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    Efficient Deck Hand (EDH)

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    Efficient Deck Hand Epi Jonathan Ward KNOTS reer at sea, you will need to learn to tie several knots. ‘ During the early part of seaniy a a che who are already well practiced in the art of pea, oe several members aoe you how to tie these knots. Various books on board will show should ask them to tea knots, bends and hitches which you may wish to study, but i better pictures Fea we always be by asking someone to show you. The knots which you need to leam are: (1) Overhand knot (2) Figure-of-eight knot (3) Clove hitch (4) Rolling hitch (5) Round turn and two half-hitches (6) Reef knot (7) Bowline (8) Bowline on the Bight (9) Running Bowline (10) Timber hitch (11) Sheet bend (12) Doubie sheet bend (13) | Sheepshank (14) Mariine spike hitch (15) Carrick bend (16) Diamond Carrick bend (17) Blackwall hitch (18) Fisherman's bend Once you have learned how to tie these knots, you should practice them regularly in order to get Proficient in the art. You must be able to tie them without stopping to think how, and to show yourself how competent you aré you should try to tie them with your eyes closed. ROPE SPLICES Along with the process of learning the various knots, you will also need to learn the 3 basic rope Splices. They are: (1) The Back Splice (2) The Eye Splice (3) The Short Splice As with the knots, you will learn these splices quicker by being shown rather than by following diagrams in a book. The learning proces: S you will probably find quite simple. The technique will be improved by practice. A splice, of course, must be technically correct in its formation, but it Should also be neat and firm. < 10 sane PURER EER Bees Spr aighelatne to produce @ wire eye splice with a tuck pu ShOUIG attempt this locking tuck vanety. PPOTUNY te Produce @ wire splice on the ship, then @ Common (or Ordinary) Whipping (2) West Country Whipping (3) Palm and Needle Whipping The Common is the easiest to apply and is also the quickest. The West Country is rather more secure than the Common and takes a little more time to apply. cite Pain ana Neco nae the most secure of the three end will also take the longest time to Perform. Again, you should seek the help of a member of the crew to perfect these whippings. PART TWO INTRODUCTION This lesson will be dealing with the various types of lifting appliances to be found on vessels and also different types of hatchcovers. HW you are engaged on a tanker or other specialised type of ship, you may not be as familiar with the various derrick rigs as those who are engaged on dry cargo vessels. However, most ships ; Carry at least @ small crane or stores derrick for the purpose of bringing on board basic supplies. sua You should therefore try to obtain some first hand experience with the operation of whatever lifting | ear and rigging that is available to you | i j When in port you should look at general cargo ships and the way that their lifting gear is rigged to provide @ safe cargo handling operation. You should also investigate on board your own vessel ‘the types of wires, blocks, shackles and other equipment carried. All tanker personne! should spend extra time with this lesson to ensure complete understanding of ‘the method of derrick operations. Wire rope This consists of a number of strands which are lald together to form the rope. The __up of several thin wires, the more wires per strand the more flexible the wire rope. oats construction of wire rope is denoted by numbers, e.g., 6 * 6, means that the wire has 6 strands e ‘strand has 6 wires. 6 * 36, means that the wire has 6 strands and each strand has 36 wires. Each strand is made [number denotes the number of strands, the second number the number of ey EFFICIENT DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES KNOTS. The BOWLINE is the best knot for forming a loop or eye. load) Z SHEET BEND DOUBLE SHEET REEF KNOT ‘FIGURE OF 8° Quick way of joining BEND For tying in Stopper Knot two ropes Easy way to make Reef points saves ropes fast to an ‘eye’ (Not very secure) —_ escaping (Doesn't jam, easy to undo if not under a MG(N)10. y On slippery ft synthetic rope, an extra half. hitch cds security 5 Some people still find it easier to team by the saying “the rabbit comes out of his hole, round the tree and back down the hole again. TURN AND TWO HALF HITCHES Very secure and can be let go under tension (mooring lines) CLOVE HITCH Quick to tie and easy to adjust. (Ideal for securing fenders) Can be finished with a loop (A) for quick release ROLLING HITCH For making up to spars and ropes, like clove hitch with extra turn, ideal for taking strain off another rope. EUR Ree e eee eee . SPLICES AND FANCY WORK An Overhand Knot Place c up through bight b, and draw taut (Fig. 9). : AFigure of Eight Knot Back c round behind ze 2. bring over part z and dip down through bight b and haul taut (Fig. 10). = A Simple Clinch is formed by closing up the initial oop to form 2 small ring and securing by a seizing € > a small lashing at d. (Fig. 11). . jc Fig. 9. Fig.10 Fig. 11 One of the preceding knots is generally put in the end of running gear to prevent it from coming unrove from the fairleads or blocks A Running or Inside Clinch is the foregoing, formed by the end of a rope on its own standing part, and is often used for securing buntlines to the foot of a sail (Fig. 12). It was also used for bending the hemp cables to the anchors An Outside Clinch, as may be inferred from its g name, is formed in a similar manner, but the end c is brought round on top, that is, away from the bight. (Fig. 13). It is used in cases where it is essential E that the end should not be in a position to jam, but always ready for slipping at a moment's notice, as aN in securing cable ends, etc. Fig. 12 A Buntline Hitch (an alternative method of securing buntlines to a sail) is commenced as in making an outside clinch, but instead of putting on a seizing, take a longer end c, pass it over y, bring up through bight b, and tuck the end again over part y and through the last loop formed, so that the end c lies close to the commencement of part z (Fig. 14). Fig. 14. . eo 8). ABowline Reverting to our original loop (Fig. first taking part z in the right hand with y in the left, throw a loop over c, the end, as in Goals Secondly, lead c round behind part a and pass it down qu the last made loop, as indicated by the dotted line, and haul taut as in Fig. 16. 7 2 Fig. 17. Fig, 18, is required. French Bowline. This is begun in the same way as the simple Bowline, but instead of passing C (Fig. 15) round behind A, Cis taken round again parallel to Y and again passed through the loop. Itis then taken behind A and down through the loop in the same way as for the simple Bowline. This is a useful knot for slinging an insensible man, lie is put sitting On one bight and the other is passed under his armpits and across his back. His weight keeps this tight and he cannot fall out. Fig, 23, Fig, 24, Spanish Bowline This is a Bowline with two bights. Begin as shown in Fig, 20. Then as in Fig. 21. The large bight DC is now dipped o fn Dis then put through bight A and bight C is DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES MGIN)10 A Rintine Bowline Form a loop with a long end ¢ lying underneath the standing part a (Fig, 17), Now bring end ¢ over part y and with it form the bowline knot, on part z just as in the previous case we formed it on its own part, when it will appear as in Fig, 18, It is used whenever a running noose ver to the back of A and Bas shown in Fig, 22. Bight - it through bight Fig, tight as si inFig. 28 put ugh bight B as shown in Fig, 23 and worked ——— DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES MG(N)10 The commonest method of making a rope's end fast toa bollard, etc., is by taking a round turn and two half hitches and stopping the end back for further security (Fig, 27). A Clove Hitch is really a jamming form of two half hitches, and is principally used when a small fope has to be secured to a larger one and the end still kept free to pass along for further Purposes, as in securing ratlines to the shrouds. Its formation is shown in three successive stages (Figs. 28, 29, 80). Stopper Hitch or Rolling Hitch This is a hitch used for securing the tail of a handy billy to a fope, or when hanging off a rope with a stopper. Take a half hitch, against the lay, with the tail round the rope as shown in Fig. 31. Then take the tail round the fope again, under the standing part of the tail and riding on the first hitch, as shown in Fig. 32. Then take two or three tums with it round the rope with the lay, and _ either hold it or put on a yarn stop, as shown in Fig. 33 DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES MGIN)1O, a Fig. 31 Fig, 32 A Timber Hitch is a useful way of securin long and continuous strain, or when it is steadily in one direction, it should be supp! 9 @ rope quickly to a plank, but when there is to bea required to keep the end of a piece of timber pointed lemented with a half hitch (Figs 34, 35), Fig. 34. Fig. 35. ‘The timber hitch itself consists simply by twisting it back around its own part SO that its formation May be the more e: of a half hitch taken with a rath: of the hitch asily seen er long end, which is used up In Fig. 34 the hitch is Purposely left very loose A Fisherman's Bend is formed by taking two round turn: be secured, and then backing the end round in the form "3A second round turn. The end may be further secure : or by Stopping it to it (Figs. 36, 37), the dotted line showi S around the object to which the rope is to Of a half hitch under both the Standing part d by taking a half hitch around its own part ing the next direction the end c must take. Itis used when Securing a hauling line to the ting of the kedge, or for bending a rope to a bucket, @tc., and is often called a bucket hitch, (ree ewe eee ewe eee ee DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES MGIN)10. | Bend i Topsail Halyard E bend is never seen j ‘on board aes zm commenced in a similar manner to a honey ies. but is Sometimes used first take! eee een the end being backed around the standit , but three round turns } under all three tums as in Fig. 38, and then again backes over the lacenaing Part a and then led the first, as shown in Fig. 39, 'st Wo round tums and under A Stunsail Halyard Bend is simply a “Fisherman's Bend” with the end backed again over the last round turn and under the first (Fig. 40). A Blackwall Hitch is a quick way of temporarily securing a rope to a hook. As will be seen from the illustration (Fig. 41), it consists of a half hitch, the standing part a as soon as it receives the strain jamming Fig. 40 the end part c. It holds much more firmly than would be imagined at first sight. By taking another round turn at , before Passing the end c under a, it will hold more securely A Midshipman’s Hitch is sometimes used instead of a “Blackwall Hitch,” and will hold better if the fope is at all greasy. It is made by first forming a “Blackwall Hitch” and then taking the underneath part and placing it over the bill of the hook (Fig. 42) A Double Blackwall Hitch is made by taking the bight of the rope and Placing it across the neck of the strop of the block, crossing it behind, then Placing the under part over the hook and crossing the upper part on top of it (Fig. 43). It holds better than either of the two preceding hitches. Fig, 42 Fig, 42 Shamrock Knot Make an overhand knot as at a (Fig. 44), bring the end round and up through the bight at b and make another overhand knot as at c. Push bight d through the middle of knot a, and e through knot c. Pull all taut and the result is as Fig. 45. EFFICIENT DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES MG(N)10 Triangle KnotAlso called “Sacred, or Brahmin Knot.” This knot can be made on an endless rope “circle”. It is reputed to be in use ceremonially by Brahmins. Commence by laying a bight back over the two Parts AA as in Fig. 46. Keeping the bight in position, lay the two parts AA up over it, the loops CC being hitched round the little finger (Fig. 47). Lay one of the bights 87 over the AR Fig. 46. Fig. 47. Fig, 48, BIG GAP HERE T,uenuwenweHrTeHeeeweweeeweeEeEe EEE Oe ‘Begin as in Fig. 59. Then cross one ioop over other as in Fig. 60. Then take Beat Devon B, holding them both i postion, an stOesin re en ikea 3 Keeping hold Of D snd and cone ara te Sand part D, catch 5 and pal hes ee Be owing the bop atF tip dom tuted Walaa fn ‘The Marline Hitch (Fig 83) is Used to bend sails to spars, make up hammocks, etc. Fig. 63. The line is carried round the back of the spar, through the eyelet, then with an overhand hitch, and hauled tight KNOTS. ETC., MADE ON THE BIGHT OF A ROPE, THAT IS, WITHOUT UTILISING THE ENDS. A Bowline on the Bight Using both parts of the rope together, commence as in making an Ordinary bowiine (Fig. 64). To finish off. Open out bight c, and taking it in the direction indicated by the dotted line, pass the whole knot through it and haul taut, when it will appear as in Fig. 65. "EFFICIENT DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES MGIN)10 A Sheepshank is used for shortening 2 rope. Gather up the amount desired in the form of Fig. 67 a Fig. 67. Then with parts a and b form a half hitch round the two parts of the bight as in Fig. 68. 2 To render it still more dependable, the bight @ and b may be seized or toggled to the standing parts as in Figs. 69 and 70. Fig. 70. A Catspaw is formed in a rope to make a temporary loop for hooki ing on the block of a tackle. First throw back a bight as in Fig. 71 pscecse pxeesxe nea Fig. 72. Then taking hold of a and bin either hand twist them ti Fi ip as in Fig. 72; bring together the two eyes a 2nd b and hook in the tackle : - } Man Harness Hitch Throw the loop as shown in Fig. 73 leaving plenty of stuff in loop a. (oR URE RPE BEE EEE 1 Z 7 1 a ‘ : : ENT DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICA’ ‘EFFIC! ‘TES MG(N)10 Pass loop 's\under band over cas shown in Figi74! and work the hitch tight by hauling out loop a. Aman can then put the loop a over his shoulder to haul. KNOTS, BENDS, AND HITCHES FOR UNITING ROPES AReef Knot The simplest of all knots, and is always used when a common tie is required. Its formation may be easily traced in Figs. 75. 76, 77. Having constructed the knot ae aie Fig. 75 be sure part a is kept in front of part b as here shown, and the end ¢ led according to the direction of the dotted line. Fig. 76. Fig. 7. A Common Bend or Sheet Bend in making a bend the ends of the two ropes are not used simultaneously as in forming a reef knot, but an eye or loop is first formed in the end of one of the ropes as in Fig. 78 and the other rope’s end is then rove through it in various ways according to the bend desired To form a Sheet Bend, pass the second rope’s end underneath the eye at point a and bring up through the loop, then form with it a half hitch round c and b (Fig. 79). a Fig. 78 Fig. 79. Fig. 80. Itwill hold still better and is less likely to jam if the end cis Passed round again as in Fig. 80. For bending two hauling lines together use a Carrick Bend. First form with \ f hawser No, 1 a loop A as shown in Fig. 81. Then take the second hawser, Xe Pass the end downwards through loop A, under at B, over at C, under at D, over at E and F and under at G. The two ends are then seized to the b Standing parts (Fig. 82). a A Double Carrick Bend is made in the same way as the Carrick Bend except that a complete Round Turn is taken around the cross at H and then the end taken as before over at E and F and under at G. The ends of the two hawsers are then seized to their own standing parts (Fig. 83). 10 EFFICIENT DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES MG(Ny ‘A Diamond Knot formed by the two ends of a rope is really a fancy knot. It is often made with Hambro’ line in forming lanyards for marline-spikes, knives, etc. It is a pretty knot and very easily made. First lay one of the cords in a loop shaped as in Fig. 84 Fig. 84 Fig. 85. Fig. 86. Notice carefully how this loop is lettered, and then, taking up the second cord, lay it under the loop at @ straight along also under the loop at b, as shown in Fig. 85. Now bring it over the first cord at © and under it at d and over it at e, then dip it under its own part now lying between a and b, and lead it over the first cord at f The knot, still in an unfinished state, will now appear as in Fig. 86. This is another form of the “Double Carrick Bend.” Now lead the ends in the direction indicated by the dotted lines (taking care beforehand that you have them sufficiently long for the purpose), and bring them both up through the opening 2. Bring the two standing parts b and c together, and gradually render all Parts in turn to work up the knot as tight as possible, when it will appear as in Fig. 87 This knot may be doubled by following round in the usual way Inthe form shown in Fig. 86 this knot is often utilised for hitching up the manropes when they are not in use Fig. 87 Double Overhand or Thumb Knots Fig. 88 shows the “Sliding Double Overhand Knot.” Put an overhang knot on ‘one rope, then p: ass other rope through the knot and put an overhand Knot on it and round the first rope. Haul tight 12 g , nn PUREE EEEE EEE SERRE EFFICIENT DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES MG(N)10 Fig. 89, Put an overhand knot on one rope (shown Shaded) then pass the other rope through the knot and | “follow round” the knot on the first rope as indicated by the dotted line. j These knots form probably the ‘strongest knots for joining light lines as there is no sharp “nip.” They are, however, very difficult to undo. KNOTS FORMED ON ROPES BY THEIR OWN STRANI)S. Spunyarn or Marline Knot Take the ends of the spunyarn or marline, split them into two and crutch them together as shown in Fig. 90. Fig. 91 Then take strand c right round over the standing part and strand b round under the standing part as shown in Fig. 91. Knot them with a single knot in front where indicated by the arrow and draw tight The ends may then be trimmed off. EFFICIENT DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES, MG(N)10 Although the next series of knots are generally known as “Fancy Knots” they are by no means merely omamental, many of them playing important parts in the standing rigging of a ship. To Form a Wall Knot First unlay the rope so that the strands appear as in Fig. 92 a Fig. 92. Fig. 93. Holding the rope with the left hand, with th e right lead strand a in the direction indicated by the Gotted line, viz., under strand b and up between strands b and c (Fig. 93) Then with strand b form a similar loo, P, enclosing strands a and c, and bringing the end of strand b up between a and d (Fig. 94) é Fig. 94 Fig. 95 Fig. 96 Now with strand c form 2 similar loop, enclosing strands b and a by leading the end of strand c up through the loop c in strand a (Fig, 95) Finally, work all Parts well taut, whip the ends of the strands together and cut off short (Fig. 96). NOTE When Wall Knots are bei IN used to make Shroud Knots (see Figs. 127 to 131 they ought to be made against the lay of the rope, { : ee 4 gat CORP EEe ese EFFICIENT DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES: A “Double Wall Knot,” double crowned, was sometimes called a “Rose Knot.” 4 A Crown Knot is formed by interlacing the strands in a similar manner to a Wall Knot, but the Sstfands are successively led over each other instead of under. Its construction will be easily followed in Fig. 99. Fig, 98. Fig. 99. Double crowning is done by following round each strand again alongside its first lead. Continuous Crowning can be used to cover a rope. To make it, the requisite number of Spunyarns or other suitable stuff are stoppered on to the rope to be covered and are worked round it, one Crown Knot after another (Fig. 100). EFFICIENT DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES: MGIN)10 ‘The same process can be carried out without a heart so as to form a plait. If all the crowns are direction then a “Spiral Plait” is formed as shown in Fig. 101, and if the crowns are race tothe right and left altemately one gets a chain effect, like Fig, 102. so Fig. 101. Fig 102. ‘A Manrope Knot is made by first forming a wall and then crowning it (Fig. 108), Fig. 103 SPLICES. Eye Splice To make an eye splice, unlay the end of the rope a short distance, bend the rope Found so as to make a loop of the required size. Place the unlaid end against the rope so that the strands lie along it Open the rope with a mariine-spike and tuck the middle strand A against the lay of the rope. Then tuck the left hand strand 8 under the next strand of the rope against the lay. Then tuck the fight hand strand C under the third strand of the rope against the lay. The splice is now Properly started, one tucked strand comes out between each strand of the rope, @S shown in Fig. 162; the back of the splice is shor wn in Fig. 163 6 SOUR EREUE TT EEE EFFICIENT DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES Now tuck each strand over one strand of the rope and under the next ilways: eral the next strand al working round To make a sound splice three tucks at least are required without counting the tapering tucks. each tucked again for the fourth time. To make a neat job, the strands should be halved and half of ds may then be cut off. Each half strand is again halved and half of it tucked. The en: In a sailmaker's splice the strands are tucked with the lay of the rope. The Sailmaker’s Splice me strand of the rope instead of going over tuck strands therefore each go round and round the sai and under alternate strands. quired to pass through a block. Unlay the two A Short Splice is used to join two ropes when not re ropes the required distance, and clutch them together as in Fig 164; that is, so that the strands of one rope go alternately between the strands of the other. —— Fig. 164. similar manner to that described in an eye 65 and 166). Then tuck the strands of rope a into the rope bina splice and similarly tuck the strands of b into a (Figs. 1 Fig. 167. Leaving the ropes between a a to form an oblong loop, tuck the strands of one rope into the other @s done in the eye splice. Splices are often wormed, parcelled, and served. Fig. 168 shows the Cut splice after this treatment. ae Fig. 168. A Log-line Splice is a cut splice, but instead of allowing the loop to twisted together. the same as an unspliced rope. There are many way Ey nce It used to be said that every ship had her one way: Unlay the ends of two ropes to a distance about four times the length used in a short splice - about 12 to 14 times the circumference of the rope is a good rule - and then clutch them together as if about to commence a short splice. Now unlay one strand for a considerable distance and fill up the gap thus caused by twisting in the strand opposite to it of the other rope. Then do the same with two more strands. Let the remaining two strands stay as they were first placed, The ropes will now appear as in Fig. 169. To finish off, tuck the ends as in a short splice, but with the lay of the rope, that is, So that the tuck will continually take place around the same strand, and taper off gradually by reducing the yarns in the strand. Fig. 169. ‘One variation is, before tucking the ends, half them and tuck each half round different strands. This makes a very smooth splice Another variation is to cast an Overhand Knot on the two adjacent strands and tuck them as in a ‘Short splice, tapering off as usual. To Splice an Eye in the Middle of a Rope At the place where the eye is to be made untwist the rope @s shown in Fig. 170. Continue doing this and the strands will twist on themselves as shown in Fig. 171 Fig. 170. Fig. 171. When these ends are long enough, bend the rope into an eye and tuck the twisted strands as in an ordinary splice NOTE in the sketches only two strands are shown, the third strand being at the back. Splice Wormed and Collared This is a ve; lice does not come ry smart eye splice. It may be used where the Close up to a block. It takes more rope than a common eye splice. as for an ordinary eye splice. When the first tuck has ‘strand and, with the remaining yarns, proceed to make been made, separate four yarns of way by leaving out a yarn at intervals. a Sailmaker's Splice, tapering in the HUCPEEE EBs eae Fig. 172. Then lay up the yarns left out into two-yarn nettles. A shows two yarns, and B, C, D, E and F show two yarns each laid up into a nettle. Take one nettle of each strand and lay it in as worming. E and F show two nettles laid in as worming. At the end of the splice each worming nettle is tucked under a strand of the Tope. (Fig. 172). With these three nettles form a Footrope Knot. Now take the three nettles left at the neck of the Splice and form them into a Footrope Knot. The completed splice is shown in Fig. 178, G and H being the Footrope Knots. Admiral Elliott’s Eye This is similar to the Ropemaker’s Eye, but as there is no loop formed by the bight of the rope forming two of the strands, the ends of two strands are formed into @ loop by long splicing them together. The third strand is then bent round and eye-spliced. The nds of the strands of the eye splice are used to worm down the cable. The whole eye and splice 1s maried and served with good rope and a thimble is seized in (Fig. 181). EFFICIENT DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES MG(N)10 To Make a Grommet Cut a strand about three and a half times the length of the grommet required. Unlay the rope carefully and keep the tums of the strand in. Close up the strand in the form of a ring (Fig. 182), and then pass the ends round and round in their original lay until all the intervals are filled up (Fig. 188), and then finish off the two ends as in a long splice (Fig. 184) i Fig. 182. Fig. 183. Fig. 184. PURCHASES. NOTE From the “power gained” in every case a deduction of 5 per cent at least for each sheave must be made for friction losses. Single Whip A rope rove through a single block fixed in any position. No power is gained (Fig. 185) Fig. 185 Double Whip A rope rove through two single blocks - upper block a tail block, lower one a movable hook block. Power gained - double (Fig. 186.) ‘ J Fig. 186. Fig. 187 A Runner adds an additional Power to the purchase it is used with. (Fig. 187). 20 EERE EE EEE EERE BREESE d EFFICIENT DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES " EE movable block (Fig. 188). wice or thrice, according to which is the Fig. 188. Fig. 189 Handy Billy or Jigger A small tackle for general use; a double block with a tail and single block with hook (Fig. 189). Power gained - three or four times. Watch Tackle or Luff Tackle Double hook block and single hook block (Fig. 190). Power Gained - three or four times. Fig. 190. Fig. 191 Fig. 192 Double Luff Two double blocks (Fig. 191). Power gained - four or five times. Three-fold Purchase ‘Two three-fold blocks. Power gained - six or seven times. (Fig. 192). MISCELLANEOUS. A Palm and Needle Whipping is a more permanent way of securing a rope’s end from fraying than the common whipping put on by hand. (See Figs. 5, 6 and 7.) First, Place the needle under one of the strands and draw nearly the whole length of | {wine through. Take a considerable number of turns round the rope with the twine, drawing each well taut in. Turn, and finish up by following round with the needle between each strand, forming a series of frappings, and cut off the end of the twine short (Fig. 200). 4 ae EFFICIENT DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES: MG(N)10 untry Whipping is formed by middling the twine around the part of the rope to be Puvssiant nal Protins tat every half turn, so that each half knot will be on opposite sides When a sufficient number of turns are passed, finish it off with a reef knot. ‘American Whipping is sometimes used for the ends of hawsers. It is commenced in the same we as a common whipping, but finished off by having both ends out in the middle of the whipping and forming a reef knot. This is done by leaving the first end out when you commence to pass the tums on the bight over the last end Sailmaker’s Whipping On a three strand rope, unlay the end and put a bight of twine round ‘one strand, leading the ends between the two other strands as shown in Fig. 201 2 Fig. 201. The standing end is indicated by a thumb knot. Lay up the strands and put on the requisite Number of turns of whipping with the working end of the twine. Pass the bight A of the twine over the end of strand 1 and haul it tight by the standing end of the twine. Fig. 202 shows the bight A being hauled tight. Carry the standing end up alongside strand 3. Knot the working and standing ends together tightly between the strands and trim off. On a four strand rope, unlay the rope end. Mak nds one on each side of strand 3 Opposite. With the working end of the twine make a bight B found strand 3 and bring the end ou mber of turns of whipping with the working end of the twine. Pass bight B over strand 3 and haul it tight by bight A. Pass bight A over strand 1 and haul it tight by the standing end. Carry th i fe standing end up alongside strand 3. Knot the working and standin ends tightly between the strands and trim off (Fig. 204) ; Fig. 203, QEEEEREE EEE EEE ICIENT DECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFI EFFI ( ) ICATES MG(N)10 Snaking This is an old meth. i i eed e '©d of Securing the whipping or seizing on a heavy When as many turns have been Put on as required, put the sai Tope and haul tight. gt , Pt Sail needie through the Then take the end of the seizing over and under the upper or lower ‘urns, working right round as shown in Fig. 205. Fig. 205 A Flat Seizing This is only a light seizing and it is used when no great strain will be put on it. For clearness, the two ropes that are to be seized together are called Shrouds and the rope worked round them is called the Seizing. Splice an eye in one end of the seizing. Take it round both of the shrouds, through its own eye, and heave taut. Fig. 206. Take as many turns as required round both shrouds, heaving them taught. Then pass the end of the seizing down below the turns and in the space left by the rounds of the shrouds,

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