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    17 views35 pages

    Language Linguistics Lyons

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    gracielaSSSS

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    "| JOILN LYONS Language and IE AUINLAY BESS FUSR PEeRSeue Language 1 What is lrguape? nies the scien std of language. At frst ht this which one that il he fume m moe ethos and teatmen's fhe subject stsphtorerd enough, Bat exit fs sunt by ‘language’ and “scene? And can sis, aH is ctrenty practised, be sgh descibe ws a peti “Whois ngunge?” is comparable wth - snd, would sy, hari es proscar shaw ~ "What He the jppesions of which ieamscibe and any the tole Ofcourse, “Wht ise?” stot fquenion tat ne consti before hia midi hi eveyey work It ‘of phlenopiel ng toie Anathe Holgi other YS sal to exp immerse inthe eels of some problem o be pondering the pleas a sich geetal bons. Novertheles the prenmod meaningllacs ofthe > islfo?"—theprosppestion that al ling tinge sare property ar et of properties which stingeishes thee fort ving igs —etabishes the ins he bck sracens esis the afovomy oF para atone, of Bs ec pine the qucston "What se?” can besa. sthisseee, do biology witht ery eas or xisene, its ot 0 ch esto el the piu interpretation that he lg ‘upon and te unraveling oF mone died ipl, ome cereal acepied hort raraener hat 0b ist dat Sprulations ad rsearch, Soi fre 8 felaton Wo the question "Wha ngage” Fst hag notice ate! the question "What gage” 1 ees he word language nthe singular iow the ite eee. Formelateg of Engl tu ls : Langage snail. no 8 meaning oe. Ne wpe Sear ee hati nguge™ Sev Europe lngoge bate see ol oe, tute Engin mot one oan lage ian aging nga: Sous Fane ea In ich ete eens bens he ro eee cies up oapon hh ieee inte wore see eran word lagu x arpa Fen the wo a ere Sie ert angege gel ote Me ov peri hrs 3 are ta se dotteapesten toy-of sms pepe, nln ha he eae te ete tengsh cites, ey. Seale) a Tene pees cena Phicnyhes. pyeelosts and tt Qe ket pst st che pone of ana ns ce depen te aa Aye fe olang ino e sstnc of cinn spoen Meee hereon wenn he is, ur erporet Sere tno pssos rtm) mal onan oA Pe or eg) mime parila oar nga. Tree fre he naa agunean th nthe pinThe wrgunge apie, ote to Engl Fins iy Sal eee erate elo mic nc acid “bet is anes foes ens an eat ot ckeln stot wich tees 0m a i cumple lcs andcomutt Secu conic, parr pyr, otra ere ch eter te ne igh ced Inge 24, Setter thon ema oth hse re ns Loguge incon alana 8 ee ach war ence ee ate eee ery ft seer tieratanlommsscaton Tse te nae mance, bth hur ad now uo, which sey are ar tn ail, tr bch oot a ein sretsrme ofthe, even hoa wed eee ney ewes in. Coir ‘ase ong ngage args oe Hannon. Nest pope womb probly yt Hea seer ng oa cto o eae ye ahs Sagage chet than “ngwe’ St ings 289 12. Some denitons of “anguae 3 wnt onmally be used in tasting ced para into French The Fens word “langage” (ike the Kaan “ingisebe” 284 the Spanish Tengu) is more gencial tu the ott ember oF the cs or ony in tha itis sed to refer to language fn general, Dut So in thn inp to terns cmmureation, waster they fave nteral of aris, Reman or aon-hman, for which the Engst word engaage’ empioved in what appeass to be a3 "Thongs encore prima pith nteral aguas: The question "What anguge? caries with tthe preposition hat eich of te several theusand esopnstl sin natal ngage Syoken ihowghout the worl i specie instance of something ‘ore genet. Wht the lingua! mins co hrow b beter af ‘ata igunges hove seething in cornon st hace by oer Systems of communication, human or oe-numany ss he Fight to ppiy to seh of ter the word anguape" and ty the apyicauoe of te tum worher stems of sommeneion exept ins faras they ae bused, ke Eoperant, on presto] labguage, Ths the question with whisk we sha be desling nthe presen chapter 12 Some deritions of engage Dott oflangag ae otc ofa Lt wlckatsone. Each the folowing statement about anguage, wher t= iene a deren or nor, males et mee pat fa fe up iter Ie statements all come fom csc wer by el Lnown agus Taken ger, tes wiser ge ome Freininarycatonofthe proper gut et nd fink ota ng cesta argnge, According o Sap ip “ange fs prt mon aunts tod communentinges, ents and Aes scarf wily raced yb” Tisai Auto from vr dtr, Howeves bony we ore he eect ad-Sesierm eat at hereh Hs concncie 9 hgmgs vic so cre ayo “fencer apace inerenty ames, One eet fant there are many aetna aca produed yh tt fe only ent language a wt ne elo ean oad ot 4 Langage taper seme ofthe word aaguge For oampl, whet it Sonora kere ty by means of the xpcton “oly Iengunge’-be nbs woes posts ples fea som tot to of Sap defn, Whether ec man ar nondeiaive ately, open to do, Bu so bo, w ne sal sc, rhe quinn whether ness prope be abot pe amon nd most Te Irike main pa to be mu in Spe denon. GG) tbe tine of Lng Refs Deh 8 Tages nce (anu 9) tnpuage Bs spc of hie vou gral by Totes soc group co-opcses” Whet esting ake {he dln coment Sur's ht mes no appeal eepindaly shy ingiaten wo hecormaneaine ani ‘rime len, fps al he epi upn eos in Gon andsindcingss; se sec ote, kes caer ao evel tele tang psi soy. The leh ger {stron eile: rom Supe that begs the propery of frtivernss and ex ess language woke Inga ‘Ghosokig the pre "ven leg’ conrad) The {erm arbtarns serena aber pol emer Sit come bck te hs pewenty. We wil lp come bak tothe ‘pevtu of thee ic beren lnege ane spec Xin eats o be sia ome se, fa as tatu taeaings te overt hee lose conection beeen fuze speech Lage hs trpenypnos the ome: fc pc toot nn anpnge bot Seating rau nung) hot one cn ose ge witout speaking, Tiovever, gant ht argage slopea inept fps, thee te pod gvouncs oss otal gages Ire knoe iden, spash is hors, end gerope babel Je to etn And the the iw tht mow Inv ak (GiB By Lange, Hall 58 15) at engge the mataten wey humars communicate a erat wt cla omer ty meaty wr ong {iotrysynoe Anton te pit out ee ist the fue hat both ovation a interaction ee ico tne the dein (ives bing bone han und, hi pec, fete ha -opetatn) an eon ha the 12 Some dfsons of tengeege’ 7 ‘n-ne tent be euply xunent to oe site om tenivin ort serene athe tener hohe ee sr he sender ofthe soa igri ht we cad) language aerated Hal ke Sar tee longue at puny hom nn athe term ite maker xp thew ut te eggs tht ise ys parva tse pate sey vere ‘The ope of wot ome an. for Wt ist ceo in Hal's dfn, hove, i cmploynont of htm has tan ree or feabes fF ts. Lingus and he pyc ot agua wee Soul ieee or stow vn) yeas or #0. peal ‘met, by the sine eone tne teCehaoi and within the theoretical framework of behaviourisar the term Sta aque ahersqetaecc, l wnd whl {au of boavour ta were denae aes pa Feaponses pcr sit Mech tm we wold ut moma {Sint ong dons mater hai ns og he ‘rape othe bev tem and many eons epee eft th moe ee sisal oe tm ad th ‘opin, canmit emscher ty ipkaton at ee some Semon or air th teh ml spon ion ot Inne cand bagsisanasten snow yan aed the the tery ut ly opin, ery awed Applicata in lpr: ane be pyclgy of nage “al pesinany nse ngage syste vot se that ately rusted sede oecee i pcs ‘freeman nd ercion Ba pv cea ts ‘ten of heer bem or accel be ttlemecctalanguap ae eter tcmcetaeo cnet Fbpmens of habs. Ismet keg thet ke mt 0 fanpage uteranes a 0 fe oto fees mh ey omposeds twnldlts wrongs tnt pear vere nica word as miter offs on uh endochen oan. ‘One most import acs oe ana cha te fel. connect beta werd nde tations noch fh re sed cht cree of parca wor oe * Laneuare pv se situations table, 2 talital behaviour i peat, 10 - we ess Tor example, we 40 ct hb proses a ais, Ie cotining he mod Hwee we tad ‘SRietes in staat in whic we 88 wea aa ave the word td asuch stations than wears er satons Language aswestallsclaet, tina srs jon ty) mt mal eon 1 ak ach ein ac mieten saan mga ea Bal heen Bet of atthe en cia ecuapeg teense Oo eqamlon cebooe be ates Ht NUNES ATS sae es lm nol hse on pre oF sy A an apc empl on the Kea sy Tew pas Ho Bal ea see saa cnnagee ecto (ab tei OS re tarand bc iow pres Has Wiueat ina acm sl hangs oe ie cari gy et Ruse, Du ter MA ssp elaine wth asain WE ie ota esse cond a ssn of ne a eRe a eo a cect ats xen oay a mola ofa a yo sua otc uot on A egret esr one em ENS, see cn an mibvson me eel OE empl te tt ew WO Sor oan at any time is of for less theor- re be scat 2 Hg : att tment fat tha new rama conecto st nae the couse of te, One fhe eta Fare cncter ee ae my inks Oat Ki ot ‘eSimamty and io, whet the Hi ae suf to be quid Rete sues axe ett anna ‘apt a Stig he Su ae ae ata ssa 12 Some definitions of lngeage™ s ‘ue “From now oa wlan agungete be et ito Inti) of somencs coh tench al ome of inte se of elements" Tadeo ten om Chom Spec Sacre i 19) bo abet aged te tmovement cw tance prema Unite he tet detains, tinted to ocr mc ke bese ttl Tague Bu aceorigt Chay, a tatr! ngge, in tier these of writen erm re ngs hence dnon eel pigea me soundnit (and site nero tai eae the fsunpton tat her ar npstose wing gt) nl 8). Arkoueh tre may be wink mony det niet nthe language estes canbe erste ss ate quent ef hte sums or eter) Ts he ak ote Inga cong fome pair sul lasgange o dtc vi of he ne Seqecest elements at gone re tetrcesand which ensoncnes. And the fk othe hte aps whe ie en “Mat ape” mena a! guns?” dae he ae Stace, After ae any whey ast! gongs fr for mht Gorn with thom, ry bed aoe actual langage __Tiischomsiysboler-anaeni srosed ating ins sn cet wrk ot oy hr dese ect prs bu at fe ar aay so Srpen ao HY i ther prpst ta they Sold ot pony be hae rath ya fat rap withthe problem fing ane fans. They mnt be Lown to tech ee slap er pe na she poce fing sein honay bois tha vow hat he desir als ky’ dentin of aguage’nasboen quoted et lage niet that provides wit the ors, oth nse aia Itsy athing about the conmmiztve funtion ofc alo on saad guage eye nothing shout the syle ofthe elements oF sequences of tem, Is pao: fac upon the purty acura properties angunes sto ‘ Loageage suggest tht hese ropertes cin De nesta fom anathema TIF prec pole of sey. Is Chomly's major contsibution fabs to heve given peiclr emphosis to what he cals the rectare dependence of he proses where SErIEREs A ‘ected in ntiallnguiges and to have fone» gee theory of prammar Nh § bused upon prt deation f this proper (4) "Ti fre defnttons of language quoted and bri discussed above hve sersed to truce ome ot he pees which some Tingeishavetaken oe sent features angen aswenor thon. Mostot then have taken he view hat ngage a ystems ‘fsyibols designed nit wer, forthe purpose emmunicaen. ‘Rad this ow ve sl Tok at lngtapes eo nthe secon ole The seme pin of view serio, a we sa ees the ispinecr rancho study that 7c tbe estigaton ‘eoymbe ant cormnative behniour. The question that will ‘Concern sat tha point il Yembehor heeic any simple prope iter of yroperes to: dstngishos xtra langwapes fom tet Stern Some othe pepentias mathe Den ertionst here ore afters, fexiiiy and nity, seor fom ‘munis contol aad anvctare-epedence. Others wl be aed {oibistiadecoure, The tion betewon language and speech vr be dele within 1g Language-ehaviour and languagesters 1s pow tne, howeres to draw some necessary Ssinctons of ems within the form “guage. U have alendy refered 10 K€ Crtinaion totwcon tanguape in general ClaNge (0 we the French en) ands pura tsi: Cats): ete Fingustie i sinilasy ambiqeas (ever when rltable to Yanguae’ tier than "inguwic). For example, the phic “inp competence whic hasbeen employed Chess tl, folowing him, otbers to cert a petson’s maser of @ portion: far Language i a6 les eacuraly construed in every Eg I taving reference to tke silty oft that smmcone Teivtonti acqustion or se ct os Lepage, bot fanpage Tata teneve the weed aeyisge” used adjectival Om fund mows He ebjec tthe same kindof abigity: oe % 5 13 Language beso and npagenytems 9 uage-compotene, guage scqustion’) Very oe the amb fut is 0 sensequence of feseled bythe content. When iis feportnt tc hoop the two somes of Tangugs pat shal 69 Tose one pric naguagerather than scar iet bohiein fone ay rate han aoe. Bor agpuspe peers na parc 3 agungs may be looked a as behaviour, cr act, some of which at least is absorvable, and reognzable os imguage= Bahasa, act cay by parcgantoterers (Le. apeskers anc hearers ms far a6 me ave restricting eu ateion to spoken language), bu also observers who ae not hemsees nly the tine ia ths characerntaly inactive wd commaicatve behaviour Furthermore, athoug ts the sence of langage scinon cammuneate,# sly posible forertemal ober ‘ers to cena anuag-heiortr aha teen MO ey ont hve the perils anguage a eg we an amo inrpretn traes tht are the rode the behev hts bei herve [Linguists cheney exeuh, tan el ono sch arora a Belang gore ud posi lngeagecas oti feo at ao wo other pin of vow, One hee nated Sih te tersinclogeal inci tha Chom hos deen be then competence” aa performance he te. wth he some: ‘ior ere daadion dat Fendonad de Soesre iow Fiisse tt te toning of te cefey, tore "kope” wd ‘pane When we sy of socone that Be speaks Engl, we cin ena ‘one of te ths te (0) athe, hal er esceraly exes a4 parr Knd of Debit ot (tat eh is bit hster he execs tor not ngage pada lind behaviour Raters hermes porate Inter at competence. wo cn ay tit efornce peas ‘armptencs, heen competence der act pesufpne Pror fice. Push nthe nto etree once td pe fermace rly enero Sotoe Chm tee etn, however nly we cnr (et aqu com tence we mst eve ht the pga at t to Lameucge Sieur pero on partir ecasonsis ermine by many other ‘actors over and above thea ngusticcompeteace, There och ‘n Chomsky smece detailed feetatacn of he noun of agus ‘empetence thats high comteoversial. Bt tis need ot conere feat proent (cf. 74). Here i aulcient (0 pote thay for ‘Choma, wha lingua a deserting when they ate desc niag pace language 1s. not tbe performance 2s wich (be. elie oar, tut the competence of ts speaker; ns form tis pres Tnguisie, which underkes ad euler possible tei performs. ‘One's inguizis competenoy is ene knowledge of 4 parc language Since begs sconcmed vith senting and eng satsactonyteoretizl about of the determina gui Competence ists cafe aeconngto Choa, asabransh ‘of eognve pyehology. ge’ andy’ sitar rau by Sars, ibsinid urbe filly independent dincioes: Most inporant of ese were so tween Seats potentl aad what act othe oe hen and he “Gninclm btnecn wha sxsw nda he tile cf73) Mat Sau eld ove m3 pee ienep hat the commen posession a ne mente ea fever ngumgecomer (2a te who te acknowiedged {orpeat te ume gangs) The echt Yanga’ hich os sro hove en, ay one of th erry ow meaning “Nenana et arsed Engi es 8 Bone ‘cnpoyat cet eSamereansese, We il mode he term tngogesyeu ple ot inte wl conse sth ‘fngugebctavour ntl at ast, ine wey tat Sse rote “agus end pai, A lenguagroetn 8 [nmccenon, orien, wich of feb putt absae thaithaaopyscal existence, put when sactaaeen pat In ecco he bgt of adil members of the lingvgecommesity. Up 1 = point, what Chomsky eas get competence ca be ese, realy enough, ot ih felangegesyten, th the pical spetke owed ot the languaesten, But Sous ave scl empha the ‘Scaler isfntonal racer f ngugosysems Therefore he iiowph flingwscesbelngslont todayy and soca peo 14 Language and spec " Jogy dha tis © copie prgehcogy. Blany ether Magus have ‘aken the sme view. Otber, ower, have Hol that Language systems can es shoulbe stud independent thee yeh ‘peal orsociobyieal cereaes, We turn othe povntin Chapter 2 Let. ufo she present simply aoe ha, when We say ha he Tings i terested in language, we imply that he iter, primary, in the sruture of language stems 1g Language end speck Misone ofthe cucu princes of meer igus that spoken languages more basic then writen lngunge, This dosnt mean, “however, tatlonaoge to eens th sposch Adtncion rust be dean between langvge-signal nd the medam in which ‘he slzals are realized. Thus tis posible fo read albad whats ‘wen and, conversely, te write down what spoken. Lire ative speakers of a language can tk, ia gercal, wheter ths prose of tanlesags lnaguage signal fom one madam the ters heen correct cate outer not Ino faa age independ thissence, ef hermetumtn which angels ‘se ealzd, we wil ey thas language haste propery of we teunsterabiity. Thi samortinpertant property onete which Gr teal aenon hasbeen sid general dcusions ofthe nate ‘ottafenape tsa property which, a we sal se, cepend pen ‘tHE and which, With dhe, conte to the ext ard Indnpodity of laguage-stens what ene, chen, spoken lngiuge mace bse tan wien language? And why sit hatin gute ae incinedto make. etn feature of natural languages hat hey should be 388 61 1 contest he tas of ‘eaitional grammer and tradhionllangunge-eacing. Url re ‘en, prammarines have heen concerees amos xcosy wth the guage of ieature and have tate itl esoum terry) ‘logulal speech. all oe often tes have ested fhe aos ot eraryasge asthe normselortectn forthe angel and ave condernod colloquial age ns fa ater Gombirary ‘sage ssungeammaten slovenly or even llogial.nthecoe ct the nneteer cemury,peat progress vas mace ee esas b argue tion ofthe historical development of languages, Seba came to Teale more leery tan before dat changes iy the Ingwage of nen texts ef dierent pris changes of he Kad hat verthe ‘terior eescrmed Lin into Frese, Kala 0 Spars fr ‘Sharple~coull be expences of cages tat taken ‘lace the cerespondiagspoten leguage. The winlty and [hig of nguszecuggescoesdrabyobsured a ewe eno he pt at hve some va tow by he conseratim of Serb ations many cute, and by the cortined ue ves Tong pti ia egal an vgs documents nin erature, of fan ncremingl sechale syle of wing AW the se lketary Tanguges of the word are deed, wlmately, rot the spoken language of pactialr communis. Futhermors ica mater of ‘oral aceon that he wage ofone pion oat anesadal elas ‘hou! have served the bas othe development of sandard ‘Meratylangeage i pater corsmuritesdthat, consequent, ‘the deco ter repins a of other soil chesessbouldrow be Teenie, ther oenare, an iafriereranbtandad vss ‘the langue, Such ntheforce of he adeonal prejudice in favour festa ns wien oma ve for huss 1 persuade laymen of te ft chat ort Gales, general, ee sega or systemic than standard erat langagesand have tei ows norms of reste, ima ‘em nthe wenger mative eaters One o te est and most tcl task ose ct HOES aque the ey onside spoken language ow is ovm fees, a it were, wihout thinking sat the pronunciation «word orphewe cx sable, ‘determined by spelling “Tv desire to redres the lance in favour he unpejudied ‘vestigation of speech ane spoken tnguge does net of coun Insti te adopton othe pinspie Hat spoken language fy mone ‘bese _andot singly no lsu than ween ngage Soba dds ori’ mesa’ The Retell ploy of speach over writs Mts ise dwt, There se human sey KRown to ex oF to have exited at any time i te pes witht he capac of Speech Aittoul baguiges, sv we Krom hem day i ost pans tthe mod, aay be either writen or poten the ist majntyof ‘eeites have, unl tee, bvn eter totally very Ingly 4 Language and sped ry Iie. Hiworcal priory, however, Is 4 es important than ‘her Kings of prionty implica by the tera "bn in thi ceext Stracturil, fonctions an, arguably, bolic “The structaal prety cf poke lange msy be explsine ae fails. meneglea. rhe momen. any dierences of ye that there might be beiweeo comespaning wien and spoke Tangagen and make the ssumption that evry sce puke Sentence ca be enverted nto anascptie wien sentenand omversely. then we nave no reseoe to tik of either hein etved event asa mater of astral et em the otter. The Stevie of writen scataces depend upon sentiible dine tions of shape; the stratus of spn sentences upon ent able isiciont ot wand, Inthe thers ded cave one tone fumesponience hone between the spoken ad the writer Setcences of» language, can wren sentence wil Be somerpbe Wit (i, have the same intent Sauer a) the soresMig Spoken sentence. For sxample ite witenscrsncen ma seo Aalphabetcweting stem, parla eters willatand in core: Pndence with particular sags se purtular combine of leters wll be ia oneo-one crtespendenee, a word cr pases, With putclar combination of sounds. Not ll eombintas of Toners ate aecopabe;norarealleombinstons of eunds Butthee isan important ference hotwoen letters a round eth Spec. The potently tthe sound ina pata gage have for coining with one another depend in part pon the Propeiesof the medium tel certain cmbinsonnetandsare ‘iter unpronoancseleo diffe pronounce andinpart pon ‘hemore specifies ha! held for hat lngvag sons The otentaty that fetes have fee ombining with one seeker Toll unpredisable ie ters of ther sane. Ie predictable however. oa greater ores extent, nal apap atk se ‘of an alphabetic weinaster in tems he asin fpr ear shapes itn patie sounis and fhe penis that he sounés have for combining with one anctiee i speech In ths revpect cielo, spoke lanuae strctraly mre st an ‘rien Ingsnge, even thug the ews gh be nomi, he ‘oro eal testa te ovel of ach aor ut or an pease. tshould he noe tthe poor dos not ha with 4 Lengage respest wo lansap ta me eo win ens wih {htc isoanbctn of puta sap ate seat ‘a at itor doer net, or comps ih pe ‘Glen Cees, rien nt tational hrc or Ascent "ayn, arena heey iste he ne sonra rot en nage cre wen aos {or ax Chie comers hs ch ese mon open ta bp to acrenpdeer oth qt Sin ond etaly inecmpatentle ten dre unc pris ie och and vert Fen totes hero ira fared rere ‘ones te poker lagunge stl oredr apet pps Sie ieee ae een ‘nee on see neh me sea-mery sma Aen posi nrehbleo nett Ante Enemon ete ‘plone ad pees hes made omit te ‘pote ingsnes tm cteumcs in whith te ten hopes Sosa han ben apne inte prt were peor beemeaninita edema mdte pecenectioer fon ere cere Suen hat wr gta ehemel Threelac te ke bea sink ingot pups osghout ison and were ee perpen seyret. feta ering ender delphi othe fete formaty ed resi ite na ny ca hae ct toh mere terra queen of alee rt: Terme gent hombre etn Focpespuncnd ct nl a peg, Ett a Tethered sn ecg sence Inhssotentese pated tent nas ennon es tom the mech orgs (vege) = sant ea ‘order nh ope sere sone ly oe tase oncom tan tt pedig vo cpt Thine ote th ee he Ina we next. the eth n {ewig fo, nd oon ene tee sl er Se Wien thy ec tor eet cle ny ater ‘ati moral ppl to nl flag lc {oleh taco fs mh eran ose ts may 14 Lenguage and speck ts Baie wees a eran oales Sot an neces eet etn Petpe igertgudee elntdoe poiseal lil aleve open tel Searches geet semen mcabaed ne ca erase eo cg See ee ee nese oer enee See ee seatieacaat et Renee See Seiaeareuacae Tanta eter, Feat pee oett et ane prodaed manly sad lceed teen coe aaa aon ae os Seochy carpe cae mesa Soomro eae eene es eee eon Se ee are sia accep renee See uae ean eee Seo cer nae ee ers aes eeee mc oe rani page ene ees ee ee ame Era ptepe tole cad ee een eis oe eee oe ee ee, ere penne ad Smee emacs ema Eig ee nae eS pecs oe pee ee © Language “The fact ems, however, that there is a iflerence between biopic! and lov prioaty At hs been emphasied ateady, Tnquage tis 19 2 very igh degree the property of modi’ teat, Te the noma eur of evens chien segue a “ommond ofthe splen Inguage stray (ee by vet oF heir bolic ncwment ad whe spec ain). waeres reat Ingand wrt are spec shin hich cieen ate vivenspecia [isrction tay upen tcc rice Lnowlede of aspen langage. ‘Nevertalem ct only stilton, bt ake scutes leur ead ind mite without excemive fey: and i gute possible ‘hough amasun to ear aiten ingaage witout hatte pi ‘commanl ot he ssocieteu spoken language. Rabe posible to len potcl sacs of communizeton thet are based pon itt eapoken nor averton language, aa fane ofthe systome hed hy the dea occu, Hwe meet deer voce Rg 4 twten orgestral stem of communication ta tad al the oer ‘Using properties of language, Duc nastever realized in the Spoken median, we wuld sul eer to thi system f cone ‘Menton a langusge, One should not, therelore, lace Yoomch nips on theological priory of Speech Tarthermoce, when i comes to tbe problem of desbing par sil lrguages,theve i goo reson fos he gut 0 eat the ‘Conesponding witenand spake language ort ees, rather {han shu, eomonphie Rion the hearcal seal, 8 ‘coker tat there rmplete omogphis. No winger Set devised (her Ina he ste asripon designed by Phonetic for tks ery press) poids forthe epresenation ‘kal dhe signet dsnctions pee it lls hat there ae ‘enerally several noo-equlent ways oF pronoun the same ‘rien centence, ifning i tess. intonation, et Panction- Imarisand the 9 fasor epi serve mach he sume perpese in wsten ange a0 dozen ueintonationin spoken language, ‘ut the former sun never adeqnatelyrepreset the iter Du ‘eatin musts ent te fe! Patthee se alvay oth fancional and stuctral_cerseces erween 1, itwas impose To eicerm in ew ay sie of evolutionary dlevelpeent from 4 moce pemnive fo 2 more edvenced state ur hove other evidence sore cf new And the eign of language, once apn, te ube: of solar debate. pete ‘aps premature wall of soluions. Waatcan be said, Lower, that tao seers mach more phvile than did afew yeas ago ‘hat langage onglastedae gesture ether than vocal, temo ammunition. One pee ef eidence the eens ha pol. ‘ogists have hid in teaching ehmpanases fo undetstend ae se tecompes anf, upto point aguge-te estar sien. I ‘ov pete that the filo of chimpanvees to acaice speech Sime experments in the pat i, a part a Seat, explained 5 ‘eatvely smal ut import, dierencesn the vocal ong of ‘man andehimpanze. [tao appears fromthe stcyo fxs tha ‘he val orga of Neanderthal nan were mote ath os {He t thse of shimpanecs nnd otter primate, whl Bare @ ‘estrited range of veel cae, br commureato wit oncasether thoswld guteestensvely by sane ofpestree What this oer tvidence suggests is that langage may have st evened a & {gurl system at tive when man's aneetrs were aleping a ‘pent peture, ths fresing th hands, andthe brain ws Both increasing ie size and seqing the potential or he speciale ‘of ceomper presi tncions ithe demieant hemisphere. At some pint and for bologkaly plausible reasons he gest system would ie ben converted ino a yea system al woud hive sulsequenty acquired the property of duality whch owe have seo, permits « ory considerable inreae i vos. Tk follows that noe all characterise properties of naguages, a8 We ‘row them, may ave Dee resent rm he startandthat nage Ald deed evolve trom not-angusee, The act Fonsi, However, act oly that al knewnlanguages itisthe oeal-anditoyehamnel tats used primary an oe for ther wana, bat ko that sl known lngunges are of oupiy equal compet, fr $8 tee rummatea!soctee S seacerned. “Theory exception utmuntbe nde fothlatis peseliaton im respect of pil languages: These ae spiaandIangges, xe Lengeege ved for tae or sina purposes ty tose why hive a0 oer ‘common lags. ess choacterite of pags that thy have 3 simplified grammar anda igh retried vrabalry by compar ‘son with the nue, oF anges. upon which they are bs Bet they ate wed for very resid purposes and when, ae fen happoucl, wha pews ply conte wed nthe ‘mother tongue ofalenguage-commusnt, ites ony famanesiteclt ‘with x moreectense vocabulary, ba ako develo to gr ‘matical complexity. in miscespee. rather has terms oF heir ‘tg, thar pidas are asiagusied by inpuss fom wha ae ‘alleereaelonguges icokes nay lok, orsounl, very muck pidins.butthey arene cloner to being prime langage. of hudimentary stuctie fan ste any of the thoecece of natural Sanguayes ha id not carat, 38 We Know, a BN, sah ‘Tacrc ar, ofsoure,eoseral dliferensenin the esas of difeore ggingos. Ie may therfore be aceoery t0 len ‘Suayaparicursebject orth erstccety aboot Inthistens, fone language may be beer adapted than ane fr pteulat purposes. This doesnot sin, however. thatone language ita Seals chereepoorerthan another All sing language, mye sured af of tei ery ature elie systems ec tion AS the communetvenesds cf a sity eaenge «their language wil change to meet thee new nes, The voabulay wll ‘oentonded, chery borrowing words fom other naguagesr by ereating thom from existing words The fe that men langage Spoken what ar sometimes relered ome vederdveloped oun tres ack words forte concepts ant mera produt of modern seiene ad echblogy does aot py that te tanguages in gue tionacemere primitive than the languages hat date sec words, In just mean ha certain langasges have act been tad, fara eas, by thse involves i the developmen of sence and Yech- oly. Wena beemphasize, ncoclnion, tht dhe pepe that thee reno prnitve langinges is tse mach an empiri Bding of nguitc research ass weting hypothe, We must low for the sity cat ngage do ten rammatical complet a Oncaea ers ” thatthe difeereeshave nso fr teen acevo by hing. It sould bea unslenie to deny tht this polity ext the to sy tht Latin i tinal poor of more express than otal or ene of he Australian Aboriginal langues os ener miteductions tls npii-scoverin ar orless ‘ial aadtondfeventpriabefvte, te tpes sesh wen inchaper Saeco ete wars nod inthe logan ‘tus ne ote subst mgt Beni with Aeon a8. capes 1a; Akan, Demers & Marah 79), pes 19; Cha (96 (Cys (7. eapter 1 For (9 ape Prom & Rodan (Gonp,eopten 1 yous (ye). caper ‘igo ce ater The then mow textos and vats tte i the iba, may Fk ‘Sata lean sgt or en ‘onvoeet and wit, we ale Hao (471): Gelb (69): Has (99: ‘owls (a7) that 1: Lyon (a ceo nh. Ul ‘ou Yctek its lor): of he rer werk 8 paces Ite in the urbe snag for Chapt 9 bac ‘nthe snc pin en Ging win communion ne ‘Ales 19 Chey os Ee Noe de 7) eagles) ‘ose (tata Hock & Alon (9) Manes (oy) shir ‘Laos orb) seen. 44% Medel omar Soak Gish tpl Tarp (37 ‘Om cent werk with chimps, se Ati, Domes & Harish (Gop gare 1: Heomn Coo) Care & Cet [ry se) inden (Capos Pret (eg) Rambagh Gs ‘On he spy sets wed byte de Klan & Dag iy pe (Gop Ste ue ‘Ontde cag efanunge, sly Heves (107: tema isa Com Wet (ap) (ha opis de wth thi gr are del ith emer eal in ‘Capit 1, mere tre! ree ie, Fagin wat eset y fedoras otra 2. perionmance presmnoss compete, were compete Jet prouppesepefoane” (9). Disc, 2 Wha incon fry, ould ou dnb ged compris nc ae” 2 Language ‘rennet yn ns at ea ssomebo no De ‘Ainapecch aime ihe reese tome" tester 999) Doe (Gifs raceme ta aa) Lanpige sentinel vers bee Dow apr fetes ft ernest (3) eta ao ear Thurso any wt dee rien Engh sane nee pms Ergin" Wuathvolnbmatnts itm, oy SHEIK tence a wrtog ugh ae nad Da ‘nce prea? an yeu a ef ny Bagi ete is ago Sider ut lapcenstin espe lngige Cove oe Myenexesfatreambigonsinbeoenenlengnge betes the Steen npn te hs estoy of a mate y epee ecta ree cciere eed Sompmens ce asus) ow docs Ena compe wits er Iagags known 1 you ia ip fi atone hole wees pete a promt ‘Ware apumens rad api eg ine some eeryiay empleo ihe anon of writen Bap lg tesa anton sseeand ene fhe nt Speke Epi By aa a shin (change ponuciionot ny ae thc ot ae ha rg he spt then mus poo certo mak Iie Apatite nde npesonunaredper ee leer rt eset tho cic ak 9) Wi (Geer) dcoe inp ewe anguapee revenge ‘Mion onetnpo? dow ay emery eto bese dat and mening Fant is mean by arte wire etna Grose ‘Vist dotnet, ny, wl yor de Denon profes and creas! Te mes exese asin paren tat beweey ngage ong pete open ‘rata qbyand be cps sn erwns inl Questions and exercise 2 gin ape [Choy 7 6). Hae thie ton Be le by ‘dn deat nnd es ea hes sso ong bon ermal inany thar fe word, nceapor tho nto ha yet Calvandpbigetencly ie aes estalsngungetehe ‘Sets equpped br pee (ane 3). Dies The the vrs spe some wad bythe Sea hy led ater In genera how casts ie on ds? Wa aan an we hdc tings tt teenth orspnerand oe Seiler" no cen”? (Fete gurson ay Be dewed e- Siesay netic pte bt el 93) “There or mln dae sed ef the Ovee Engh ‘he pes or fogs cen he as wih wn bers > itor be pcb, font fol the lig dane. One 2: Linguistics 24 Branches of linguies Aswehavesoun, bth langungein general and prtiularnguages, ‘an he stud rom dfean pit of iow. Therelre the Bld of linia» whee cane dire intosever bil aconding {0 he point ot view hat i sxdopted or the special emphasis tat faven to ove set of phenomena, oF assmptin, tather a brother "The it tinction to be Aen ie Batesn gerald deep tive ngstic. This is in Hl staightfowwaed enough Ie coer ‘nds tothe dsincion betwee studying langage i genera and ‘Seserbing partarlnguages- The question What lnguage? ‘uhh, inthe review chap, was tid to be he eortaldeBaing {question fhe whole dasifwicimore prope seen 5 the ental ‘Question m pneralHinuiss. General Ingustesand desrptie nguistis ae by ae meansapelated, Each depose, expe ot Imply pod the oie: general guia spp the cones and categorios in terms of wbichpantcular languages ave tobe ‘analyed descriptive inguin ts un, rovieethe data wich oafrm cr fete the propositions and theories pur forward ‘ener layuses.For example, the wneral ings: might forms Tite the hypothesis that ll languages have ns td vb. The sete linguist igh ete ths with empiialeidece thot there ie stleattone language inthe decription of wich the distinc ‘vor etneennoursano vers cannotbe etaited Burdett» Fefuie, oF conta, the hypothe the descipve Kagis mus ‘operate with some concep of ous and Ve! which have beet Stpplied wo hi by the general ingest “There se of couse al sors of reat why one might with to ese» pavcularlnguaze. Many of tose working Ia desap- ‘ve Ling wil be dens, rot Dectae they are terested a 2 Brasche of linger s Providing dats for genta Hagitics or i tenting ending ‘theories and hypotheses, bot tocaue they wish © prodice ‘efevence paramar or dicionary for practical purpose. But thie {ict docs at afet dhe nerdependence he to complenentiry subi of general and decipiens, Throughout the sinetertheentry, ngs were very meh ‘concemed with ivesipating the deta of the historical develop ment of particular languages and wi forming pnerl ype ‘theses about Iangusg-change. The bench ofthe Usp that eal wihthese materia kw, satay esp 6 Meir Fea inguin ie obviue tat hits gui, ‘on-bicallingesics, ose can be serewed in larga in sue vin partir anguages.Itisconvensnt to ment ae Point te mor tenia tems iaen en synenrone, The wore ft used by Saesre (whose daintion of Tongue tnd ‘parole was refered to nthe prececing chapter), dnc desentton of tnguage taces te historical developmen of the lange and tery the changes thar ave tlken pce i teen successive pots te’ Uachronk sequent there foceto hors’ A anchroniedeseipton of ngage sno Iitorea it presents au acouet of she languge a it ome atc pon n tere. A thi chown i hat whieh olds deren tenet srt ld Linguists, Bie hers lings suds Inga andlangssers witha vent constuetngathoory of il uctare an futons an wibout sped oan poste apltions ta the imestzaton of language snd lngiages might hve, wheres plied linguists as asi cencerastneappatonof the cones ‘nding of lnguistics co vase of prc sks, ting Inaguage teaching. In principle, the distinction betwen the thee ret and the spp independent cf the ether tw dictions Aravusofe,Inpractce there ishitlediference mae beeen the cums thers lingua peneral mgt 3th or ranted by mest of hoe who we the er Beolingus ‘hatbe gale thecretealiguiaess the formueton ce stisfoe toi theoryot ine strucure of anguage in gener At as appli Tings s concerted, tear a i eas bt eee sn the desrpive branches of the sabes » Lingus “The our, final, ichotomy has todo with rarmwer and rome ew of the scape of the sub. Tete fs a0 enerally cepted verainologia stneton fo ths: we wil use he ems “mitolinic on rnolng’ saying tating tise one adopt tbe aereewer view and ia macnn the Ircaervew Ar tenarroves meraingusisieconcenet solely vat tbestrecture oanguagesstems witout regardio the wayit hie languages are cya, sored in he ban wedi Met arious faeions without rzord to the iatadopendence of language and eae; wthoat regard tothe phywiologic! and pPestelnpen mectamsn hare mols inlingae-behaen: fm stort, wthoet regard to aasehing omer han the Tans system, corsideted (a Saussure, of eather ser, pati) In ‘elt and frill. At ts bres, nacrobngaitcs x cmcoried ‘sith everthing thot pestins et aay ag atl © language and langage Since any disilines eer han inguisies are concerned with Aang, i wt erp dat several Sterdcipinaty ais shoud have boen Kei within mocrlingtos and given 8 ‘dsinctive name: ecilingustin,peysholingitics, “thao Tings, syst ‘One pont that Bust Ye emphaseed dat de estinction tetwoen ntti ard nerolinuiaiasindepeadent te izinction between theocticl and sped lingua, Ther in Fincipe. a cretial aspect to every braeeh of macrlinguitice. Tso happens that such areas of applied linus a language teaching Ht 6 esienal 10. te the rower, rather han the Inrower, view of he seucre ad factions of languages. Tis fs why some euihors havo incorpocted what here calod imacolapieie within applied lnguticn "Wes tok seme atea of naernpustisin sterehapters ‘unde bouphe ia, niente acknowteoye imports ct language to 0 many disciplines, linguicscught 1 take the ‘reader posable view of te mubjct ater, Thee ie seme ‘which th te The proble st tere Yt ed may overbe,asatstacor theoretical framewerk wthin Which we can ‘io lngungestmlaveousy fre pyehoboucl sociological >eultr an cothetirand a neuralgia pont of vem (ot 22 linguistics scene? ” to mention several other equally relevsetwcwpoints), Mos in ‘Buss nowadays would say tat theoreti pncbroak miro linguistics that comstites the core af thelr dcpine and ives it ‘ohatever unity nd eoberence has. Akt al book vl ‘bs dove to this central core the rent wll be concerned! with ‘stra ings set with elected rea of wucrliguisic 22 Ue linguiticn shee? Linguistics is uually defines nthe sine olan ote arma tively. asthe scene stay oflangaage (1.3) The ver atthe ‘here sul be 2 ten, inthis tok apdin other introdactone linguistics, devoid expt a eseason a the cent sat ‘te dace shou a1 pass wihoat comment, ARE all lc Pine whos rene stasis anquctione past, chemi, Thalgy, ete ~ foal ae aced $9 justly the Cy 10 be called ‘iene. Why 00d lngustin be xo cosine to defor the ‘ality oft ue? And why 6 th n dete sstente sredentas, te ngs oe she the impression of grtesting {og euch? The reader has every righ to be siphons “The fist poont tht must be made is that the Engh word “selene is mich narrower ints eoneras tha aay ef tonne ‘ionalyacepte causinion

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