STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

LECTURER
ENGR. ROY SEARCA JOSE P. DELA CRUZ
 Course Outline
• Stress and strain
 Stresses in Beams
• Torsion
• Bolted connection  Beam Deflection
• Springs
• Moment of Inertia
and Centroid
• Shear and moments
in beams
• Moving loads
• Flexure and
Bending Moment
Introduction
• Load
sources and
its effects
• Structure
performance
as supporting,
spanning or
bracing
element
• What changes
the structure
undergo as
load is
applied.
 Strength of Materials
• Internal forces of a
member caused by
the external forces
acting on
that member.
60#
• Changes in dimensions of 60#/ft
MO
a member caused by hO
4’ M1 M2

these forces. R1 R2
SPAN O SPAN 1 =
• Physical properties of 10’

the
150mm
materials in the 50mm

member. 200mm
 150mm

50mm
150mm
 Types of Load
• Gravity – weight of the structure and
occupants, contents and snow/water on
the roof. (Application – vertically
downward and constant in magnitude)
• Wind – anticipated wind velocity
(Horizontal force with vertical component
on sloping surfaces with vertical uplift on
flat roof)
• Earthquake – ground vibration as a result of
a subterranean shock. (Back and forth, up
and down movement resulting to inertial
forces induced by building weight
• Blast - Explosion of bomb, projectile,
or volatile materials (Slamming
force on surfaces surrounding the
explosion).
• Hydraulic pressure - groundwater levels
above the bottom of the basement
floor ( horizontal pressure on
basement walls/ upward pressure on
basement floors).
• Temperature change – rise and fall of
temperature (Forces exerted form
expansion/contraction; distortions if
connected parts have different
coefficients of expansion.
• Shrinkage – Natural volume reduction
occurs in concrete, wood and soils
(effect similar with thermal change)
• Vibration – caused by heavy
machinery, moving vehicles, or high
intensity sounds. (with concern for
comfort of occupants.)
• Internal action - settlement of supports,
slippage or loosening of connections, or
by shape changes due to sag, warping,
and shrinkage.
 Classification of Load
• Dead Load – permanent loads
• Live Load – dispersed load on roof and floor.

Static Vs. Dynamic forces

 Gravity  Blast  Shrinkage
 Wind  Hydraulic  Vibration
 Earthquake pressure  Internal action
 Temperature
change
Dispersion of loads
 Wind loads on
structures
• p = 0.003V2
p= pressure(psf)
V= wind velocity (mph)
Reactions
External vs. Internal Force
• Compression/Tension
• Shear
• Bending
• Torsion
Compression/tension
Shear
Bending
Torsion
 Stress vs.
Strain

• 1/2 – glass/high strength steel

• 3 – wood/concrete/plastic
• 4 – ductile mat’ls (low grade steel)
 Stress strain curve
• Proportional limit
• Elastic limit
• Elastic and plastic range
• Yield point
• Ultimate/tensile strength
• Breaking strength
• Modulus of resilience
• Modulus of toughness
• Working stress
• Yield strength
• Percentage elongation
 Strain hardening
• Percentage reduction in
area  Tangent modulus
• Strain hardening  Coefficient of linear expansion
 Poisson’s ratio
 Stress combinations
• 1  2
• 3
Thermal effects
Composite Structure
 Terms to Remember
• Elasticity- is the ability of a material to
return to its previous shape after stress is
released.
• Resilience – ability of a material to
absorb energy when elastically
deformed and to return it when
unloaded
• Stiffness – resistance of a material to
deformation in the elastic range/ability
to resist bending.
• Plastic deformation (Plasticity)- is the
opposite of elastic deformation and is
accepted as unrecoverable strain. Plastic
deformation is retained even after the
relaxation of the applied stress.
• Ductility – indicates the ability of the
material to deform in the plastic range
without breaking.
• Toughness – measure of the ability of
the material to absorb and release energy
in the plastic range.
• Modulus of  Modulus of Rigidity/Shear
Elasticity Modulus of Elasticity
(E) (G)

 Volume  Modulus of
Modulus of Resilience
Elasticity (K) (U)
• Relationship between E, G, K & μ

 Relationship between E, G & μ

 Poisson’s Ratio
μ = ε’ / ε
 Elongation due to Self Weight
• Factor of Safety (n)
 Force and Stress
• Stress = Force / Area = N / m2 (Pascal)
• Forces
– Concentrated - moment/torque
– Uniformly distributed
– Uniformly varying
• Stress
– Tensile - Shear - Tangential
– Compressive - Flexural -
Longitudinal
– Torsional -
Thermal
 STRESS
• COMPRESSIVE STRESS
• TENSILE STRESS
• SHEAR STRESS
 Problem 1
• The lap joint shown is fastened by 3-20mm
diameter joints. If a 50 kN load is applied as
shown, determine:
a. Shearing stress in each rivet
b. Bearing stress in each plate
c. Maximum tensile stress in each plate.
Assume the thickness of the plate is 25mm.

130mm
PN1 Given:
Solution P = 50kN w = 130mm

a. Shearing stress in t = 25mm # of rivets = 3

rivets Ø = 20mm

50x103N / 3

Ss= P/A = -------------------- = 53.05 N/mm2 = 53.05MPa

π/4(20mm)2

b. Bearing stress in each plate

50x103N
Ss= P/A = -------------------- = 33.33 N/mm2 = 33.33 MPa
25mmx20mmx3
c. Maximum tensile stress in each plate
50x103N
Ss= P/A = -------------------- = 15.38 N/mm2 = 15.38 MPa
130mmx25mm
50x103N
Ss= P/A = -------------------------------- = 18.18 N/mm2 = 18.18 MPa
(130mm-20mm) x 25mm
 Problem 2
• The piston of a steam engine is 16” in
diameter and its stroke is 24”. The
maximum steam pressure is 250psi.
Determine the required diameter of the
piston rod if the design stress is
10,000psi.
 PN2 Given:

Solution Ø = 16”
Pressure (S) = 250psi
Design Stress = 10,000 psi
• Convert steam pressure S into force P250psi
P = π/4(16”)2 x (250psi) = 50,265.48#
P
• Required Area to resist compressive force P
A=P/ S
= 50,265.48 # / 10,000 psi = 5.024 inch2

A = π/4 d2
d = √ 4/ π x (5.024)
d = 2.53”
 Problem 3 P
A B

• Determine the required 200mm

diameter of the connecting 240mm

C
D
rod AB in the bell crank
shown if its axial stress is
limited to 100MPa. 600

Determine also the

shearing stress in the pin
at D if its diameter is 30kN

20mm.
 PN3 Given:
Solution
External force = 30 kN
 = 20mm A B
a. ΣMD = 0 P
200P = 30 sin 60 (240)
P = 31.18 kN
200mm
P = AS
31.18 x 103 N = π/4 d2 100 N/mm2 240mm C
d = 19.92mm
b. ΣH = 0 D 600
31.18 + 30 cos 60 = Rh R = √ 46.182 +
25.982 N
Rh = 46.18 kN R = 52.98 k
30kN
ΣV = 0 S = P/A
Rv = 30 sin 60 = 52.98 x 1000 N
Rv = 25.98 kN π/4 (20)2 (2)
= 84.33 N/mm2 D
S = 84.33 MPa
 Problem 4
A 75mm pulley 10 kN
loaded as shown is
keyed to a 50mmØ P
shaft. Determine the 75 mm

width b of the
75mm long key if 6 kN
the allowable
shearing stress is
70 MPa.
10 mm

b
 PN4
Solution Given:
ΣMC = Ss = 70 MPa
0
P (25) + 6 (37.5) – 10 (37.5) Øshaft = 50mm
= 0 P = 6 kN Øpulley = 75mm
Length of key = 75mm
P = AS
6 x 1000 N = 75mm b x 70 N/mm2
10 kN

b = 1.14mm 37.5mm

P
25mm
75 mm
C
37.5mm
6
kN
 Changes in dimensions
caused by forces
• Deformation can be detrimental to the
system’s overall performance or an issue
of comfort/aesthetics.
• Hooke’s Law – stress is proportional to strain
• Sɛ
• E = S/ ɛ
• Young’s Modulus/Modulus of Elasticity (E)
– constant of proportionality (Hooke’s
Law)
 Stress and Strain
 Strain (ε)– mathematically equal to deformation
divided by the original length.
 E=S/ ε
*Sy= =
P PL
/ A ; /AE
ε=y/L

 Poisson’s Ratio (μ)

– ratio of lateral strain
and longitudinal strain
 μ = ε’/ ε
 Proportional limit. –is the point
where the stress is exactly
proportional to strain ends in the
stress-strain graph (Point A).

Elastic limit.- is the point after

which any continued stress
results in permanent, or inelastic,
deformation in a stress strain
graph (Point B).

Yield point – the point when the

stress resistance of the material
decreases after the peak of the
curve in the stress-strain
graph(Point B).

Methods of Design Ultimate Stress – the point

where the material is considered
• Allowable Stress to have completely failed (Point
Design E).
•Ultimate Stress Design
Point of Rupture – point where
actual tearing of material
happens. (Point F).
• Creep – slow permanent deformation
caused by a constant load over a long
period of time and dependent upon
temperature
• Fatigue is associated with cyclic stressing
or straining of a material leading to
premature failure
• Fatigue strength – value of cyclic stress
at which failure occur after N cycles
• Fatigue limit -limiting value of stress at
which failure occurs as N becomes very
large.
 Problem 5
• A 10mm diameter tensile specimen has a 50mm
gauge length. The load corresponding to the 0.2%
offset is 55kN and the maximum load is 70kN.
Fracture occurs at 60kN. The diameter after fracture
is 8mm and the gauge length at fracture is 65mm
Calculate the following proportion of the material
from the test.
– % elongation
– Reduciton of Area(RA) %
– Ultimate tensile strength
– Yield strength
– Fracture strength
– If E = 200GPa, the elastic recoverable strain at Loadmax
PN5 • Given
D= 10mm; Df =8mm; L = 50mm; Lf
Solution =65mm

 Original Area = π/4(0.01)^2

= 7.854x10^-5 m2
 Area @ Fracture = π/4(0.08)^2
= 5.027x10^-5 m2
 % elongation = (65-50)/50 x 100
= 30%
 Reduction of Area = (7.854-5.027) /7.854 x 100
= 36%
PN5 Solution
 UTS = Pmax/Aorig = 70x10^3/7.854x10^-5 N/m2
= 891 MPa
 Yield Strength = Py / Aorig = 55x10^3/7.854x10^-5
= 700 Mpa
Fracture Strength = Py / Aorig = 60x10^3/7.854x10^-5
= 764Mpa
 Elastic recoverable strain at Loadmax = Pmax/Aorig / E
= 891MPa / 200X10^3MPa
= 0.0045
Problem 6
During a stress-strain test,
the unit deformation at a 200

stress of 35MPa was

observed to be 167 x 10-6 140

m/m and at a stress of 140

MPa, it was 667 x 10-6 m/m.

STRESS
80
If the proportional limit was
200MPa, What is the
modulus of elasticity of the 35

material? What is the strain

corresponding to a stress of 167 667

80 MPa? STRAIN (m/m) x 10-6

 Given:
PN 6 S1=35MPa; ε1 = 167 x 10-6 m/m
 Solution S2= 140 MPa; ε2= 667 x 10-6
m/m.
Proportional limit = 200MPa; S3 = 80 MPa

E=S/ ε ε = 3.81 x 10-4

= 140 N/mm2 – 35 N/mm2)
(667 x 10-6 – 167 x 10-6)
m/m
E = 210000 N/mm2
E = 210 GPa
ε=S/ E
= 80 N/mm2 / 210 x103
N/mm2
200
80

140
35

STRESS
167 667

STRAIN (m/m) x 10-6

Problem 7
• A rigid bar is hinged at
A and supported by a Strain gauge
steel rod at B. A strain
450
gauge at the rod B
indicates a strain of Ø

0.0003. If the rod is

75mm2 in cross 2.5m

section, calculate the 600

applied load 3.5m

W. Assume E = 200GPa.
W
A
PN7 Given:

A = 75mm2 ε = 0.0003
Solution E = 200GPa

E=S/ 450 T
ε B
Ø=750
= T/A
---------
6(sin75) 2.5m
ε
200,000N/mm2 = T / 75mm2 / 600
0.0003 T = 4500N
3.5m
From the
Figure W
Ø = 180 - 60 – 45 = 750 A 60
60

ΣMA = 0
W (3.5sin 60) – 4500 (6 sin 75) = 0
wsin60
w = 8604.17 N A
w
Problem 8
A 10mmØ x 6m steel rod is subjected to an axial
tension of 10 kN. If μ = 0.30 and E = 200 GPa,
find the change in the diameter of the rod.
PN8 Given:
Solution Ø = 10mm P = 10 kN L=
6m E = 200GPa μ= 0.30

*μ = ε’ / ε
*E = S / ε = P/A / ε
200,000 N/mm2 = {10,000 N / [π/4 (10mm2)2]} / ε
ε = 0.0006366
μ = ε’ / ε
ε’ = Δd / 10mm

0.30 = Δd / 10mm / 0.0006366

Δd = 0.00191mm
Problem 9

A steel wire 10m long hanging

vertically supports a tensile load of 2000
N. Neglecting the weight of the wire,
determine the required diameter if the
stress is not to exceed 140 MPa and the
total elongation is not to exceed 5mm.
Assume E = 200GPa.
PN9
Solution Given:
P = 2000 N
a. Required Ø from S = 140 MPa
stress P = AS E = 200 GPa
2000 N = π/4 d2 (140 N/mm2) L = 10m
d = 4.26mm y = 5mm

b. Required Ø from
deformation y = PL/AE
5mm = 2000 N ( 10000 mm )
π/4 d2 (200 x103
N/mm2)
d = 5.05mm
Problem 10
Find the ratio of Modulus of Rigidity* to Modulus of Elasticity
if Poisson’s Ratio is 0.25.

* Modulus of Rigidity - modulus of elasticity in shear.

Modulus of Elasticity – measure of stiffness of material.

E E
G
PN10
Solution
E
G = ----------------
2 (1 + μ)

G 1
----- = --------------
E 2 (1 + μ)

= 1 / 2(1+0.25)

G/E = 0.40
 Other forms of Stress
• Tangential/Circumferential/Girth Stress (ST) =
PD / 2t

• Longitudinal Stress = PD / 4t
• P = internal pressure
• D = internal diameter
• t = thickness of plate
Problem 11
A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated
from steel plates which have a thickness of
20mm.
The internal diameter of the vessel is
500mm and its length is 3m. Determine the
maximum internal pressure which can be
applied if the stress in the steel is limited
to 140MPa.
PN11
Solution
Given:
t = 20mm
ST = PD / 2t
Ø = 500mm
140 N/mm2 = P (500mm) / 2
L = 3m
(20mm) P = 11.2 N/mm2
S = 140MPa
P = 11.2 MPa.

SL = PD / 4t
140 N/mm2 = P (500mm) / 4 (20mm)
P = 22.4 N/mm2
P = 22.4 MPa
Problem 12
A pipe carrying steam at 3.5 MPa has an
outside diameter of 450mm and wall thickness
of 10mm. A gasket is inserted between the
flange at one end of the pipe and a flat plate
was used to hold the cap end. How many
40mmØ bolts must be used to hold the cap on
the end of the pipe if the allowable stress in the
bolts is 80MPa, of which 55 MPa is the initial
stress? What circumferential stress is developed in
the pipe?
PN12 Given:
Øout = 450mm; t = 10mm
Solution Sbolt = 80MPa; = 55MPa
Sini
Øbolt = 40mm; P = 3.5 MPa

• Computing for Circumferential stress

S = PD/2t
S = 3.5N/mm2 [450-2(10)mm]/2(10mm)
S = 72.25MPa
• Computing for the req’d # of
bolts. Force due to pressure
F = AS
F = (π/4) (450mm - 2*10mm)2 (3.5
N/mm2) F = 508,270.42N
• Force (T) carried by one
bolt T = AS
= (π/4) (40mm)2
(80-55N/mm2) T = 31,415.93 N

• No. of
Bolts nT = F
n = F/T = 508,270.42N / 31,415.93N
n = 16.2 say 17 bolts.
 Thermal Stress
• Stress induced by elongation or
contraction of material as a result of
change in temperature.
YT = ά L ΔT
Where:
• YT = elongation/contraction
• ά = coefficient of thermal
expansion/contraction
• L = length of material
• ΔT = change in temperature
Problem 13
• If a material is allowed to freely expand
due to heating, it will develop:
a. Thermal stress
b. tensile stress
c. compressive stress
d. shearing stress
e. no stress
Problem 14
Steel railroad rails 10m long are laid with a
clearance of 3mm at a temperature of 150C.
At what temperature will the rails just
touch?
What stress will be induced in the rails at
that temperature if there where no initial
clearance? Assume ά = 11.7 x 10-6 m/
(m0C) and E = 200 GPa.
PS14 Given:
L = 10m
Solution ά = 11.7 x 10-6 m /(m0C)
E = 200 MPa
Yt = 3mm

YT = ά L ΔT
3mm = 11.7 x 10-6 m /(m0C) 10,000mm (T-15)
T = 40.640C

Y = PL/AE = SL/E *(S=P/A)

3mm = S (10,000 mm) / 200 x 103 N/mm2
S = 60 MPa
 Problem 15
A steel rod is stretched between two
rigid walls and carries a tensile load of
5000N at 200C. If the allowable stress
is not to exceed 130 MPa at - 200C,
what is the minimum diameter of the
rod? Assume ά
= 11.7 x 10-6 m/ (m0C) and E = 200 GPa.
PS15 Given: 5000N 5000N

Solution P = 5000N
Y
ά = 11.7 x 10-6 m /(m0C)
E = 200 MPa
Y = Yt + Yt Y1
Y1 S = 130 Mpa

SL/E = ά L ΔT + P1L /AE

130 N/mm2 5000N

------------------ = 11.7 x 10-6 (20 + 20) + ----------------------
200 x 103 N/mm2 A (200 x 103
N/mm2)
137.4 mm2 = π/4 d2
A = 137.4
mm2
d = 13.22mm
 Torsion
 Twisting action in shaft or thin-walled tube as a
result of transmitting power from prime mover
to a machine.
 Torsional Stress
(Ss) = Tr/J J = π/32 D4 – solid shaft
J = π/32 (D4-d4) - hollow shaft
 Torsional Strain
λ = rØ / L r – radius of shaft, Ø = angle of twist;
L = length of shaft
 Power Transmitted by Shaft
P = T 2πf f = angular velocity
(rev/s) T = torque
• Shaft – a member usually of circular
cross- section which supports gears,
sprockets, wheel, etc.
• Axle – rotating/non-rotating member that
support wheels, pulleys and carries no
torque
• Spindle – a short shaft
 Polar moment of Inertia
 Polar Section Modulus

• Safe diameter of Shaft

 Comparison of Solid Shaft & Hollow Shaft
 Strength

 Weight

 Strain
• Combined Bending and Torsion in Shaft
 Problem 16
A hollow steel shaft (G = 12 x 106 psi)
must transmit a torque of 300,000 in-
lb. The total angle of twist must not
exceed 30 per 100ft. The maximum
shearing stress must not exceed 16,000
psi. Find the inside diameter d of the
hollow steel shaft if the outside
diameter D is 12”.
PN16 Given:

Solution D = 12”; G = 12x106 psi

T = 300,000 in-lb; θ = 30
For Torsional Ss = 16,000 psi
Stress: Ss = Tr/J
16,000 psi= 300,000 in-lb (6”)/
J
J = 112.5 in4
For Torsional strain: λ = rθ / L G = Ss/λ
Ss = Tr/J
θ = TL/JG
3 π/180 = 300,000 in-lb (100’ x 12”/1’)
J (12 x 106 psi)
J = 572.96 in4

For hollow shaft *For Solid Shaft

J = π/32 (D4 – d4) J = π/32
D4 572.96 in4= π/32 (12”4 – d4)
d = 11.05”
 Problem 17
• The outside diameter of a hollow shaft is
twice its inside diameter. The ratio of its
torque carrying capacity to that of a solid
shaft of the same material and the same
outside diameter is:
a. 15/16 b. ¾ c. ½ d. 1/8 e.
1/16
PN17 Given
Solution (Ss) = Tr/J J = π/32 D4 – solid shaft
J = π/32 (D4-d4) - hollow
shaft
 Problem 18
A steel marine propeller is to transmit
4.5MW at 3r/s without exceeding a shearing
stress of 50MPa or twisting through more
than 10 in a length of 25 diameters.
Compute the required diameter if G = 83
GPa.
 PN18 Given:
P = 4.5MW; f = 3 rev/sec
Solution θ = 10; G = 83 GPa
Ss = 50 MPa
P = T 2πf N-m/s
T = 4.5x106watts / 2π(3
rev/s)
T = 238,732 N-m
From Shearing stress: Ss = Tr/J; r = D/2; J=π/32D4
Ss = 16T / πD3
50 N/mm2 = 16(238,732N-m) / πD3
D = 290mm
From deformation: 1(π/180) = 238,732(1000) N-mm(25D)
θ = TL/JG π/32 D4 (83x103)N/mm2
D = 347.5mm say 348 mm
Therefore use d
= 348mm
 Moment of Inertia and Centroids
• Center of Gravity – a point in a body through
which the whole weight of a body may
assumed to act
• Centroid – known as center of area is a point
where the whole area of the figure is assumed
to be concentrated
• Area Moment of Inertia – measure of resistance
to bending and forms the basis of strength of
materials
• Mass Moment of Inertia – measure of resistance
of the body to rotation and forms the basis of
dynamics of rigid bodies
Centroid of Planar Shapes
Typical Cross Section of Compression
Members
Centroid for Composite Shapes
 Area Moment of Inertia
• Circular area

 Area w/ concentric hole  Semi circular area

 J = polar moment of inertia

• Semi circular area

 Quarter circle area

• Rectangular Area

 Thru axis N-N

• Square Area  Rectangular area w/
centrally rectangular
hole

 Triangular Area  Triangular Area

thru axis N-N
• Circular ring

 Elliptical area
Transfer Formula for Moment of
Inertia
IN-N = Ix-x + Ad2
 Problem 19
• A wide flange section beam 100mm
wide by 150mm depth has a web
thickness of 20mm is used in a
structure of length 5m. Determine the
centroidal moment of inertia of the
cross section of the beam. Compute
also the moment of inertia of the
section for an axis located 100mm
measured from the bottom of the beam
if the flange thickness is 12mm.
PN 19 Solution
• I1 = bh3 / 12
A. = 0.1 x 0.153/ 12
= 28.1 x 10-6 100mm

• I2 = 0.04 x 0.133 / 12
= 7.32 x 10-6
• I = I1-2I2
= 1.346 x 10-5  = 1.97 x 10 -5
m 4
m4
B.
Part Area y (mm) I (mm4) A x y2 Ix (mm4)
(mm2)
1 2000 40 66,667 3,200,000 3,266,667
2 2000 90 66,667 16,200,000 16,266,667
3 1560 25 2,197,000 975,000 3,172,000
Σ 19,765,334
 Helical Spring
16PR
 Shearing Stress = ----------------- ( 1 + d / 4R)
πd3

64PR3n
 Deformation (δ ) = ---------------
Gd4
 Spring Constant 64R3n
(k)

k=P/δ

Gd4
(k) =
---------------
Where P –
Tensile/com
pressive
force d –
diameter of
spring
material R –
radius of
spring
n – no. of turns
G – modulus of
rigidity
δ - deformation
Equivalent Spring Constant(Kef)
 Problem GPa.
20
A helical spring is made
by wrapping wire
25mmØ around a
forming cylinder 175mm
in diameter.
Compute the number of
turns required to permit
a stretch of 100mm
without exceeding a
shear stress of 100MPa.
Assume G = 82,800
 175mm

d/2
D/2

R
 PN20 Given: P

Solution d = 25mm; Ss = 140 MPa 175mm

D = 175mm; G = 82,800MPa

R = D/2 + d/2 = 175/2 +

25/2 R = 100mm

16PR d/2
D/2

Ss = ------------- (1 + R

d/4R)
πd3
16 P (100mm )
140 N/mm2 = ----------------- [1 + 25mm/4(100mm)]
π(25mm)3
P = 4042.5 N
y = 64 PR3n / Gd4

100 = 64 (4042.5 N)(100mm)3 n

82, 800 N/mm2 (25mm)4

n = 12.5 say 13 turns.

 Problem 21
A load P is supported by two
P
concentric steel springs arranged
as shown. The inner spring
consists of 30 turns of 20mm
diameter wire on a mean
diameter of 150mm. The outer
spring has 20 turns of 30mm wire
on a mean diameter of 200mm.
Compute the maximum load that
will not exceed a shearing stress
of 140MPa in either spring.
PS21 Given:
R1 = 150/2 = 75mm n1 = 30
Solution R2 = 200/2=100mm n2 = 20
d1 = 20mm Ss = 140MPa

Ss = 16PR (1 + d2 = 30mm

d/4R)
πd3
For Spring
1
140 N/mm2 = 16P(75mm) [1+20mm/4(75mm)]
π(20mm)3
P1 = 2749 N
For Spring 2
140 N/mm2 = 16P(100mm) [1+30mm/4(100mm)]
π(30mm)3
P2 = 6904 N
Y1 =Y2

Y = 64PR3n/Gd4

64P1R13n1/Gd14 = 64P2R23n2/Gd24

P1(753) (30)/204 = P2(1003)(20)/304

P2 = 3.2 P1
If P1 = 2749
P2 = 3.2 (2749)
P2 = 8796.8 N>6904N (Spring 2 fails)

If P2 = 6904
6904 = 3.2 P1
P1 = 2157.5 < 2749 N (safe)

P = P1 + P2 = 2157.5 + 6904
P = 9061.5
END OF L1