G.R. No. 164785.  March 15, 2010.*

ELISEO F. SORIANO, petitioner, vs. MA. CONSOLIZA P.

LAGUARDIA, in her capacity as Chairperson of the Movie
and Television Review and Classification Board, MOVIE
AND TELEVISION REVIEW AND CLASSIFICATION
BOARD, JESSIE L. GALAPON, ANABEL M. DELA CRUZ,
MANUEL M. HERNANDEZ, JOSE L. LOPEZ, CRISANTO
SORIANO, BERNABE S. YARIA, JR., MICHAEL M.
SANDOVAL, and ROLDAN A. GAVINO, respondents.

G.R. No. 165636.  March 15, 2010.*

ELISEO F. SORIANO, petitioner, vs. MOVIE AND
TELEVISION REVIEW AND CLASSIFICATION BOARD,
ZOSIMO G. ALEGRE, JACKIE AQUINO-GAVINO, NOEL
R. DEL PRADO, EMMANUEL BORLAZA, JOSE E.
ROMERO IV, and FLORIMONDO C. ROUS, in their
capacity as members of the Hearing and Adjudication
Committee of the MTRCB, JESSIE L. GALAPON,
ANABEL M. DELA CRUZ, MANUEL M. HERNANDEZ,
JOSE L. LOPEZ, CRISANTO SORIANO, BERNABE S.
YARIA, JR., MICHAEL M. SANDOVAL, and ROLDAN A.
GAVINO, in their capacity as complainants before the
MTRCB, respondents.

Constitutional Law; Freedom of Expression; Broadcast Media;

To merit a “G” rating, the program must be “suitable for all ages”
which in term means that the “material for television does not in
the judgment of the Movie and Television Review and
Classification

_______________
 * EN BANC.

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Board (MTRCB) contain anything unsuitable for children and

minors and may be viewed without adult guidance or
supervision.”—Suffice it to reiterate that the sanction imposed on
the TV program in question does not, under the factual milieu of
the case, constitute prior restraint, but partakes of the nature of
subsequent punishment for past violation committed by petitioner
in the course of the broadcast of the program on August 10, 2004.
To be sure, petitioner has not contested the fact of his having
made statements on the air that were contextually violative of the
program’s “G” rating. To merit a “G” rating, the program must be
“suitable for all ages,” which, in turn, means that the “material
for television [does not], in the judgment of the [MTRCB], x x x
contain anything unsuitable for children and minors, and may be
viewed without adult guidance or supervision.” As previously
discussed by the Court, the vulgar language petitioner used on
prime-time television can in no way be characterized as suitable
for all ages, and is wholly inappropriate for children.
Same; Same; Same; It cannot be denied though that the State
as parens patriae is called upon to manifest an attitude of caring
for the welfare of the young.—As already laid down in the Decision
subject of this recourse, the interest of the government in
protecting children who may be subjected to petitioner’s
invectives must take precedence over his desire to air publicly his
dirty laundry. The public soapbox that is television must be
guarded by the state, which purpose the MTRCB serves, and has
served, in suspending Ang Dating Daan for petitioner’s
statements. As emphasized in Gonzalez v. Kalaw Katigbak, 137
SCRA 717 (1985), the freedom of broadcast media is, in terms of
degree of protection it deserves, lesser in scope, especially as
regards television, which reaches every home where there is a set,
and where children will likely be among the avid viewers of the
programs shown. The same case also laid the basis for the
classification system of the MTRCB when it stated, “It cannot be
denied though that the State as parens patriae is called upon to
manifest an attitude of caring for the welfare of the young.”
Same; Same; Same; Court not unmindful of the concerns on
the restriction of freedoms that may occur in imposing sanctions
upon erring individuals and institutions but it cannot be over-
emphasized that the freedoms encased in the Bill of Rights are far
from absolute.—The suspension of the program has not been
arrived at lightly. Taking into account all the factors involved and
the arguments pressed on the Court, the suspension of the
program is a sufficiently

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limited disciplinary action, both to address the violation and to

serve as an object lesson for the future. The likelihood is great
that any disciplinary action imposed on petitioner would be met
with an equally energetic defense as has been put up here. The
simple but stubborn fact is that there has been a violation of
government regulations that have been put in place with a
laudable purpose, and this violation must accordingly be dealt
with. We are not unmindful of the concerns on the restriction of
freedoms that may occur in imposing sanctions upon erring
individuals and institutions, but it cannot be over-emphasized
that the freedoms encased in the Bill of Rights are far from
absolute. Each has its own limits, responsibilities, and
obligations. Everyone is expected to bear the burden implicit in
the exercise of these freedoms. So it must be here.

 
CARPIO,  J., Dissenting Opinion:
 

Constitutional Law; Freedom of Expression; Broadcast Media;

All of the protections expressed in the Bill of Rights are important
but the courts have accorded to free speech the status of a preferred
freedom.—Among the cherished liberties in a democracy such as
ours is freedom of expression. A democracy needs a healthy public
sphere where the people can exchange ideas, acquire knowledge
and information, confront public issues, or discuss matters of
public interest, without fear of reprisals. Free speech must be
protected so that the people can engage in the discussion and
deliberation necessary for the successful operation of democratic
institutions. Thus, no less than our Constitution mandates full
protection to freedom of speech, of expression, and of the press.
All of the protections expressed in the Bill of Rights are
important, but the courts have accorded to free speech the status
of a preferred freedom. This qualitative significance of freedom of
expression arises from the fact that it is the indispensable
condition of nearly every other freedom.
Same; Same; Same; The freedom of expression clause is
precisely a guarantee against both prior restraint and subsequent
punishment.—The freedom of expression clause is precisely a
guarantee against both prior restraint and subsequent
punishment. It protects from any undue interference by the
government the people’s right to freely speak their minds. The
guarantee rests on the principle that freedom of expression is
essential to a functioning democracy and suppression of
expression leads to authoritarianism.

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Same; Same; Same; In the case of print media, it has been

held that just because press freedom may sometimes be abused
does not mean that the press does not deserve immunity from prior
restraint.—Any form of prior restraint bears a presumption
against its constitutional validity. The burden is on the censor to
justify any imposition of prior restraint, not on the censored to put
up a defense against it. In the case of print media, it has been
held that just because press freedom may sometimes be abused
does not mean that the press does not deserve immunity from
prior restraint. The settled rule is that any such abuse may be
remedied by subsequent punishment.
Same; Same; Same; The test for limitations on freedom of
expression continues to be the clear and present danger rule.—This
Court, in Eastern Broadcasting Corporation v. Dans, Jr., 137
SCRA 628 (1985), laid down the following guideline: All forms of
media, whether print or broadcast, are entitled to the broad
protection of the freedom of speech and expression clause. The
test for limitations on freedom of expression continues to be the
clear and present danger rule—that words are used in such
circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and
present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils
that the lawmaker has a right to prevent.
Same; Same; Same; Well-entrenched is the rule that
censorship is allowable only under the clearest proof of a clear and
present danger of a substantive evil to public safety, public morals,
public health or any other legitimate public interest.—Where the
medium of a television broadcast is concerned, as in the case at
hand, well-entrenched is the rule that censorship is allowable
only under the clearest proof of a clear and present danger of a
substantive evil to public safety, public morals, public health, or
any other legitimate public interest.
Same; Same; Same; Obscenity; More acceptable test for
obscenity laid forum in Roth v. United States.—Roth v. United
States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957), laid down the more reasonable and
thus, more acceptable test for obscenity: “whether to the average
person, applying contemporary community standards, the
dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to
prurient interest.” Such material is defined as that which has “a
tendency to excite lustful

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258 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

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thoughts,” and “prurient interest” as “a shameful or morbid

interest in nudity, sex, or excretion.”
Same; Same; Same; The rule that speech to be considered
obscene must appeal to prurient interest as defined in Roth and
firmly adopted in our jurisdiction.—Well-settled is the rule that
speech, to be considered obscene, must appeal to prurient interest
as defined in Roth and firmly adopted in our jurisdiction. The
subject speech cannot, by any stretch of the imagination, be said
to appeal to any prurient interest. The highlighted portion of the
verbal exchange between the two feuding religious groups is
utterly bereft of any tendency to excite lustful thoughts as to be
deemed obscene. The majority’s finding of obscenity is clearly
untenable.
Same; Same; Same; Indecent speech conveyed through the
medium of broadcast is a case of first impression in our
jurisdiction.—Indecent speech conveyed through the medium of
broadcast is a case of first impression in our jurisdiction.
However, this issue has been settled in American case law, which
has persuasive influence in our jurisprudence. There, the rule is
that indecent speech is protected depending on the context in
which it is spoken. The concept of what is “indecent” is intimately
connected with the exposure of children to language that
describes, in terms patently offensive, as measured by
contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium,
sexual or excretory activities and organs, at times of the day when
there is a reasonable risk that children may be in the audience.
Same; Same; Same; The guideline that Pacifica laid down is
that the broadcast of a monologue containing indecent speech
could be considered protected or unprotected depending on the
context, that is, the time of the day or the night when the incident
utterances were delivered.—The majority misapplied the doctrine
of FCC v. Pacifica, the leading jurisprudence on this matter.
Pacifica did not hold that indecent speech, when conveyed
through a medium easily accessible to children, would
automatically be outside the constitutional protection. On the
contrary, the U.S. Supreme Court emphasized the narrowness of
its ruling in Pacifica. The guideline that Pacifica laid down is that
the broadcast of a monologue containing indecent speech could
be considered protected or unprotected depending on the
context, that is, the time of the day or the night when the
indecent utterances were delivered.

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Same; Same; Same; The actual and real effect of the three-
month suspension is prior restraint on expression in violation of a
fundamental constitutional right.—The three-month suspension
cannot be passed off merely as a preventive suspension that does
not partake of a penalty. The actual and real effect of the three-
month suspension is a prior restraint on expression in violation of
a fundamental constitutional right. Even Congress cannot validly
pass a law imposing a three-month preventive suspension on
freedom of expression for offensive or vulgar language uttered in
the past. Congress may punish such offensive or vulgar language
after their utterance, with damages, fine, or imprisonment; but
Congress has no power to suspend or suppress the people’s right
to speak freely because of such utterances.

 
ABAD,  J., Dissenting Opinion:
 

Constitutional Law; Freedom of Expression; Broadcast Media.

—The Court concedes that petitioner Soriano’s short outburst was
not in the category of the obscene. It was just “indecent.” But were
his words and their meaning utterly indecent? In a scale of 10, did
he use the grossest language? He did not. First, Soriano actually
exercised some restraints in the sense that he did not use the
vernacular word for the female sexual organ when referring to it,
which word even the published opinions of the Court avoided
despite its adult readers. He referred to it as “yung ibaba” or
down below. And, instead of using the patently offensive
vernacular equivalent of the word “fuck” that describes the sexual
act in which the prostitute engages herself, he instead used the
word “gumagana lang doon yung ibaba” or what functions is only
down below. At most, his utterance merely bordered on the
indecent.
Same; Same; Same; Petitioner’s attack on minister of Iglesia
ni Cristo (Michael) not harmful to children as petitioner’s attack in
question occurred past 10:00 at night when children are already
asleep.—There is no question that Soriano attacked Michael,
using figure of speech, at past 10:00 in the evening, not at 2:00 in
the afternoon. The average Filipino child would have been long in
bed by the time Ang Dating Daan appeared on the television
screen. What is more, Bible teaching and interpretation is not the
stuff of kids. It is not likely that they would give up programs of
interest to them just to listen to Soriano drawing a distinction
between “faith” and “work or action.” The Court has stretched the
“child” angle beyond

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realistic proportions. The MTRCB probably gave the program a

general patronage rating simply because Ang Dating Daan had
never before been involved in any questionable broadcast in the
previous 27 years that it had been on the air.
Same; Same; Same; Radio and Television; The penalty of
suspension is disproportionate; a reclassification of petitioner’s
program with warning is more reasonable.—This has precedent.
In Gonzales v. Katigbak, 137 SCRA 717 (1985), the Court did not
ban the motion picture just because there were suggestive scenes
in it that were not fit for children. It simply classified the picture
as for adults only. By doing this, the Court would not be cutting
the leg to cure a smelly foot. I vote to partially grant the motion
for reconsideration by modifying the three-month suspension
penalty imposed on the program Ang Dating Daan. In its place, I
vote to raise the program’s restriction classification from G or
General Patronage to PG or with Parental Guidance for three
months with warning that should petitioner Soriano commit the
same violation, the classification of his program will be
permanently changed or, if the violation is persistent, the
program will be altogether cancelled.

MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION of a decision of the

Supreme Court.
   The facts are stated in the resolution of the Court.
  Leonard De Vera for petitioner.
  Tudio, Roque, Follante, Forteza & Associates
collaborating counsel for petitioner.
  Lazaro, Tuazon, Santos & Associates Law Offices for
private respondents.

RESOLUTION
 
VELASCO, JR.,  J.:
 
Before us is this motion of petitioner Eliseo F. Soriano
for reconsideration of the Decision of the Court dated April
29, 2009, modifying that of the Movie and Television
Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) by imposing the
penalty of three-month suspension on the television show
Ang Dating
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Daan, instead of on petitioner Soriano, as host of that

program.
Petitioner seeks reconsideration on the following
grounds or issues: (1) the suspension thus meted out to the
program constitutes prior restraint; (2) the Court erred in
ruling that his utterances1 did not constitute exercise of
religion; (3) the Court erred in finding the language used as
offensive and obscene; (4) the Court should have applied its
policy of non-interference in cases of conflict between
religious groups; and (5) the Court erred in penalizing the
television program for the acts of petitioner.
The motion has no merit.
Petitioner’s threshold posture that the suspension thus
imposed constitutes prior restraint and an abridgement of
his exercise of religion and freedom of expression is a mere
rehash of the position he articulated in the underlying
petitions for certiorari and expounded in his
memorandum.2 So are the supportive arguments and some
of the citations of decisional law, Philippine and American,
holding it together. They have been considered, sufficiently
discussed in some detail, and found to be without merit in
our Decision. It would, thus, make little sense to embark on
another lengthy discussion of the same issues and
arguments.
Suffice it to reiterate that the sanction imposed on the
TV program in question does not, under the factual milieu
of the case, constitute prior restraint, but partakes of the
nature of subsequent punishment for past violation
committed by petitioner in the course of the broadcast of
the program on August

_______________
 1 Lehitimong anak ng demonyo; sinungaling; Gago ka talaga Michael,
masahol ka pa sa putang babae o di ba. Yung putang babae ang
gumagana lang doon yung ibaba, [dito] kay Michael ang gumagana ang
itaas, o di ba! O, masahol pa sa putang babae yan. Sabi ng lola ko
masahol pa sa putang babae yan. Sobra ang kasinungalingan ng mga
demonyong ito. x x x
2 Rollo (G.R. No. 165636), pp. 807-913.

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10, 2004. To be sure, petitioner has not contested the fact of

his having made statements on the air that were
contextually violative of the program’s “G” rating. To merit
a “G” rating, the program must be “suitable for all ages,”
which, in turn, means that the “material for television
[does not], in the judgment of the [MTRCB], x x x contain
anything unsuitable for children and minors, and may be
viewed without adult guidance or supervision.”3 As
previously discussed by the Court, the vulgar language
petitioner used on prime-time television can in no way be
characterized as suitable for all ages, and is wholly
inappropriate for children.
Petitioner next harps on the primacy of his freedoms,
referring particularly to the exercise of his religious beliefs
and profession, as presiding minister of his flock, over the
right and duty of the state as parens patriae. Petitioner’s
position may be accorded some cogency, but for the fact
that it fails to consider that the medium he used to make
his statements was a television broadcast, which is
accessible to children of virtually all ages. As already laid
down in the Decision subject of this recourse, the interest of
the government in protecting children who may be
subjected to petitioner’s invectives must take precedence
over his desire to air publicly his dirty laundry. The public
soapbox that is television must be guarded by the state,
which purpose the MTRCB serves, and has served, in
suspending Ang Dating Daan for petitioner’s statements.
As emphasized in Gonzalez v. Kalaw Katigbak,4 the
freedom of broadcast media is, in terms of degree of
protection it deserves, lesser in scope, especially as regards
television, which reaches every home where there is a set,
and where children will likely be among the avid viewers of
the programs shown. The same case also laid the basis for
the classification system of the MTRCB when it stated, “It
cannot be denied though that the State as parens patriae is
called

_______________

3 Section 2 (a), Chapter IV, Implementing Rules and Regulations

Pursuant to Section 3(a) of Presidential Decree No. 1986.
4 No. L-69500, July 22, 1985, 137 SCRA 717.

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upon to manifest an attitude of caring for the welfare of the

young.”5
The penalty of suspension imposed on petitioner has
driven him to liken the Court to “a blind man who was
asked to describe an elephant, and by his description he
stubbornly believed that an elephant is just the same as a
Meralco post after touching one of its legs.”6 Petitioner
makes this comparison with the view that the factual
backdrop against which his statements were made was
purportedly not considered by the Court. As he presently
argues:

“The Honorable Court should have rendered its decision in

light of the surrounding circumstances why and what prompted
herein petitioner to utter those words. Clearly, he was provoked
because of the malicious and blatant splicing by the INC
ministers of his recorded voice. Verily, Petitioner submits that the
choice of words he used has been harsh but strongly maintains
that the same was consistent with his constitutional right of
freedom of speech and religion.”

 
Contrary to petitioner’s impression, the Court has, in
fact, considered the factual antecedents of and his motive
in making his utterances, and has found those
circumstances wanting as defense for violating the
program’s “G” rating. Consider the following excerpts from
the Court’s Decision:

“There is nothing in petitioner’s statements subject of the

complaints expressing any particular religious belief, nothing
furthering his avowed evangelical mission. The fact that he came
out with his statements in a televised bible exposition program
does not automatically accord them the character of a religious
discourse. Plain and simple insults directed at another person
cannot be elevated to the status of religious speech. Even
petitioner’s attempts to place his words in context show that he
was moved by anger and the need to seek retribution, not by any
religious conviction. His claim, assuming its veracity, that some
INC ministers distorted his statements

_______________

5 Id., at p. 729.
6 Rollo (G.R. No. 164785), p. 822.

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respecting amounts Ang Dating Daan owed to a TV station does

not convert the foul language used in retaliation as religious
speech. We cannot accept that petitioner made his statements in
defense of his reputation and religion, as they constitute no
intelligible defense or refutation of the alleged lies being spread
by a rival religious group. They simply illustrate that petitioner
had descended to the level of name-calling and foul-language
discourse. Petitioner could have chosen to contradict and disprove
his detractors, but opted for the low road.”

 
And just to set things straight, the penalty imposed is on
the program, not on petitioner.
Petitioner would next have the Court adopt a hands-off
approach to the conflict between him and the Iglesia Ni
Cristo. In support of his urging, he cites Iglesia ni Cristo v.
Court of Appeals.7
Petitioner’s invocation of Iglesia ni Cristo to support his
hands-off thesis is erroneous. Obviously, he fails to
appreciate what the Court stated in that particular case
when it rejected the argument that a religious program is
beyond MTRCB’s review and regulatory authority. We
reproduce what the Court pertinently wrote in Iglesia ni
Cristo:

“We thus reject petitioner’s postulate that its religious program

is per se beyond review by the respondent [MTRCB]. Its public
broadcast on TV of its religious program brings it out of the bosom
of internal belief. Television is a medium that reaches even the
eyes and ears of children. The Court iterates the rule that the
exercise of religious freedom can be regulated by the State
when it will bring about the clear and present danger of some
substantive evil which the State is duty bound to prevent, i.e.
serious detriment to the more overriding interest of public health,
public morals, or public welfare. A laissez faire policy on the
exercise of religion can be seductive to the liberal mind but
history counsels the Court against its blind adoption as religion is
and continues to be a volatile area of concern in our country
today. Across the sea and in our shore, the bloodiest and bitterest
wars fought by men were caused by irrecon-

_______________

7 G.R. No. 119673, July 26, 1996, 259 SCRA 529.

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cilable religious differences. Our country is still not safe from the
recurrence of this stultifying strife considering our warring
religious beliefs and the fanaticism with which some of us cling
and claw to these beliefs. x x x For when religion divides and
its exercise destroys, the State should not stand still.”8
(Emphasis added.)

 
Lastly, petitioner claims that there was violation of due
process of law, alleging that the registered producer of the
program is not a party to the proceedings. Hence, the
program cannot, so petitioner asserts, be penalized.
We will let the records speak for themselves to refute
that argument.
As per petitioner’s admission in his petition for certiorari
filed with the Court, he is “the Executive Producer of Ang
Dating Daan, a televised bible exposition program
produced by the Philippine-based religious organization,
Church of God International.”9 It is unclear, then, which
producer the movant is referring to in claiming that there
was no representation before the MTRCB. He was and is
the representative of Ang Dating Daan, and the claim that
there was no due pro­cess of law is simply bereft of merit.
Even as the foregoing disquisitions would suffice to
write finis to the instant motion, certain relevant issues
have been raised by some members of the Court that ought
to be addressed if only to put things in their proper
perspective. We refer to the matter of obscenity.
As stressed at every possible turn in the challenged
Court’s Decision, the defining standards to be employed in
judging the harmful effects of the statements petitioner
used would be those for the average child, not those for the
average adult. We note that the ratings and regulation of
television broadcasts take into account the protection of the
child, and it is from the child’s narrow viewpoint that the
utterances must be considered, if not measured. The
ratings “G,” “PG” (parental

_______________

8 Id., at pp. 544-545.

9 Rollo (G.R. No. 165636), p. 15.

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266 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

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guidance), “PG-13,” and “R” (restricted or for adults only)

suggest as much. The concern was then, as now, that the
program petitioner hosted and produced would reach an
unintended audience, the average child, and so it is how
this audience would view his words that matters. The
average child would not be concerned with colorful speech,
but, instead, focus on the literal, everyday meaning of
words used. It was this literal approach that rendered
petitioner’s utterances obscene.
The Court has taken stock of Action for Children’s
Television v. FCC,10 but finds this U.S. case not to be of
governing application to this jurisdiction under the present
state of things. The so-called “safe harbor” of 10:00 p.m. to
6:00 a.m., adverted to in Action for Children’s Television as
the time wherein broadcast of indecent material may be
permitted, is believed inapplicable here. As it were, there is
no legislative enactment or executive issuance setting a
similar period in the Philippines wherein indecent material
may be broadcast. Rather than fix a period for allowing
indecent programming, what is used in this jurisdiction is
the system of classification of television programs, which
the petitioner violated. His program was rated “G,”
purported to be suitable for all ages. We cannot lose sight
of the violation of his program’s classification that carried
with it the producer’s implied assurance that the program
did not contain anything unsuitable for children and
minors. The hour at which it was broadcasted was of little
moment in light of the guarantee that the program was
safe for children’s viewing.
 The suspension of the program has not been arrived at
lightly. Taking into account all the factors involved and the
arguments pressed on the Court, the suspension of the
program is a sufficiently limited disciplinary action, both to
address the violation and to serve as an object lesson for
the future. The likelihood is great that any disciplinary
action

_______________

10 58 F.3d 654 (1995).

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imposed on petitioner would be met with an equally

energetic defense as has been put up here. The simple but
stubborn fact is that there has been a violation of
government regulations that have been put in place with a
laudable purpose, and this violation must accordingly be
dealt with. We are not unmindful of the concerns on the
restriction of freedoms that may occur in imposing
sanctions upon erring individuals and institutions, but it
cannot be over-emphasized that the freedoms encased in
the Bill of Rights are far from absolute. Each has its own
limits, responsibilities, and obligations. Everyone is
expected to bear the burden implicit in the exercise of these
freedoms. So it must be here.
WHEREFORE, petitioner’s motion for reconsideration is
hereby DENIED.
No further pleadings shall be entertained in this case.
Let entry of judgment be made in due course.
SO ORDERED.

Corona, Nachura, Leonardo-De Castro, Peralta,

Bersamin, Del Castillo, Villarama, Jr., Perez and Mendoza,
JJ., concur.
Puno (C.J.), I reiterate any Dissent in the Original
Decision.
Carpio, J., See Dissenting Opinion.
Carpio-Morales, J., I maintain my concurrence with the
dissent to the original opinion, hence, I vote to grant the
present motion.
Brion, J., I concur in accordance with the original
separate opinion of J. Renato Corona.
Abad, J., See my dissenting opinion.
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DISSENTING OPINION

 
CARPIO,  J.:
 
Liberty is a right that inheres in every one of us as a
member of the human family. When a person is deprived of
his right, all of us are diminished and debased for liberty is
total and indivisible.1Among the cherished liberties in a
democracy such as ours is freedom of expression. A
democracy needs a healthy public sphere where the people
can exchange ideas, acquire knowledge and information,
confront public issues, or discuss matters of public interest,
without fear of reprisals.2 Free speech must be protected so
that the people can engage in the discussion and
deliberation necessary for the successful operation of
democratic institutions.3 Thus, no less than our
Constitution mandates full protection to freedom of speech,
of expression, and of the press.4 All of the protections
expressed in the Bill of Rights are important, but the
courts have accorded to free speech the status of a
preferred freedom. This qualitative significance of freedom
of expression arises from the fact that it is the
indispensable condition of nearly every other freedom.5
The freedom of expression clause is precisely a
guarantee against both prior restraint and subsequent
punishment. It protects from any undue interference by the
government the people’s right to freely speak their minds.
The guarantee rests on the principle that freedom of
expression is essential to a

_______________

1 Ordoñez v. Director of Prisons, G.R. No. 115576, 4 August 1994, 235

SCRA 152.
2 Simone Chambers, Deliberation, Democracy, and the Media, Rowman
& Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2000, p. xi.
3 Id., at p. 3.
4 Constitution, Article III, Section 4.
5 Blo Umpar Adiong v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 103956, 31
March 1992, 207 SCRA 712.

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Soriano vs. Laguardia

functioning democracy and suppression of expression leads

to authoritarianism.
Prior restraint has been defined as official governmental
restrictions on any form of expression in advance of actual
dissemination. But the mere prohibition of government
interference before words are spoken is not an adequate
protection of the freedom of expression if the government
could arbitrarily punish after the words have been spoken.
The threat of subsequent punishment itself would operate
as a very effective prior restraint.6
Any form of prior restraint bears a presumption against
its constitutional validity. The burden is on the censor to
justify any imposition of prior restraint, not on the
censored to put up a defense against it. In the case of print
media, it has been held that just because press freedom
may sometimes be abused does not mean that the press
does not deserve immunity from prior restraint. The settled
rule is that any such abuse may be remedied by subsequent
punishment.7
This Court, in Eastern Broadcasting Corporation v.
Dans, Jr.,8 laid down the following guideline:

“All forms of media, whether print or broadcast, are entitled to

the broad protection of the freedom of speech and expression
clause. The test for limitations on freedom of expression continues
to be the clear and present danger rule—that words are used
in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear
and present danger that they will bring about the substantive
evils that the lawmaker has a right to prevent.”

_______________

6 Joaquin Bernas, S.J. Constitutional Rights and Social Demands,

Notes and Cases Part II, 2004. pp. 284-285.
7 Social Weather Stations, Inc. v. Commission on Elections, 409 Phil.
571; 357 SCRA 496 (2001); Iglesia ni Cristo v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No.
119673, 26 July 1996, 259 SCRA 529 citing Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S.
697 (1931).
8 222 Phil. 151; 137 SCRA 628 (1985).

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Soriano vs. Laguardia
  
Chief Justice Fernando expounded on the meaning of
the “clear and present danger” test in Gonzalez v.
Chairman Katigbak,9 to wit:

“The test, to repeat, to determine whether freedom of

expression may be limited is the clear and present danger of an
evil of a substantive character that the State has a right to
prevent. Such danger must not only be clear but must also be
present. There should be no doubt that what is feared may be
traced to the expression complained of. The causal connection
must be evident. Also, there must be reasonable apprehension
about its imminence. The time element cannot be ignored. Nor
does it suffice if such danger be only probable. There is the
requirement of its being well-nigh inevitable.”

 
Where the medium of a television broadcast is
concerned, as in the case at hand, well-entrenched is the
rule that censorship is allowable only under the clearest
proof of a clear and present danger of a substantive evil to
public safety, public morals, public health, or any other
legitimate public interest.10
One of the established exceptions in freedom of
expression is speech characterized as obscene. I will briefly
discuss obscenity as the majority opinion characterized the
subject speech in this case as obscene, thereby taking the
speech out of the scope of constitutional protection.
The leading test for determining what material could be
considered obscene was the famous Regina v. Hicklin11 case
wherein Lord Cockburn enunciated thus:

“I think the test of obscenity is this, whether the tendency of

the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those
whose minds are open to such immoral influences, and into whose
hands a publication of this sort may fall.”

_______________

9  222 Phil. 225; 137 SCRA 717 (1985).

10 Id.
11 L.R. 3 Q.B. 360, 371 (1868).

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 Judge Learned Hand, in United States v. Kennerly,12
opposed the strictness of the Hicklin test even as he was
obliged to follow the rule. He wrote:

“I hope it is not improper for me to say that the rule as laid

down, however consonant it may be with mid-Victorian morals,
does not seem to me to answer to the understanding and morality
of the present time.”

 
Roth v. United States13 laid down the more reasonable
and thus, more acceptable test for obscenity: “whether to
the average person, applying contemporary community
standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a
whole appeals to prurient interest.” Such material is
defined as that which has “a tendency to excite lustful
thoughts,” and “prurient interest” as “a shameful or morbid
interest in nudity, sex, or excretion.”
Miller v. California14 merely expanded the Roth test to
include two additional criteria: “the work depicts or
describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct
specifically defined by the applicable state law; and the
work, taken as whole, lacks serious literary, artistic,
political, or scientific value.” The basic test, as applied in
our jurisprudence,15 extracts the essence of both Roth and
Miller—that is, whether the material appeals to
prurient interest.
The present controversy emanated from the alleged
splicing of a video recording wherein petitioner was
supposedly made to appear as if he was asking for
contributions to raise 37 trillion pesos instead of the
allegedly true amount of 3.6 million pesos. The video was
played by ministers of Iglesia ni Cristo in their television
program “Ang Tamang Daan.”

_______________

12 209 F. 119, 120 (S.D.N.Y. 1913).

13 354 U.S. 476 (1957).
14 413 U.S. 15 (1973).
15 Gonzales v. Chairman Katigbak, supra note 9.

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 In response, petitioner Eliseo Soriano, as host of the
television program “Ang Dating Daan,” made the following
utterances:16

Bro. Josel Mallari:

Ulit-ulit na iyang talagang kawalanghiyaan na iyan, naku. E,
markado nang masyado at saka branded na itong nga ito anong
klase po sila. Wala kayong babalikan diyan Kapatid na Manny.
Iyang klase ng mga ministro na iyan, pasamain lamang si
Kapatid na Eli e pati mga ninakaw na tape, pati mga audio na
pinag-edit-edit, lalagyan ng caption para makita nila, maipakita
nilang malinaw ‘yung panloloko nila. Kasi Sis. Luz, puwede mo
nang hindi lagyan ng caption e, patunugin mo na lang na ganun
ang sinasabi. Pero talagang para mai-emphasize nila ‘yung
kanilang kawalanghiyaan, lalagyan pa nila ng caption na hindi
naman talagang sinabi ni Bro. Eli kundi pinagdugtong lang ‘yung
audio.
Bro. Eli Soriano:
At saka ang malisyoso. Kitang-kita malisyoso e. Paninirang-
puri e. Alam mo kung bakit? Mahilig daw ako talagang
manghingi para sa aking pangangailangan. Pangangailangan ko
ba ‘yung pambayad sa UNTV e ang mga kontrata diyan ay hindi
naman ako kapatid na Josel.
Bro. Josel Mallari:
Ay, opo.
Bro. Eli Soriano:
Hindi ko kontrata iyang babayaran na iyan. I am not even a
signatory to that contract. Pagkatapos para pagbintangan mo ako
na humingi ako para sa pangangailangan ko, gago ka talaga
Michael. Masahol ka pa sa putang babae. O, di ba? Yung
putang babae ang gumagana lang doon yung ibaba, kay
Michael ang gumagana ang itaas, o di ba! O, masahol pa
sa putang babae yan. Sabi ng lola ko masahol pa sa
putang babae yan. Sobra ang kasinungalingan ng mga
demonyong ito. Sige, sumagot kayo. At habang ginaganyan
ninyo ako, ang mga miyembro ninyo

_______________

16 Rollo, G.R. No. 164785, pp. 148-153.

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unti-unting maliliwanagan. Makikita n’yo rin, magreresulta ng

maganda iyan.
 Bro. Manny Catangay Jusay:
Bro. Eli, ay iyan nga po ang sinasabi ko e, habang gumagawa
sila ng ganyan, gaya nung sinabi nung Kapatid natin kagabi
dahil napanood ‘yung kasinungalingan ni Pol Guevarra, ay,
lumuluha ‘yung Kapatid, inaanyayahan ‘yung mag-anak niya.
Magsialis na kayo diyan. Lipat na kayo rito. Kasi kung nag-iisip
lang ang isang Iglesia ni Cristo matapos ninyong mapanood itong
episode na ito, iiwanan ninyo e, kung mahal ninyo ang kaluluwa
ninyo. Hindi kayo paaakay sa ganyan, nagpafabricate ng mga
kasinungalingan. Sabi ko nga lahat ng paraan ng pakikipagbaka
nagawa na nila e, isa na lang ang hindi ‘yung pakikipagdebate at
patunayan na sila ang totoo. Iyon na lang ang hindi nila
nagagawa. Pero demanda, paninirang-puri—nagtataka nga ako e,
tayo, kaunting kibot, nakademanda sila e. ‘yung ginagawa nila,
ewan ko, idinedemanda n’yo ba Bro. Eli?

 
The majority opinion ruled that the highlighted portion
of the aforequoted speech was obscene and was, therefore,
not entitled to constitutional protection.
Well-settled is the rule that speech, to be considered
obscene, must appeal to prurient interest as defined in
Roth and firmly adopted in our jurisdiction.17 The subject
speech cannot, by any stretch of the imagination, be said to
appeal to any prurient interest. The highlighted portion of
the verbal exchange between the two feuding religious
groups is utterly bereft of any tendency to excite lustful
thoughts as to be deemed obscene. The majority’s finding of
obscenity is clearly untenable.
In contrast, a radio broadcast of a monologue replete
with indecent words such as shit, piss, fuck, cunt,
cocksucker,

_______________

17  Gonzales v. Chairman Katigbak, supra note 9; Pita v. Court of

Appeals, G.R. No. 80806, 5 October 1989, 178 SCRA 362; Fernando v.
Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 159751, 6 December 2006, 510 SCRA 351.

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motherfucker, and tits, has been held protected speech

depending on the context relating to the time of
broadcast.18 However, in this case before us, the words
“putang babae” (female prostitute), and the descriptive
action phrases “ang gumagana lang doon yung ibaba” and
“kay Michael ang gumagana ang itaas” were enough to
constitute outright obscenity for the majority. The majority
opinion simply forced these words and phrases into a
strained standard formula for censorship. But such
overbroad standard must be struck down for it
indiscriminately infringes upon free speech.
The subject speech in this case may, at most, be
considered indecent speech.
Indecent speech conveyed through the medium of
broadcast is a case of first impression in our jurisdiction.
However, this issue has been settled in American case law,
which has persuasive influence in our jurisprudence.
There, the rule is that indecent speech is protected
depending on the context in which it is spoken. The concept
of what is “indecent” is intimately connected with the
exposure of children to language that describes, in terms
patently offensive, as measured by contemporary
community standards for the broadcast medium, sexual or
excretory activities and organs, at times of the day when
there is a reasonable risk that children may be in the
audience.19
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation20 is the landmark U.S. case
on the regulation of indecent speech in broadcast. The case
involved a radio broadcast of “Filthy Words,” a 12-minute
monologue by American stand-up comedian and social
critic, George Carlin. Appended to the decision is the
following verbatim transcript prepared by the Federal
Communications Commission:

_______________

18 FCC v. Pacifica Foundation, 438 U.S. 726 (1978).

19 Id.
20 Id.

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“The original seven words were, shit, piss, fuck, cunt,

cocksucker, motherfucker, and tits. Those are the ones that will
curve your spine, grow hair on your hands and maybe, even bring
us, God help us, peace without honor and a bourbon. And now the
first thing that we noticed was that word fuck was really repeated
in there because the word motherfucker is a compound word and
it’s another form of the word fuck. You want to be a purist, it can’t
be on the list of basic words. Also, cocksucker is a compound word
and neither half of that is really dirty. The word-the half sucker
that’s merely suggestive and the word cock is a half-way dirty
word, 50% dirty-dirty half the time, depending on what you mean
by it. Uh, remember when you first heard it, like in 6th grade, you
used to giggle. And the cock crowed three times, the cock-three
times. It’s in the Bible, cock in the Bible. And the first time you
heard about a cock-fight, remember-What? Huh? It ain’t that, are
you stupid? It’s chickens, you know, Then you have the four letter
words from the old Angle-Saxon fame. Uh, shit and fuck. The
word shit, uh, is an interesting kind of word in that the middle
class has never really accepted it and approved it. They use it
like, crazy but it’s not really okay. It’s still a rude, dirty, old kind
of gushy word. They don’t like that, but they say it, like, they say
it like, a lady now in a middle-class home, you’ll hear most of the
time she says it as an expletive, you know, it’s out of her mouth
before she knows. She says, Oh shit oh shit, oh shit. If she drops
something, Oh, the shit hurt the broccoli. Shit. Thank you.
Shit! I won the Grammy, man, for the comedy album. Isn’t that
groovy? That’s true. Thank you. Thank you man. Yeah. Thank
you man. Thank you. Thank you very much, man. Thank, no, for
that and for the Grammy, man, [‘]cause that’s based on people
liking it man, that’s okay man. Let’s let that go, man. I got my
Grammy. I can let my hair hang down now, shit. Ha! So! Now the
word shit is okay for the man. At work you can say it like crazy.
Mostly figuratively, Get that shit out of here, will ya? I don’t want
to see that shit anymore. I can’t cut that shit, buddy. I’ve had that
shit up to here. I think you’re full of shit myself. He don’t know
shit from Shinola. you know that? Always wondered how the
Shinola people felt about that Hi, I’m the new man from Shinola,
Hi, how are ya? Nice to see ya. How are ya? Boy, I don’t know
whether to shit or wind my watch. Guess, I’ll shit on my watch.
Oh, the shit is going to hit de fan. Built like a brick shit-house.
Up, he’s up shit’s creek. He’s had it. He hit me, I’m sorry. Hot
shit, holy shit, tough shit, eat shit. shit-eating grin. Uh, whoever
thought of that was ill. He had a shit-eating grin!

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He had a what? Shit on a stick. Shit in a handbag. I always like

that. He ain’t worth shit in a handbag. Shitty. He acted real
shitty. You know what I mean? I got the money back, but a real
shitty attitude. Heh, he had a shit-fit. Wow! Shit-fit. Whew! Glad
I wasn’t there. All the animals-Bull shit, horse shit, cow shit, rat
shit, bat shit. First time I heard bat shit, I really came apart. A
guy in Oklahoma, Boggs, said it, man. Aw! Bat shit. Vera
reminded me of that last night. Snake shit, slicker than owl shit.
Get your shit together. Shit or get off the pot. I got a shit-load full
of them. I got a shit-pot full, all right. Shit-head, shit-heel, shit in
your heart, shit for brains, shit-face. I always try to think how
that could have originated; the first guy that said that. Somebody
got drunk and fell in some shit, you know. Hey, I’m shit-face. Shit-
face, today. Anyway, enough of that shit. The big one, the word
fuck that’s the one that hangs them up the most. [‘]Cause in a lot
of cases that’s the very act that hangs them up the most. So, it’s
natural that the word would, uh, have the same effect. It’s a great
word, fuck, nice word, easy word, cute word, kind of. Easy word to
say. One syllable, short u. Fuck. You know, it’s easy. Starts with a
nice soft sound fuh ends with a kuh. Right? A little something for
everyone. Fuck Good word. Kind of a proud word, too. Who are
you? I am FUCK, FUCK OF THE MOUNTAIN. Tune in again
next week to FUCK OF THE MOUNTAIN. It’s an interesting
word too, [‘]cause it’s got a double kind of a life-personality-dual,
you know, whatever the right phrase is. It leads a double life, the
word fuck. First of all, it means, sometimes, most of the time,
fuck. What does it mean? It means to make love. Right? We’re
going to make love, yeh, we’re going to fuck, yeh, we’re going to
fuck, yeh, we’re going to make love. we’re really going to fuck, yeh,
we’re going to make love. Right? And it also means the beginning
of life, it’s the act that begins life, so there’s the word hanging
around with words like love, and life, and yet on the other hand,
it’s also a word that we really use to hurt each other with, man.
It’s a heavy one that you have toward the end of the argument.
Right? You finally can’t make out. Oh, fuck you man. I said, fuck
you. Stupid fuck. Fuck you and everybody that looks like you
man. It would be nice to change the movies that we already have
and substitute the word fuck for the word kill, wherever we could,
and some of those movie cliches would change a little bit.
Madfuckers still on the loose. Stop me before I fuck again. Fuck
the ump, fuck the ump, fuck the ump, fuck the ump, fuck the
ump. Easy on the clutch Bill, you’ll fuck that engine again. The
other shit one was, I don’t give a shit. Like it’s worth

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something, you know? I don’t give a shit. Hey, well, I don’t take no
shit, you know what I mean? You know why I don’t take no shit?
[‘]Cause I don’t give a shit. If I give a shit, I would have to pack
shit. But I don’t pack no shit cause I don’t give a shit. You
wouldn’t shit me, would you? That’s a joke when you’re a kid with
a worm looking out the bird’s ass. You wouldn’t shit me, would
you? It’s an eight-year-old joke but a good one. The additions to
the list. I found three more words that had to be put on the list of
words you could never say on television, and they were fart, turd
and twat, those three. Fart, we talked about, it’s harmless. It’s
like tits, it’s a cutie word, no problem. Turd, you can’t say but who
wants to, you know? The subject never comes up on the panel so
I’m not worried about that one. Now the word twat is an
interesting word. Twat! Yeh, right in the twat. Twat is an
interesting word because it’s the only one I know of, the only
slang word applying to the, a part of the sexual anatomy that
doesn’t have another meaning to it. Like, ah, snatch, box and
pussy all have other meanings, man. Even in a Walt Disney
movie, you can say, We’re going to snatch that pussy and put him
in a box and bring him on the airplane. Everybody loves it. The
twat stands alone, man, as it should. And two-way words. Ah, ass
is okay providing you’re riding into town on a religious feast day.
You can’t say, up your ass. You can say, stuff it!”

 
Worthy of note, in Pacifica, the FCC did not resort to
any subsequent punishment, much less any prior
restraint.21 The station was not suspended for the
broadcast of the monologue, which the U.S. Supreme Court
merely considered indecent speech based on the context in
which it was delivered. According to the U.S. Supreme
Court, the monologue would have been protected were it
delivered in another context. The

_______________

21  On 21 February 1975, the Federal Communications Commission

issued a declaratory order granting the complaint and holding that
Pacifica “could have been the subject of administrative sanctions.” The
Commission did not impose formal sanctions, but it did state that the
order would be “associated with the station’s license file, and in the event
that subsequent complaints are received, the Commission will then decide
whether it should utilize any of the available sanctions it has been
granted by Congress.”

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Soriano vs. Laguardia

monologue was broadcast at 2:00 p.m., when children were

presumptively in the audience.
 A later case, Action for Children’s Television v. FCC,22
establishes the safe harbor period to be from 10:00 in the
evening to 6:00 in the morning, when the number of
children in the audience is at a minimum. In effect,
between the hours of 10:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m., the
broadcasting of material considered indecent is permitted.
Between the hours of 6:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m., the
broadcast of any indecent material may be sanctioned.
In this case, the subject speech by petitioner was
broadcast starting 10:00 p.m. onwards, clearly within the
safe harbor period as established in Action for Children’s
Television. Correctly applying Pacifica’s context-based
ruling, petitioner’s speech, if indeed indecent, enjoys
constitutional protection and may not be sanctioned. The
rule on this matter, as laid down by Pacifica in relation to
Action for Children’s Television, is crystal-clear. But should
the majority still have any doubt in their minds, such doubt
should be resolved in favor of free speech and against any
interference by government. The suspension of “Ang Dating
Daan” by the MTRCB was a content-based, not a content-
neutral regulation. Thus, the suspension should have been
subjected to strict scrutiny following the rule in Chavez v.
Gonzales.23 The test should be strict because the regulation
went into the very heart of the rationale for the right to
free speech—that speech may not be prohibited just
because government officials disapprove of the speaker’s
views.24
Further, the majority opinion held that even if
petitioner’s utterances were not obscene but merely
indecent speech, they

_______________

22 58 F.3d 654 (1995).

23 G.R. No. 168338, 15 February 2008, 545 SCRA 441.
24  See the dissenting opinion of Chief Justice Reynato Puno in this
case. Soriano v. Laguardia, G.R. No. 164785, 29 April 2009, 587 SCRA 79.

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would still be outside of the constitutional protection

because they were conveyed through a medium easily
accessible to children. The majority misapplied the doctrine
of FCC v. Pacifica, the leading jurisprudence on this
matter. Pacifica did not hold that indecent speech, when
conveyed through a medium easily accessible to children,
would automatically be outside the constitutional
protection. On the contrary, the U.S. Supreme Court
emphasized the narrowness of its ruling in Pacifica. The
guideline that Pacifica laid down is that the broadcast of a
monologue containing indecent speech could be
considered protected or unprotected depending on
the context, that is, the time of the day or the night
when the indecent utterances were delivered.
The majority’s ruling in this case sets a dangerous
precedent. This decision makes it possible for any
television or radio program, on the slightest suspicion of
being a danger to national security or on other pretexts, to
likewise face suspension. The exacting “clear and present
danger” test is dispensed with to give way to the “balancing
of interests” test in favor of the government’s exercise of its
regulatory power. Granting without conceding that
“balancing of interests” is the appropriate test in setting a
limitation to free speech, suspension of a television
program is a measure way too harsh that it would be
inappropriate as the most reasonable means for averting a
perceived harm to society. The restriction on freedom need
not be greater than is necessary to further the
governmental interest.25
The “balancing of interests” test requires that a
determination must first be made whether the necessary
safeguarding of the public interest involved may be
achieved by some other measure less restrictive of the
protected freedom.26 The majority immediately resorted to
outright suspension without first

_______________

25 Social Weather Stations, Inc. v. Commission on Elections, supra note

7.
26 Thomas Emerson, Towards a General Theory of the First
Amendment, 72 Yale Law Journal 877 (1963).

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280 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Soriano vs. Laguardia

exploring other measures less restrictive of freedom of

speech. It cites MTRCB v. ABS-CBN Broadcasting
Corporation27 in justifying the government’s exercise of
regulatory power. But the ABS-CBN case involved a mere
fine as punishment, not a prior restraint in the form of
suspension as in this case. In the cited case, one of the
episodes of “The Inside Story,” a television program of ABS-
CBN, was aired without prior review and approval by the
MTRCB. For this omission, the MTRCB subsequently fined
ABS-CBN in the amount of P20,000. However, even as the
television station was fined, the program continued to be
aired and was never suspended.
Indeed, prior restraint by suspension is an extreme
measure that may only be imposed after satisfying the
“clear and present danger” test, which requires the
perceived danger to be both grave and imminent. Prior
restraint is simply uncalled for in this case where what is
involved is not even obscene speech, but mere indecent
speech. Note too, that the subject utterances in this case
were broadcast starting 10:00 p.m. onwards, well within
the safe harbor period for permissible television broadcast
of speech which may be characterized as indecent.
Suspension of the program stops not only petitioner, but
also the other leaders of his congregation from exercising
their constitutional right to free speech through their
medium of choice, which is television. The majority opinion
attempts to assuage petitioner’s misery by saying that
petitioner can still exercise his right to speak his mind
using other venues. But this proposition assumes that
petitioner has access to other venues where he may
continue his interrupted exercise of free speech using his
chosen mode, television broadcast.
While we may not agree with petitioner’s choice of
language in expressing his disgust in this word war
between two feuding religious groups, let us not forget that
freedom of speech includes the expression of thoughts that
we do not

_______________

27 489 Phil. 544; 448 SCRA 575 (2005).

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approve of, not just thoughts that are agreeable.38 To

paraphrase Voltaire: We may disapprove of what petitioner
has said, but we must defend to the death his right to say
it.
The three-month suspension cannot be passed off merely
as a preventive suspension that does not partake of a
penalty. The actual and real effect of the three-month
suspension is a prior restraint on expression in violation of
a fundamental constitutional right. Even Congress cannot
validly pass a law imposing a three-month preventive
suspension on freedom of expression for offensive or vulgar
language uttered in the past. Congress may punish such
offensive or vulgar language after their utterance, with
damages, fine, or imprisonment; but Congress has no
power to suspend or suppress the people’s right to speak
freely because of such utterances. In short, Congress may
pass a law punishing defamation or tortious speech but the
punishment cannot be the suspension or suppression of the
constitutional right to freedom of expression. Otherwise,
such law would be abridging the freedom of speech,
of expression, or of the press. If Congress cannot pass
such a law, neither can respondent MTRCB promulgate a
rule or a decision suspending for three months petitioner’s
constitutional right to freedom of speech. And of course,
neither can this Court give its stamp of imprimatur to such
an unconstitutional MTRCB rule or decision.
I end this dissenting opinion with a reminder from
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes—that the market place of
ideas is still the best alternative to censorship.29 The
market place of ideas makes freedom of speech robust and
allows people to be more tolerant of opposing views. It has
been said that freedom of speech is not only to freely
express oneself within the context of the law but also to
hear what others say, that all may be

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28 Gonzales v. Commission on Elections, No. L-27833, 137 Phil. 471; 27

SCRA 835 (1969).
29  Dissenting Opinion of Justice Holmes in Abrams v. United States,
250 U.S. 616, 40 S. Ct. 17, 63 L. Ed. 1173 (1919).

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enlightened, regardless of how obnoxious or erroneous the

opposing views may be.30
Accordingly, I vote to GRANT the motion for
reconsideration.

 
 DISSENTING OPINION

 
ABAD,  J.:
 
I am submitting this dissent to the ably written
ponencia of Justice Presbiterio J. Velasco, Jr. that seeks to
deny the petitioner’s motion for reconsideration of the
Court’s decision in the case.

Brief Antecedent

 
Petitioner Eliseo F. Soriano, a television evangelist,
hosted the Ang Dating Daan, a popular television ministry
aired nationwide everyday from 10:00 p.m. to midnight
over public television. The program carried a “general
patronage” rating from the Movie and Television Review
and Classification Board (MTRCB).
The Ang Dating Daan’s rivalry with another religious
television program, the Iglesia ni Cristo’s Ang Tamang
Daan, is well known. The hosts of the two shows have
regularly engaged in verbal sparring on air, hurling
accusations and counter-accusations with respect to their
opposing religious beliefs and practices.
It appears that in his program Ang Tamang Daan,
Michael M. Sandoval (Michael) of the Iglesia ni Cristo
attacked petitioner Soriano of the Ang Dating Daan for
alleged inconsistencies in his Bible teachings. Michael
compared spliced recordings of Soriano’s statements,
matched with subtitles of his utterances, to demonstrate
those inconsistencies. On Au-

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30 Ruben Agpalo, Philippine Constitutional Law, 2006, p. 330.

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gust 10, 2004, in an apparent reaction to what he perceived

as a malicious attack against him by the rival television
program, Soriano accused Michael of prostituting himself
with his fabricated presentations. Thus:
  “….gago ka talaga Michael. Masahol ka pa sa putang
babae. O di ba? Yung putang babae ang gumagana lang
doon yung ibaba, kay Michael ang gumagana ang itaas, o
di ba! O, masahol pa sa putang babae yan. Sabi ng lola ko
masahol pa sa putang babae yan. Sobra ang
kasinungalingan ng demonyong ito…”

 
Michael and seven other ministers of the Iglesia ni
Cristo lodged a complaint against petitioner Soriano before
the MTRCB. Acting swiftly, the latter preventively
suspended the airing of Soriano’s Ang Dating Daan
television program for 20 days, pursuant to its powers
under Section 3(d) of Presidential Decree 19861 and its
related rules.
Petitioner Soriano challenged the validity of that
preventive suspension before this Court in G.R. 164785.
Meanwhile, after hearing the main case or on September
27, 2004, the MTRCB found Soriano guilty as charged and
imposed on him a penalty of three months suspension from
appearing on the Ang Dating Daan program. Soriano thus
filed a second petition in G.R. 165636 to question that
decision. The Court consolidated the two cases.
On April 29, 2009 the Court rendered a decision,
upholding MTRCB’s power to impose preventive
suspension and affirming its decision against petitioner
Soriano with the modification of applying the three-month
suspension to the program And Dating Daan, rather than
to Soriano.

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1 Creating the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board.

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Issue Presented

 
This dissenting opinion presents a narrow issue:
whether or not the Court is justified in imposing the
penalty of three-month suspension on the television
program Ang Dating Daan on the ground of host petitioner
Soriano’s remarks about Iglesia ni Cristo’s Michael
prostituting himself when he attacked Soriano in the
Iglesia’s own television program.

The Dissent

 
The Ang Dating Daan is a nationwide television
ministry of a church organization officially known as
“Members of the Church of God International” headed by
petitioner Soriano. It is a vast religious movement not so
far from those of Mike Velarde’s El Shadai, Eddie
Villanueva’s Jesus is Lord, and Apollo Quiboloy’s The
Kingdom of Jesus Christ. These movements have generated
such tremendous following that they have been able to
sustain daily television and radio programs that reach out
to their members and followers all over the country. Some
of their programs are broadcast abroad. Ang Dating Daan
is aired in the United States and Canada.
The Catholic Church is of course the largest religious
organization in the Philippines. If its members get their
spiritual nourishments from attending masses or novenas
in their local churches, those of petitioner Soriano’s church
tune in every night to listen to his televised Bible teachings
and how these teachings apply to their lives. They hardly
have places of worship like the Catholic Church or the
mainstream protestant movements.
Thus, suspending the Ang Dating Daan television
program is the equivalent of closing down their churches to
its followers. Their inability to tune in on their Bible
teaching program in the evening is for them like going to
church on Sunday morning, only to find its doors and
windows heavily barred. Inside, the halls are empty.
Do they deserve this? No.

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1.  A tiny moment of lost temper.
 

Petitioner Soriano’s Bible ministry has been on

television continuously for 27 years since 1983 with no
prior record of use of foul language. For a 15-second
outburst of its head at his bitterest critics, it seems not fair
for the Court to close down this Bible ministry to its large
followers altogether for a full quarter of a year. It is like
cutting the leg to cure a smelly foot.
 
2.  Not obscene.
 
Primarily, it is obscenity on television that the
constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech does not
protect. As the Court’s decision points out, the test of
obscenity is whether the average person, applying
contemporary standards, would find the speech, taken as a
whole, appeals to the prurient interest. A thing is prurient
when it arouses lascivious thoughts or desires2 or tends to
arouse sexual desire.3
A quarter-of-a-year suspension would probably be
justified when a general patronage program intentionally
sneaks in snippets of lewd, prurient materials to attract an
audience to the program. This has not been the case here.
 
3.  Merely borders on indecent.
 
Actually, the Court concedes that petitioner Soriano’s
short outburst was not in the category of the obscene. It
was just “indecent.” But were his words and their meaning
utterly indecent? In a scale of 10, did he use the grossest
language? He did not.
First, Soriano actually exercised some restraints in the
sense that he did not use the vernacular word for the
female sexual organ when referring to it, which word even
the published opinions of the Court avoided despite its
adult readers.

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2 Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, p. 1829.

3 Id., at p. 1274.

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He referred to it as “yung ibaba” or down below. And,

instead of using the patently offensive vernacular
equivalent of the word “fuck” that describes the sexual act
in which the prostitute engages herself, he instead used the
word “gumagana lang doon yung ibaba” or what functions
is only down below. At most, his utterance merely bordered
on the indecent.
Second, the word “puta” or “prostitute” describes a bad
trade but it is not a bad word. The world needs a word to
describe it. “Evil” is bad but the word “evil” is not; the use
of the words “puta” or “evil” helps people understand the
values that compete in this world. A policy that places
these ordinary descriptive words beyond the hearing of
children is unrealistic and is based on groundless fear.
Surely no member of the Court will recall that when yet a
child his or her hearing the word “puta” for the first time
left him or her wounded for life.
Third, Soriano did not tell his viewers that being a
prostitute was good. He did not praise prostitutes as to
make them attractive models to his listeners. Indeed, he
condemned Michael for acting like a prostitute in attacking
him on the air. The trouble is that the Court, like the
MTRCB read his few lines in isolation. Actually, from the
larger picture, Soriano appears to have been provoked by
Michael’s resort to splicing his speeches and making it
appear that he had taught inconsistent and false doctrines
to his listeners. If Michael’s sin were true, Soriano was
simply defending himself with justified anger.
And fourth, the Court appears to have given a literal
meaning to what Soriano said.

“Gago ka talaga x x x masahol ka pa sa putang babae x x 

x. Yung putang babae ang gumagana lang doon yung
ibaba, [dito] kay Michael ang gumagana ang itaas, o di ba!”

 
This was a figure of speech. Michael was a man, so he could
not literally be a female prostitute. Its real meaning is that
Michael was acting like a prostitute in mouthing the ideas
of anyone who cared to pay him for such service. It had no
inde-

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cent meaning. The Bible itself uses the word “prostitute” as

a figure of speech. “By their deeds they prostituted
themselves,” said Psalm 106:39 of the Israelites who
continued to worship idols after God had taken them out of
Egyptian slavery.4 Soriano’s real message is that Michael
prostituted himself by his calumny against him.
 If at all, petitioner Soriano’s breach of the rule of
decency is slight, one on a scale of 10. Still, the Court would
deprive the Ang Dating Daan followers of their nightly
bible teachings for a quarter of a year because their head
teacher had used figures of speech to make his message
vivid.
 
4.  The average child as listener
 
The Court claims that, since Ang Dating Daan carried a
general patronage rating, Soriano’s speech no doubt caused
harm to the children who watched the show. This
statement is much too sweeping.
The Court relies on the United States case of Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) v. Pacifica
5
Foundation, a 1978 landmark case. Here are snatches of
the challenged monologue that was aired on radio:

“The original seven words were, shit, piss, fuck, cunt,

cocksucker, motherfucker, and tits. Those are the ones
that will curve your spine, grow hair on your hands and
maybe, even bring us, God help us, peace without honor
and bourbon…Also cocksucker is a compound word and
neither half of that is really dirty…And the cock crowed
three times, the cock—three times. It’s in the Bible, cock in
the Bible…Hot shit, holy shit, tough shit, eat shit, shit-
eating grin…It’s a great word, fuck, nice word, easy word,
cute word, kind of.

_______________

4  New International Version (North American Edition); see other

biblical passages that use “prostitute” as a figure of speech: Judges 2:17;
8:27; 8:33; 1Chronicles 5:25; and Leviticus 20:5.
5 438 U.S. 726.

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Easy word to say. One syllable, short u. Fuck…A little

something for everyone. Fuck. Good word. x x x”

 
Imagine how the above would sound if translated into
any of the Filipino vernaculars. The U.S. Supreme Court
held that the above is not protected speech and that the
FCC could regulate its airing on radio. The U.S. Supreme
Court was of course correct.
Here, however, there is no question that Soriano
attacked Michael, using figure of speech, at past 10:00 in
the evening, not at 2:00 in the afternoon. The average
Filipino child would have been long in bed by the time Ang
Dating Daan appeared on the television screen. What is
more, Bible teaching and interpretation is not the stuff of
kids. It is not likely that they would give up programs of
interest to them just to listen to Soriano drawing a
distinction between “faith” and “work or action.” The Court
has stretched the “child” angle beyond realistic proportions.
The MTRCB probably gave the program a general
patronage rating simply because Ang Dating Daan had
never before been involved in any questionable broadcast in
the previous 27 years that it had been on the air.
The monologue in the FCC case that was broadcast at 2
in the afternoon was pure indecent and gross language,
uttered for its own sake with no social value at all. It
cannot compare to Soriano’s speech where the indecent
words were slight and spoken as mere figure of speech to
defend himself from what he perceived as malicious
criticism.
 
5.  Disproportionate penalty
 
The Court applied the balancing of interest test in
justifying the imposition of the penalty of suspension
against Ang Dating Daan. Under this test, when particular
conduct is regulated in the interest of public order and the
regulation results in an indirect, conditional, partial
abridgment of speech, the duty of the courts is to determine
which of the two conflicting interests demands the greater
protection under the particular circumstances presented.

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An example of this is where an ordinance prohibits the
making of loud noises from 9:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. Can this
ordinance be applied to prevent vehicles circling the
neighborhood at such hours of night, playing campaign
jingles on their loudspeakers to win votes for candidates in
the election? Here, there is a tension between the rights of
candidates to address their constituents and the interest of
the people in healthy undisturbed sleep. The Court would
probably uphold the ordinance since public interest
demands a quiet night’s rest for all and since the restraint
on the freedom of speech is indirect, conditional, and
partial. The candidate is free to make his broadcast during
daytime when people are normally awake and can
appreciate what he is saying.
But here, the abridgment of speech—three months total
suspension of the Ang Dating Daan television bible
teaching program—cannot be regarded as indirect,
conditional, or partial. It is a direct, unconditional, and
total abridgment of the freedom of speech, to which a
religious organization is entitled, for a whole quarter of a
year.
In the American case of FCC, a parent complained. He
was riding with his son in the car at 2:00 in the afternoon
and they heard the grossly indecent monologue on radio.
Here, no parent has in fact come forward with a complaint
that his child had heard petitioner Soriano’s speech and
was harmed by it. The Court cannot pretend that this is a
case of angry or agitated parents against Ang Dating Daan.
The complaint here came from Iglesia ni Cristo preachers
and members who deeply loathed Soriano and his church.
The Court’s decision will not be a victory for the children
but for the Iglesia ni Cristo, finally enabling it to silence an
abhorred competing religious belief and its practices.
What is more, since this case is about protecting
children, the more appropriate penalty, if Soriano’s speech
during the program mentioned was indecent and had
offended them, is to raise his program’s restriction
classification. The MTRCB classify programs to protect
vulnerable audiences. It can

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290 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

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change the present G or General Patronage classification of

Ang Dating Daan to PG or “with Parental Guidance only”
for three months. This can come with a warning that
should the program commit the same violation, the
MTRCB can make the new classification permanent or, if
the violation is recurring, cancel its program’s permit.
This has precedent. In Gonzales v. Katigbak,6 the Court
did not ban the motion picture just because there were
suggestive scenes in it that were not fit for children. It
simply classified the picture as for adults only. By doing
 this, the Court would not be cutting the leg to cure a smelly
foot.
I vote to partially grant the motion for reconsideration
by modifying the three-month suspension penalty imposed
on the program Ang Dating Daan. In its place, I vote to
raise the program’s restriction classification from G or
General Patronage to PG or with Parental Guidance for
three months with warning that should petitioner Soriano
commit the same violation, the classification of his program
will be permanently changed or, if the violation is
persistent, the program will be altogether cancelled.

Motion for Reconsideration denied.

Note.—Freedom of expression has gained recognition as

a fundamental principle of every democratic government,
and given a preferred right that stands on a higher level
than substantive economic freedom or other liberties
(Chavez vs. Gonzales, 545 SCRA 441 [2008])
——o0o—— 

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6 222 Phil. 225; 137 SCRA 717 (1985).

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