 fect. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls and intermediate used in Seismic Design Categories A, B, and C without limit forced masonry shear walls may be ns on their height. Building frame systems may comprise the types summarized in Table 1-8. Table 1-8 Building frame systems Building height limitation as determined by seismic design category, feet ‘System type Aore | © of. F Eecentrically braced frame, moment-resisting, NL | NL | 160 | 160 | 100 connections at column away from link beam Eccentrically braced frame, non-moment- NL | NL | 160 | 160 | 100 resisting connections at column away from link Special steel concentrically braced frames NL | NL | 160 | 160 | 100 Ordinary steel concentrically braced frames NL | NL | 352 | 35* | Nba Special reinforced concrete shear walls NL | NL | y60 | 160 | 100 Ordinary reinforced conerete shear walls ne | NL | np | Np | NP Composite steel concentrically braced frames NL | NL | 460 | 160 | 100 Special reinforced masonry shear walls NL | NL | 160 | 160 | 100 Intermediate reinforced masonry shear walls NL | NL | np | NP | NP Light frame walls with wood structural panels NL | NL | 65 | 65 | 65 [NL © not limited , NP = not permitted 4. permitted in penthouse structures and in single-story buildings up to 8 heiuht of 60 feet when the dead load of the roof does nol exceed 15 Ibi Seismic and id Forces~Structural Deskin Examples,28 Seismic Design 1.10.3 Moment-resisting frames Moment-resisting frames are specially detailed to provide good ductility and support for both lateral and gravity loads by flexural action. In Seismic Design Categories D, E, and F, special reinforced concrete and structural stee! moment-resisting frames are required to be detailed to satisfy ACT"! Sec- tions 21.2 through 21.5 or SEIS* Part 1, Section 9. No restrictions are placed on the height of these systems. Moment-resisting frames have the advantage of affording unlimited free access in a build- ing. In addition, a high degree of redundancy can be provided and the system has an excellent inelas- tic response capacity. Large lateral displacements may be developed while the gravity load carrying capacity remains intact. The large displacements, however, may cause damage to nonstructural ele- ments. Special moment-resisting reinforced masonry wall frames may also be utilized in Seismic Design Categories D, E, and F with a height limitation of 100 feet in category F and 160 feet in cate- gories D and E. Intermediate and ordinary stee! moment frames and intermediate reinforced concrete moment frames may be used in Seismic Design Categories A, B, and C without limitations on their height. Moment-resisting frame systems may comprise the types summarized in Table 1-9. Table 1-9 Moment-resisting frame systems Building height limitation as determined by seismic design category, feet system type aoe] ¢ | > |e |r Special steel moment frames “i one | nt | wt [ Ne | ONL Special steel truss moment frames NL | NL | 160 | 100 | NP Intermediate steel moment frames NL] NL | 35 | NP | NP Ordinary steel moment frames NL | NE | NP | np | NP Special reinforced concrete moment frames NL | NL | NL | NE] NE Intermediate reinforced concrete moment frames | NL | NL | NP | NP | NP Masonry wall frames NL | NL | 160 | 160 | 100 [NL= not limited , NP = not permitted Seismic and Wind Forces Structural Design ExamplesChapter 1 1.10.4 Dual systems with special moment-resisting frames ‘A dual system provides a comparably high level of seismic safety since a secondary redundant lateral support system is available to assist the primary nonbearing lateral support system. These systems may be used in regions of high seismic risk. Nonbearing walls or bracing supply the primary lateral support system with a special moment-resisting frame providing primary support for gravity loads and acting as a backup lateral force system. The special moment-resisting frame must be designed to independently resist at least 25 percent of the base shear and, in addition, the two systems shall be designed to resist the total base shear in proportion to their relative rigidities. The primary Jateral- support system may comprise the types summarized in Table 1-10 and, with the exception of ordinary steel concentrically braced frames, these may be used in all seismic design categories without limita~ tions on their height. Table 1-10 Dual systems with special moment frames Building height limitation as determined by seismic design category, fect System type AorB | D E F Special reinforced concrete shear walls NL | NL | NL | NE | NL Special reinforced masonry shear walls NL | NL | NL | NL ] NL Eccentrically braced frame, moment-resisting NL | NL | NL | NL | NE connections at column away from link beam Eccentrically braced frame, non-moment- NL | NL | NL | NL | NE resisting connections at column away from Special steel concentrically braced frames NL | NL | NL | NL J] NL Ordinary steel concentrically braced frames NL | NL | NP | NP | NP NL-= not limited , NP = not permitted30 __ Seismic Design 1.10.5 Dual systems with intermediate moment frames These systems may be used in regions of moderate seismic risk and may be used in Seismic Design Categories A, B, and C without limitations on their height. The primary lateral support system may comprise the types summarized in Table 1-11. Table 1-11. Dual systems with intermediate moment frames Building height limitation as determined by ‘solemic design category, fot, system type aoe | c | o |e | Special reinforced concrete shear walls NE | NL | 160 | 100 | 100 Ordinary reinforced conerete shear walls NL | NL | NP | NP | NP Intermediate reinforced masonry shear walls. | NL | NL | NP | NP | NP Special stel concentrically braced frames NE | NL | 160 | 100 | NP | [NL = not limited , NP = not permitted 1.10.6 Inverted pendulum structures An inverted pendulum structure has a large portion of its mass concentrated near the top. These struc~ tures have limited redundancy and overstrength and concentrate inelastic response at their bases Hence, failure of the system due to lateral forces will also cause failure of the gravity load carrying capacity, Inverted pendulum structures may comprise the systems indicated in Table 1-12. Table 1-12 Inverted pendulum structures tation as determined by seismic In category, feet System type E Cantilevered column systems 35 Special steel moment frames NL Ordinary steel moment frames NP frames ul NL Special reinforced concrete moment NL. not limited, NP = not permit ‘Solsmic and Wind Foroes— Structural Design ExamplesChapter 1 31 1.11 Response modification coefficient It is uneconomical to design a structure to remain entirely within its elastic range for a major earth- quake, and advantage is taken of the nonlinear energy absorbing capacity of the system to allow lim- ited structural damage without impairing the vertical nonlinear load carrying capacity of the system, This energy dissipation occurs as a result of the hysteresis effect. In addition, as yielding occurs, the natural period of the structure lengthens and the damping ratio increases; thus reducing the seismic force developed in the structure. A single seismic-force-resisting system may be used throughout a building with a single value for the response modification coefficient, or several different systems may be combined. Actual , Lateral force, V Lateral deformation, 8 Figure 1-11 Inolastic force-doformation curve? The structure response modification coefficient R is defined in NEHRP Commentary Section 5.2 as the ratio of the theoretical seismic base shear, which would develop in a linearly elastic system, to the prescribed design base shear and is a measure of the ability of the system to absorb energy and sustain cyclic inelastic deformations without collapse. As shown in Figure 1-11, the modification coefficient is given by ‘Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design Examples32 Seismic Design R= VpIVs where: Vp theoretical base shear in an elastic structure Vs = design base shear Table 1-13 Design factors for seismic-force-resisting systems Setsmic-force-esisting system ce ~~ | Ordinary steel braced frames in light-frame construction | 4.0 | 2.0 | 3.5 “a | Special reinforced concrete shear walls 55} 25 | 50 € | Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls as [25 | 40 2 Special reinforced masonry shear walls | 2.5 | intermediate reinforced masonry shear walls 25 Ordinary reinforced masonry shear walls 25 | 2.5 Light frame walls with wood structural panels 6.0 | 3.0 || Becentricaily braced frame, moment-resisting «8.0 | 2. connections at column away from link beam Eccentrically braced frame, non-moment-resisting 7.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 connections at column away from link beam e | Special steel concentrically braced frames 6.0 | 20 | 5.0 | i Ordinary steel concentrically braced frames 5.0 | 20 | 4.5 | & | Special reinforced concrete shear walls 6.0 | 25 | 5.0 | z | Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 5.0 | 2.5 | 4.5 | ‘Composite steel concentrically braced frames 20 | 4.5 | | Special reinforced masonry shear walls 25 | 40 Intermediate reinforced masonry shear walls 28 | 25 Light frame walls with wood structural panels 65 | 2.5 | 45 ‘Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design ExamplesChapter 1 33 Table 1-13 (continued ) Design factors for seismic-force-resisting systems Selsmicorce-resisting system Rr | % | 6 Special steel moment frames 80 | 30 | 55 £ | Special steel truss moment frames 70 | 30 | ss E | intermediate ste! moment frames 43 | 30 | 40 3 Ordinary steel moment frames 35 | 3.0 | 30 © | Special reinforced concrete moment frames 80 | 30] 55 Intermediate reinforced concrete moment frames 5.0 | 30 | 45 Masonry wall frames 55 | 3.0 | 50 ~ | Special reinforced concrete shear walls 80 | 25 | 65 & Special reinforced masonry shear walls AG s hab a Eccentrically braced frame, moment-resisting 8.0 | 25 | 4.0 E | connections at column away from link beam & | Eccenttically braced frame, non-moment-resisting J | connections at column away from link beam elle © | special ste! concentrically braced ames solos | 6s Ordinary steel concentrically braced frames a0 | 25 | 60 ‘Special reinforced concrete shear walls 6.0 | 25 | 50 & | Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 5.5 | 2.5 | 4.5 & Intermediate reinforced masonry shear walls 5.0 | 3.0) 45 E | special steel concentrically braced frames 60 | 25 | 50 Composite concentrically braced frames 50 | 25 | 45 we | Cantilevered column systems 25 | 20 | 25 z B | Special steel moment frames 25 | 20 | 25 | ordinary steel moment frames 125 | 20 | 25 Special reinforced concrete moment frames 28 | 2.0 | 1.25 ‘SMF = special moment frame, IMF = intermediate moment fame In addition to compensating for the energy dissipation capability, lateral-force system redundancy and increase in natural period and damping ratio, the response modification coefficient allows for the pro- vision of secondary lateral support systems, and the observed performance of specific materials and structural systems in past earthquakes. The value of R increases as the overall ductility of the structure Seismic and Wind Forces—Structural Design Examples34 Seismic Design and its energy dissipation capacity increase and as the degree of redundancy increases. Lightly damped structures constructed of brittle materials are unable to tolerate appreciable deformation in excess of initial yield and are assigned low values of R. Highly damped structures constructed of duc- tile materials are assigned larger values of R. To justify these larger values of the response modifica- tion coefficient, it is necessary to implement the special detailing requirements specified for each seismic-force-resisting system so as to sustain the cyclic inelastic deformations that occur. Even in the event that wind forces govern the design, IBC Section 1614.5 mandates the application of the detail- ing requirements prescribed for the lateral-force-resisting system utilized. Values of the response modification coefficient for various seismic-force-resisting systems are given in IBC Table 1617.6 and are summarized in Table 1-13. 1.11.2 Combinations of seismic-force-resisting systems When combinations of seismic-force-resisting systems are used in a building, the IBC introduces con- trols to ensure that an adequate value for the response modification coefficient is adopted. For the sit- uation where structural components are common to systems with different R values, IBC Section 1617.6.3.2 requires design of the component for the higher R value to ensure that adequate ductile details are provided. Special eintorcod Cantilever eolumns conerete walls typical Re6 \ / Rees I — iE — Figure 1-12 Different systems used along two orthogonal axes In accordance with IBC Section 1617.6.3, when different seismic-force-resisting systems are used along two orthogonal axes of a structure, the appropriate value of R shall be used for each system. However, in Seismic Design Categories D, E, or F, the lower value of the response modification coef ficient must be used for the entire structure if a system with R less than 5 is used in the building. As illustrated in the building frame system structure shown in Figure 1-12, which is assigned to Seismic Design Category D. special reinforced concrete shear walls provide lateral resistance in the longitudi nal direction and cantilever columns provide lateral resistance in the transverse direction. The con- crete shear walls have an R value of 6 and the cantilever columns an R value of 2.5, and this value governs for the whole structure. Detached one- and two-family dwellings constructed of light framing are exempted from this requirement, Seismic and Wind Forces~Structual Design ExamplesChapter 1 35 When different structural systems are used over the height of a building, the response modification coefficient for a story shall not exceed the lowest value, in the direction under consideration, for any story above, excluding penthouses. As illustrated in the building in Figure 1-13, special reinforced concrete shear walls, that also support gravity loads, with an R value of 5.5 provide lateral resistance in the upper stories. Special reinforced concrete moment frames with an R value of 8.0 are used in the first story. To comply with IBC Section 1617.6.3.1, a value of 5.5 must be adopted for the full height of the building. Detached one- and two-family dwellings constructed of light framing, and supported structural systems with a weight not exceeding 10 percent of the total weight of the structure, are exempted from this requirement, As shown in Figure 1-13, the penthouse with wood structural panel shear walls, with an R value of 6.0, is supported by a special steel moment frame with an R value of 8.0. The moment frame and the penthouse may be designed independently for response modification coefficients of 8.0 and 6.0, respectively. Woo pane| shear wal ae Special renored +7 concrete wails ree | ~ Special moment- _- Special moment | rea rams wy ar ob we ar oar Figure 1-13 Different systems used over the height of a structure _-7 Special moment: / resisting frames Special reinforced masonry Figure 1-14 Different systems used along the same axis In accordance with IBC Section 1617.6.2, when different seismic-force-resisting systems are used in the same direction, the least value of R for any of the systems shall be used for that direction, As ‘Seismic and Wind Forces Structural Design Examples36 Seismic Design illustrated in the building in Figure 1-14, special reinforced masonry shear walls that also support gravity loads, and special steel moment frames provide lateral resistance in the transverse direction. The masonry shear walls have an R value of 5.0 and the steel moment frames an R value of 8.0. The R value of 5.0 governs for the transverse direction. One- and two-story structures of light frame con- struction with flexible diaphragms, assigned to Seismic Use Group I, are exempted from this require- ment. Resisting elements may be designed using the least value of R for the different structural systems found on each independent line of resistance. Diaphragms must be designed for the least value of R for any of the systems utilized in that direction. Example 1-16 The two-story steel framed building, shown in Figure 1-1, is located in Orange County, California. Lateral force resistance is provided by special steel moment-resisting frames in the transverse diree- tion and special steel concentrically braced frames in the longitudinal direction, Determine the appli- cable design factors, Solution For a special steel moment-resisting frame the following values are obtained from Table 1-13 R =8 Q =3 Cy =55 For a special steel concentrically braced frame the following values are obtained from Table 1-12 R 6 Q, 2 Cy = In both the longitudinal and transverse directions, the value of R exceeds 5.0, Hence a value of R = 8 may be used in the transverse direction and a value of R = 6 may be used in the longitudinal direction. 1.12 Overstrength factor The overstrength factor is a measure of the reserve capacity of a structure to resist the actual seismic forces generated by the design ground motions and is given in IBC Table 1617.6. As shown in Figure 1-1], the overstrength factor is given by Seismic and Wind Forces—Stuctural Design Examples