STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES GYAN ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY Paid Courses | ‘reestudy Material video Notifications anezarg) ler State PSC) eee == eae JOIN OUR PAID GRP FOR COMPLETE —[SsnyuppseSpoiecczom| ‘STUDY MATERIAL - ONE STOP syuppss Spo DeSTInRTION EORIALT Oni aman SERVICES EXAM CALLING NUMBERS - 8564880530 , 9696066089 ©E@ ieecccesse _@) 7838692618,STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN Jont Indian HE siete areca sfteret Chapter 1 Importance of Indian Ancient history + Ittells us how, when, and where people developed the earliest cultures in India. It shows how the ancient Indians discovered and utilized natural resources, and how they created the means for their livelihood.We know about ancient script. + Many races and tribes intermingled in early India, (The pre-Aryans, the Indo- Aryans, the Greeks, the Scythians, the Hunas, the Turks.) Ancient India saw the birth of Brahmanism or Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, butall these cultures and religions intermingled and interacted, + The ancients strove for unity. The li subcontinent was geographical defined and its geographical smitjhwas supplemented by cultural, Ce integration.Though th ‘many states, languages, c communities, g ‘ople “vir | identity, + Our ages philosophers, and erSyieWed the country as an egal unit. ‘We know about the great kings (Ashoka, Samudragupta) who tried to establish their authority from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin and from the valley of the Brahmputra in the east to the land beyond the Indus in the west were universally praised. rere sre wed kal + ag git zara 2 Br aa, va she ah, at 3 ara epearch deg tar Patra AI ag tian 8 fi arta ea sarge eereeit tr ate a fear, shri Rab ecerwenre a egal ate ail 8 ow ga ae aa + pbs a ora fae gare Ream acer sangre a ag a art oe safowrfita Rear ar az cart an eee ona at atephite bec ar ae Fe am fix ft af arsit, art, dept fre rere a afer a, AR aT Botta agers Part aerate afta care or HT RST rer Tora (mei, TATA) ate one &, Pareta fearra 8 ae ey arin ae ate cd age Aaa are ofr ft anit oe are afirare sete ec sears FT aT JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN ‘+ The word Hind or Hindu is derived from the Sanskrit term Sindhu, and on the same basis, the country became known as ‘India’. In post-Kushan times, the Iranian rulers conquered the Sindh area and named it Hindustan, ‘+ We cannot ignore the fact that ancient Indian society was marked by gross social injustice. - discrimination against women, inequalities hatred for lower order. India cannot develop rapidly unless such vestiges of the pastare eradicated from its society. chapter-2 The Construction of Ancient Indian History Material Remains + ‘The methods of archaeology help us t WY recverthe materia renans ae | + Although writing was known, semi te hi ean i the indus culture, thas moysbarbeen deciphered Decinhe sa hrewnininding sin ielentry many tions «-Tyeng Map aians lee innumerable Sheraremaine, The stone temples in Ce fon India still stand to remind us of se reat building activites ofthe past «The major part ofthese remains lies buried in mounds scattered all over India. + fe ar fig eras sega ares fit @ PT ara ae sat tree, Ren ATTA wut ara ara 1 gat Fare, Earth ares 3 tr er oe Ft rr ah ‘arate ger ca ee ee oem HT rarcsierst Tet we aT A srt erecta rarer 3 arrarfare pan at fret ar a afearat &, areas ae ate ara a Pe ara 6 at PEG at =e af attra ait ar raat Rectan eet ae ect el + eal arg A tart agente & wea HE fg steph Hara at a a, eT sara a orf at Fae aT aT Suan & raat & Sar ek A Ate rare At eer ater Bert AY ara fireadt 2 + onda aredial ater aaera aie 21 after area & aac te qf area Heat oft as att oft arta Ft wera Pratereret afafafieat & faa # aart & fore sate & u + er aaindt eran am Ge are # fat Sit ar gar 8 JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + The science that enables us to systematically dig the successive layers of old mounds, and to form an idea of the material life of the people is called archaeology. Goins:- + The study of coins is called numismatics.people stored money in earthenware and also in brass vessels. We have catalogues of the coins in the Indian Museum at Kolkata. + Our earliest coins contain a few symbols, but the later coins depict the figures of kings, and divinities, and also mention their names and dates. + The Guptas issued the largest number of gold coins.(indicating trade and commerce flourished rished). + Only a few coins belonging to the post- Gupta period have been found, which indicates a decline of trade and commerce in that period. contain religious symbols a1 religion of the time. XS + InIndigasa while, the earliest we of inscriptions recorded & Ils of temples. Ti earliest inscriptions were written in rakrit in the third century BC. Sanskrit was adopted as an epigraphic medium in the second century AD and its use became widespread in the fourth and fifth centuries, but even then Prakrit continued to be used. + Coins also portray kings and g on legends, d ‘fat Sy + ra Rare omar ger a aafteg cit or araferg 0 ea PT sara 8, ake safer seer ava fra % aH ETA Her, sa frre a ere far aT TAT BI + Rah aes at ares wet Fag accra ate rt ser eee tera caret & afin Fm rat Preara, oft ar ae aT a + at crate ars Fata fer sar ate sat enfife t ahe derma serrate th wath ser ere ht ra ae anf oe rete Bra iS axe saree tte afro Pera aftrera.- 2 aren, arta Prerdhe gore re ot Fara a Ra A Beard oe sire oH ae io Bek PT eat arte fer Gar a eras it arg Fara ae GA eras Ht sepa at oe set Sr ahh ar wT i appara sar ar ae At ste att arore Ht gaeet git arrest, Ser ae aft arg at seni a ce JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + Most Ashokan inscriptions were engraved in the Brahmi script, which was written from left to right, but some were also incised in the Kharoshthi script which was written from right to left. + For Indian history, the earliest deciphered inscriptions are Iranian. ‘They belong to the sixth- fifth centuries BC and are found in Iran. They appear in Old-Indo-Iranian and also in Semitic languages in the cuneiform script. + Ashokan inscription were first deciphered in 1837 by James Prinsep. + Some convey royal orders. Others are votive records of the followers of Buddhism, Jainism, Vaishnavism, Shaivism, + Some inscription throws light on achievements and conquest of rulers for example Allahbad inscription of Samudragupta. Liter: ce: + ftrter rita Preece araft Fh a sebtet @, sft ard & ard fer are @, afer para Pat sol &, ara ard era are + aren eftgre faa arte afr far of Paver a a, fer 21 3 fe ‘pd at rare Eat Serr Hho ai tedden atc after Feats Fatt # i + meite frat ar art 37 area fea act : Tees ata mi, wi, : 5 genta reser erat f, SY + arettPe arette areca 4 2500 far oa : Alogi ann ns ina iy sft Fat a ara ry ee a to write as early as 2500 BC, ta the AD fourth century. includes the se Ramayana and tea fé Puranas, and the like, Thy throw considerable light on cultural conditions of the Sci eye In the post-Vedic period Cor fea large corpus of ritual Xi in the post-Vedic period we have a large corpus of ritual literature.Grand public sacrifices to be made by princes and men of substance belonging to the three higher varnas are set out in the Shrautasutras sae aig et erarelt 8 et mata + fierier afta geet Per eh Bi Fag oft: egen 3, errr tre aararea, Fo, ste efter Bart srr arin ste wiephaee Rafat cant seprer erat Bi ARF Te are ser i gare re aque age aT OF aarti + afte ara are aterre arieer A reared 8 ate teva aver frog ait errant are Pr ar ara wor ada war Re, AAD Peart al JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + Domestic rituals connected with birth, naming, sacred thread investiture, marriage, funerals, etc. are prescribed in the Grihyasutras. + Sulvasutras, which prescribe various kinds of measurements for the construction of sacrificial altars. They mark the beginnings of the study of geometry and mathematics, + The earliest Buddhist texts were written in Pali, which was spoken in Magadha or south Bihar. The Jaina texts were written in Prakrit and were eventually compiled in AD sixth century in Valabhi in Gujarat. + We also have a large body of secular literature. To this class belong the law- books, called the Dharmasutras and Smritis, which, together with their commentaries, are called Dharmashastras. They prescribe the duties to be performed by the different officials. material for the study of andent In polity and economy.As! Panini. prise kavyas with social and cultural 30,000 lines of poetry arranged in eight anthologies called Ettuttokai. + The Sangam texts are different from the Vedic texts, particularly the Rig Veda, as, they are secular. (praise of various heroes and heroines). fr tka + The works of K: and dramas, the most famous of which is Abhijnan: intalam.(provided us ga fare, arco, after a, rare, ct nf Fai Faure 81 ery Hama he & Prater & ry AAT ware Stare afi 81 ag ofa ste afer aor ft acer wt Par we a wat aga ata oe rH ree a, Gr sor a afer fare 8 att oe ft ferorac eters weet ZIT eare-arg tsa ae a a sar deren 21 ag a arctra orth athe orem 5 pera % Fe arent rare wear 21 crf ren saree At carat Haro atc TEs antter ¢, Ranta wat a aftr 8h (eat ger arene ate aera afta 8 ae fearar i) sega Batat aarar, dre arfgor area ge afta sa Ath, eerie Staged are are tert Harare 30,000 sferat tetra err 2 aio a Aft et 8 are 8, FRET sath, Fiife Snir 8 (PAP saree ste ater ot seta) JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN Foreign Accounts: + The Sangam literature is a major source of our information for the social, economic, and political life of the people living in deltaic Tamil Nadu in the early Christian centuries. + Indigenous literature can be supplemented by foreign accounts. + Greek, Roman, and Chinese visitors, either as travellers or religious converts came to India and they left behind accounts of the things that they saw.Greek writers named Chandragupta Maurya as Sandrokottas, There is no mention of Alexander in Indian sources. We got to know about him from Greek sources. + ‘The Indika of Megasthenes gave information about Mauryan, administration, Social life and economic activities during Mauryan period. The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea and + ara afer far ft ares aft writ afiraarg cai are att arent, afin she croifien aftr aie eget araret wera FCT 2, ‘fateh Ram: + aaah Racor a Raft ane aT TCR aera aT wear. Ptolemy's Geography, both written in Sy areifita qerara arTaTe sara FCT el Greek provide valuable data for the study of ancient geography and commerce. travellers, Both of ther iddhists, and came to this c Buddhist shri idy Buddhism.Fathsiep describes the social, religious, kon mic conditions in India .e Of the Guptas, and Hsuan Tsai its a similar account of, in\Yhe age of Harsha ‘cial inequalities , which prevail despite universal suffrage, indicate the nature of ancient Indian society. Rural rituals and caste prejudices illustrate many of the Dharmashastra rules governing our ancient polity and society. ‘wat a eT: oe anftare ate a aia sfett ar a art ata &, steam ait ate dha tao a Ae ata ne a torre HCH ATA rg a ga are area Har, anit te aa fefeataeit a achat far, ste ee wate ea ee TH ah ge ara sega Fer oT + auntie sear, st artatfine enfirare ararge ae &, ret reer sara ft pha at eft act 81 anf arabe ae fara wera eater rer ar aoa act & at gare ort srarhifs are rar Price ea Hr JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN Historical sense:- + Ancient Indians are charged with a lack of sense of history. It is evident that they did not write history in the manner it is done today, nor did they write it in the way the Greeks did.the Puranas provide dynastic history up to the beginning of Gupta rule. + The importance of time and place, vital elements in history is indicated in Puranas, Several eras, according to which events were recorded, were started in ancient India, Vikrama Samvat began in 57~ 8 BC, Shaka Samvat in AD 78, and the Gupta era in AD 319. + Inscriptions record events in the context of time and place.Indians display a considerable historical sense in biographical writings- for example = Harshacharita by Banabhatta in the seventh century. wfaerte gf: sorter are t sftgrer of gfe wr ara ar ada arate ara aa Bl TE TES A sara Foren ace & fete fire sre & eT ‘ter after a frat an, Att Prat a arith Rar am qerm(8) Sree are sre Fran 8 err ye are A eT oe crapiefie eftere rar 43 21 soma tem a efter ag gener ager gre A ware ware Hag , et Ree Rat air wah, arse A are gr Pew sarees 57 fa ager, BE Hake aT wt “SS : Sarat tame teemt ea 8 | aredta sft Garr refine af waft art 8 sere * Sandhyakara Nandi’s Ramacharita oe are sraredt H avons are (twelfth century) narrates the story \Y aiattr the conflict between the Kaivarta peasants and the Pala prince Ray sore eh Ft (area erred) feather hemes rag oT + Rajatarangini written by Nu the Saint fragt eat act A ‘twelfth century is a stri ygtiaphies sek a «read ro fee are fre characteristics of t styleof rare aette & crarsit $f areas wma ( eat aftere areas A aa A Att history writin + Ancient histoty hasso far been constryeted principally on the basis of lite 5, foreign and indigenous. cage ‘scriptions play some part, & ts receive greater weightage. gs ‘new methods must be adopted. wrchaeological evidences should be given importance, eft we fatrrart Z)1 sant aftare ra er er A ere sara, PRReAT are ake TE eT rar 81 FRR; ate Prater ara pa ea, Sita shit ar fire are are garb) rea ae ra a erento rer at gen fa ara fe JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN Chapter 3 Geographical Setting + India subcontinent was the part of south super-continent Gondwanaland. Due to tectonic movements different parts began to break away from Gondwanaland, giving rise to separate geographical units including peninsular India. + The subcontinent is divided into five countries: India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Pakistan, + The Indian subcontinent is a well- defined geographical unit and is largely situated in the tropical zone.India is, bounded by the Himalayas on the north and seas on the other three sides. + The Himalayas protect the country against the cold arctic winds blowing from Siberia through Central Asia. + On the north -west, the Sulaiman mountain ranges, which are a Khyber, Bolan, and Gomal p: + Hindu kush mountains extension of the Himala} Himalayas, could be crossed thr ae. 1 sthitfers ster sar ger a Sette ae aren fates anit A steararae & aa dar as we arora ait fere caret at se ea + ormerdty ota Sait # frerfare, re a, Sra ae ate aE a ree Te AT on weet 21 + Regge via fare afin a Prem a JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + Nestled in the Himalayas are the valleys of Kashmir and Nepal. Surrounded on all sides by high mountains, the valley of Kashmir developed its own way of life, but could be reached through several passes, valley of Nepal, smaller in size, is accessible to the people of the Gangetic plains through a number of passes, Rivers; + India has mainly two river systemsHimalayan river system, Peninsular river system, + The rivers served as arteries of commerce and communications. In ancient times it was difficult to build roads, and so men and material were moved by boat, Natur; Contact + Each of the areas bounded by rivers, in some cases by mountains, and constituted a political and + Rarer i ete she Hara feat a Set a RE, ete A aT a et sierra rahe at Peat Pear 8 ae we ch agar a aaa a1 Are Th, aver # ach &, ar en carat & at aragh agen h fare se aii tgs fara sometimes with deltas and plateaus, S ) gi gh ter arr ee araT Pe administrative unit in which different ruling dynasties rose and fell. tains + Inancient tit Seen fe the difficulties ‘ north id vice versa, This led a in culture and foot and Other Resources: + Copper is widely distributed in India.BC. ‘As copper was the first metal to be used. There is scarcity of Tin since ancient times, As bronze is made by mixing tin with copper, we do not find many bronze objects in prehistoric times.india has been rich in iron ores. uf at ae dare rere wear ee - eH Tortie ae serrate Sarg aT , Tat father carter TT eT SATA = TIA STAT TAT | SATE 5 fore - ter rte ofa a Fh a area H ared @ ate aoe att aftr area ara om ater aaa 2 + arcttar re i tare At eae ara, ate sore & afte an ator SHCA ATC me aE, a HEB ate saan sree sare & area aT + area Ht afar aurea or 8 afer B TiaT seuitr Fer art aver rea Tg AT artis ara a fea ft wat 2) tae sara fen at fara ate ara Tae, ae Gt et oehferfire ara afire ater ret ft fer 81 sree ate area wa tar él JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + Andhra possesses large lead resources, which explains the large numbers of lead coins in the kingdom of the Satavahanas, + The earliest coins, called punch-marked coins, were made largely of silver, although this metal is rarely found in India. + Much of the gold used in early times was obtained from Central Asia and the Roman empire.In ancient times, India also produced a variety of precious stones, including pearls, especially in central India, Orissa, and south India Chapter-4 The Old Stone Age + The earth is over 4600 million years old. Life appeared 3500 million years ago. Several types of humans, called hominids, lived in southern and eastern Africa about 6 million years ago. sapiens. + The earliest modern hi Ce in India from the South coastal migratiomahgundS0,000 years ago from Af -y Wid not come from the vena ided into three phases. The first of ¢ is called Early or Lower aeolithie(between 600,000 and 150,000 BC) the second Middle Palaeolithic(between 150,000 and 35,000 BC), and the third Upper Palaeolithic (between 35,000 and 1500 BO) + Australopithecus - Homo habilis-H0i \y erectus- Homo Neda + sia ab ae} deren 8 ah areas cree aft oa He RR AA aT are ara er, Pare eee Fre Ga rar, a8 Aa ee aH aT ATT, ares cg arg are He Bt a eh 2 + sienna afitgier ear ae ora sre dh arora fare Pre ara sare re fh area 8 AR agra ta, Prt ait ta fran gar, Fade wT a fern ara #1 G: at oea ofan Pear Peat eer, fire ahahrs ver aT arate 6 Patra ara Tee afer ate dt acbter 8 xet a1 + steers - ait Baraat eae ret Prteciraifiee. drat Birra + spffar arr 50,000 ara Tea Te swrefira aier ware Brecon after Tae angie area area area Fae rat ar TTL FTF AT:- + dae # frerfr @1 cea ae aT Tere TerITITMT (600,000 az 150,000 targets) ver ore Ero eT ‘geTETET ET (150,000 af 35,000 far ah tte), the dtr ort Poa TT (35,000 az 1500 far yf ¥ dra)! JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + The axes found in India are more or less similar to those of western Asia, Europe, and Africa. Stone tools were used largely for chopping, digging, and skinning. + Early Old Stone Age sites have been found in the valley of river Son or Sohan in Punjab, now in Pakistan, Belan valley in UP, desert area of Didwana in Rajasthan, Nagarjunakonda in Andhra Pradesh and the caves and rock shelters of Bhimbetka near Bhopal, + Hand axes have been found in a deposit ofthe time of the second Himalayan inter-glaciation, when the climate became less humid. + The Middle Palaeolithic industries were largely based upon flakes or small pieces of stone. + The principal tools comprise blades, points, borers, and scrapers, all made of flakes:The artefacts of this age are found at several places on the river Narmada, and also at several places, south of mA ‘Tungabhadra river. humid (last phase of ice + The laeolithic age came to an ith the end of the ice age around 00, BC.In 9000 BC began an srmediate stage in Stone-Age culture, /nich is called the Mesolithic age. + The Mesolithic people lived on hunting, fishing, and food gathering; at a later stage they also domesticated animals.microliths or tiny tools Rajasthan, southern UP, central and eastern India, and also south of the river Krishna, eT area thant ora are eat a a ah set efter ate sphere att gent Harare 81 tere staat ar etre ab on we wert, gare he THT aaa Fe fre rar aT sarap eran are apr eae ra ate a tga ahh A et st ora TT He gh i err ad, wre fear “efter aa & aie ee sitar a tea ANT Ste, GAA shore, rw Fart Srrang tat aire ae Soke groper ok CRapit reat art 2 ret eran are area # 566 eT aa ata arary ae ad (REN TT aT sift remy fy ae ate ate ar oe far ora a, seer ate, erg, WET eer, Rent a, are ae area a arate + sorft gran 3 10,000 ar gd sara Fare ft arf er THT BT ara 1 9000 Ear pf Harare gat sept Hep mera seo ope gan, FT arate gamer ar) Far aTAT AL + merararr gar ar Rare, wash eT ake aoe WHAT Te Tea a; are ET we wept a rere oft aren FT reat a ae staat ar aed ca sear, aft ah, er she At are, afr pom eh afin err aT AT BA JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + The Mesolithic culture continued to be important roughly from 9000 to 4000 BC. + Hunting and pastoralism. + The people of the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ages practised painting.Prehistoric art appears at several places, but Bhimbetia in MP is a striking site. The Neolithic Age: First Foo + Inthe world context, the New Stone or the Neolithic age began in 9000 BC. Th only known Neolithic settlement in Indian subcontinent, attributed to 7000 BG, is in Mehrgarh, which is Baluchistan, a province of P : S sencncns ret ae ane Neolithic people 8éthis area produced wheat and barley from the outset: icated cattle, sheep, and + The ifithé initial stage “The period 150043500 BC saw considerable ¢ sultural expansion. + After 4500 BC, the potter's wheel was known. + The people of the Neolithic age used tools and implements of polished stone. + Ancient legends represent Parashurama as an important axe-wielding hero, + anirferfere eegft 9000 # 4000 far yt argh eva arf Thi + frend ate are size 3, wearer at 9000 Ear gd Bat 7000 tet ae Te sangrdts foe Gt ara saa at Reger H 8, at crea Hi afer # feast 2 ei Rg ote quer ts aa at serra aferit 8 & we eT aTAT aI + madara ge ate aA AE aire sth nr gaara PAT 2 rit rant gon i wah, ar ah aah raragq aarat 4500- 3500 far yf At seat ght anft Pearce serene: + 4500 Sars are 8, grec ar aia aT ware are | fs aoararen gr ae afte ere stot ste sone ar rar ee A + rofirs rand reapers Hoe geeret aad we ner diane se Haat Bi JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + Based on the types of axes used by Neolithic settlers, we notice three important areas of Neolithic settlements— north-western(Kashmiri and Baluchistan) , north-eastern(the hills of Assam.) , and southern.(over 850 settlements spread across AP, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu) + Use of Bone Tools in the Sites of Burzahom and Chirand. + The Neolithic settlers were the earliest farming communities. They broke the ground with stone hoes and digging sticks. *+ Some important crops were wheat and barley. + The period between 9000 and 3000 BC saw remarkable technological progress in western Asia Thee people developed the arts of cultivation, weaving, pot-making, house building. + The people of the Stone Age sufferes from one great limitation, As the depend almost entirely on tos weapons made of stone, theg coul found settlements far away,frdm the hilly areas. They co! le Wily on the tock ielters and slopes of the hill: the hilly river, s. AISo, even with great effort 2°y Were unable to produ yre than they needed for bare mS e topper phase: , Western part of MP(Malwa) , Western Maharashtra (svalda culture) and also in eastern India. TITS FTE: 2 rear grt sei A a aT perttat & are oe, aa aa aT ‘fi geal aa Ft 8 orca (meth sre agra), Tae (a ft agrfba) ste ePart (aera 850% fing afeaat - aren, eaten te aftterrg) + dt oh Peis 3 erat ae atari ar sir 2 aaa ge hr aaa Te wath were & share ate ator after agar + neal wae hg ft YY aren gprs sbi at ae at wee ee eg a ee a shoe ae afta oe fre cert veo aT eater T vwgret Seat ge afeat wat ae wey A Paarit wedt oy wea ae Pats fare Faroe races or sat fire searet wet TF edge aad ea tere AT aft erg atar fh wf sepia ata ate ere stare ora ae anes ah iat steph at arecerefirw eT ara 2, rer ae 8 tates art areca | efron at crsTeaTA (Tez), HET see afer are (arora), aft wary ate qt area ft at war ara JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + Most extensive excavations have taken place in Western Maharashtra (Jorwe, Nevasa, Ahmadnagar district, chandoli, pune district, ete- semi arid areas) + Stone blade occupied important position. Copper implements are found in good number. Metals such as copper and its alloys were used to make knives, axes, fishing hooks, chisels, pins, and rods. + Different types of potteries were used. ‘The Black-and-Red pottery among them was quite common, + Survived on hunting, fishing, and farming. Animals such as sheep, buffalo, goat, cattle, and pig were reared and killed for food. + People ate beef but no traces of eating pork are found. + Remains of camels are also found, + Cotton was produced in black cotton + afterter oma sear afantt were (ST, Saran, agueore fr, ate, Tr, anf Si of qos are) Hera + yore ee (@e) a gent eT wie atorre aft doar Ht ore ara 21 aia aire raft fier arg ar site arg, gers, wroeht Wasa yw, Sef, fe ate ae TE fer er sar aT + Pate ware gewidh ar gee an ae ea are tr ah : fear at est te hE foe are, 28, areata soil. + Traces of rice cultivation are Ve adh ft ont ant aga aad og + The major crops cultivated wi wheat, lentil, bajra, jowar, r “ green pea, green and bl; + Use of mud in “Oo eve + Cow dung wa: : ease were lar or circular. copper smiths. = Der knew weaving and spinning. Designs Of lowers, vegetation, animals, and birds were used, + well acquainted with manufacture of Cloths, + Terracotta figures of women, + Ornaments were made from semiprecious stones and beads ara, Fare, TAT aTATT, BET AZT, BT AT are at + sata Reha sei sata a gre ore fir fear aa aT +e arses at ararare aT A war ta fer: + wee freq wt a ear a + tga shorn wor ae a Ft, area, arate aPirat ava aT edna Far ara ar aug Paton ast eg ee Bl + Serdter Rafer argh 1 + arate rere te AR a ae aT JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + People buried the dead in the floors of their houses in the North-South direction along with pots and copper objects. + Chalcolithic area expanded throughout the country except for alluvial region and thick forests. + People were settled mostly near hills, and rivers. + They knew the art of smelting used painted pottery for the first time. + Microlithic tools of stone and copper. reac ate Limitations of Chalcolithioc Phase:- + Chalcolithic people could not make full use of domestic animals as they used them only for food and not for milk. + There was not much cultivation. «They lived in black cotton cel ar AY veh renuned renter eal and there are no traces wee hoe. + People were not aware, < : jeveloped than these cultures. writing, + Arose in North-western part of Indian subcontinent, + Itis also called as Harappan Civilization because site was first discovered through excavation in 1921 at modern site of Harappa situated in province of west punjab in Pakistan through(under the supervision of Daya Ram Sahni). & + arya at aa aga at sae afin Per ora a Ee ATT FCT a TRE eae Ft + atta fief ard tara ate shett eee ora Ge Bar arora eA sare BZ a8 eT A TT + wed are Peaerdt aati ome p area aT sr ate ae west aT TT ata a aif A rer TaHT Spar store fire wea Bg fr eh + sare att at ot, Fach Fgh are at aa 8, ae Rr OAH Re HE ahaa areca art ae ga a ‘para ar até saat Fra 2 + Sinit er tae A per rare aT AT + gpa degit arraratine: deg & gett 3, after ae wr aepferat Ft ger Hae fire fetta 21 + aredia srmardty & saree arr oft) © Stason gear ft var ora 8 ihe wget are 1921 gare are uafreara 3 afte dara ate # fea gee 3 ang fts exer oe ceht ets ft arg (earerm are Bata JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + Harappan culture covered part of Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat, Rajasthan and western up. + Itextended from the Siwaliks in the north to the Narmada estuary in the south, and from the Makran coast of, Baluchistan in the west to Meerut in the north-east. + The known extent of this civiliz the west is up to Sutkagendor in Baluchistan; Alamgirpur (Uttar Pradesh) in the east; Daimabad (Maharshtra) in South; and Manda (Jammu & Kashmir) in the north. nin + No other culture zone in the third and second millennia BC in the world was as widespread as the Harappan. + Nearly 2800 Harapy Wve so far been identified continent. + Two most inifortant cities were Harapp: ib and Mohenjo-daro (liters mound of the dead) in Sindl})both forming parts of Pakistan, hathu-daro about 130 km south of :njo-daro in Sindh. jothal & Dholavira in Gujarat. + Kalibangan in Rajasthan, + Banawali in Hissar district haryana, + Rakhigarhi Haryana. situated on the Ghaggar in geen deght tara, Fhe, yore, Tet ate afirtt cae weer fea At ear freee Tae & ferarieret & tee aftr afar qerat ae ste oP aafren e aerate eH eae aT vefarer ger eran ft are ata tga wet, et (exe stay; + Decreasing fertility, expaffsio neighbouring a“ r supply. + Some speak formation in the Indus leadfngto a Hassive Nooding of Mohengo-daro, . aay may have worked Crafts and commerce lapsed because of the sudden end of Core long-distance land and sea trade ‘with Mesopotamia, + Inthe later phase of this culture, some exotic tools and pottery indicate the slow percolation of new peoples in the Indus basin, We have no evidence of any mass scale confrontation, + aaa, a art re 16 ar eae rat aT oeatr Pear sat aT + armen 2000 et fh 8 te eae a at ten H wa afte art aeract & Prat se wes 21 + Parser gffal - gaan sear ar dt Ratha aren ft ae 8 67H Pear a aT ‘fig aera a a:- d + We dea afta 2500 ate 1900 far Ft Fh ar afer mE TA TEE a, sft att a ah au, Aer ara eit EET sesh mar gE var ake Fr FAP ATCT sacar agerar sar 1S eT aT aft, tet Wr Pea, ae aR tee + pacita Pig dt aia aad ft ara aa Frat argaat-ait 9 are ard erate saree 8 afte re fa er ra TAT a + Reiraterftea ara at gO ate a saree arsenate Fee ste afiroa wr aia a | + ea diepit hare Fon Hye fat peer ate Pgh act & Reg ARR A are at tet af & reer ar aT jarani Pret oft ab ar zara a ate aaa eT JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN Advent of Aryans and the Age of the Rig Veda + With the decline of the Harappan Civilization around 1900 BC; the evidences of new people are found, ‘They are known as Aryans or Indo- Aryans. Originally the Aryans seem to have lived somewhere in area east of the alps, in the region known as eurasia, + Some historians say that the original home of Aryans was Central Asia. Others are of the opinion that their original home was in southern Russia (near the Caspian Sea) or in the south-east Europe + The Aryans spoke Indo European languages. Aryans came in India from Central asia via Iran, + Between 2000-1500 BC, they started settling in sapt-sindhu region. - Land of the Seven Rivers (the river Kubha, and the river Indus and its five branches). ‘The Sarasvati, is called naditama or the best of rivers in the Rig Veda, [tis identified with the Ghaggar-Hakra channel in Haryana and Rajasthan, A + We know about the Aryans i igh the Rig Veda. The term soar thirty-six times in this ig Vedas the earliest do- Sanskrit, but '5 many Munda and ora + Rig jsf of ten mandalas or books, ofwhich books II to VII form the arts. Books | and X seem to ve Béen the latest additions, Cot Rig Veda has many things in ‘common with the Avesta, which is the oldest textin the Iranian language. + The Aryans migrated to India in several waves. The earliest wave is represented by the Rig Vedic people, who came to the subcontinent in about 1500 BC. + They came into conflict with the indigenous inhabitants called dasas, dasyus, etc carat ar anna ste arate art 1900 ar ya arerara gee ETAT ar ara, ae ait anes ATT Frat 21 we ard ar eet-arda eT rar oat 81a ee 9 anf are eer ht yea Re are aa eT A ya Rarer a1 sem 2 hes ewer oftrar an git aT Ser He aft ea * sara) ar fared at an eateries | ant Set rea az are 2000-1 dra, sett ef an ee Rem «ara aft A ae te are sen ta carcead at aera area aT Frat ear ae aT a Tee eave efron othe rarer ff ere arr anita sete 8 aa area H arat Hate ora Bl sand roe at mee ttt aT aT 8, | setts arc mitt ari 1 aa Tea ara ag eget a 8, Aor eat spb ater ate afte aroe ot tr sath aa steer ar yee 8, Bea AT vunam at qeae wae wart aT eI ORT rat oar 8 P% 2 fe woser eX sftaan ats 21 sett ta afte fe ot arse, area feria ar aaa GAT aa 2 and ore fhe OAH om aa weet ava ator a aan art a stare 41500 far Ht reenter corer earn at ae st gar, APE re, ze anf ET aT BI JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + The Rig Veda mentions the defeat of Sambara by a chief called Divodasa of the Bharata clan. In this case, the term dasa appears in the name Divodasa + The dasyus in the Rig Veda represent the original inhabitants of India, and an Aryan chief who overpowered them was called Trasadasyu + The Aryan chief was soft towards the dasas, but very hostile to the dasyus.The term dasyuhatya, slaughter of the dasyus, is repeatedly used in the Rig Veda. + ‘The Indo-Aryans were engaged in two types of conflicts, First, they fought with the pre-Aryans, and secondly, they fought amongst themselves.According to tradition, the Aryans were divided into five tribes called panchajana + The country Bharatavarsha was eventually named after the tribe Bharata, which is first mentioned in the Rig Veda, oats Hea der Haran Petar are sine fae stat adh ae ore Rarer ara if orra 2 1 + masta aqat at Farts ae rare &, ate rat fare care fart fear, a8 arene ar aT TL + ark ager ert af wren 8, Ber =e Be TAT TT A TR 1, sre, ere H areeare site Pra + The Bharata ruling clan was opposed by a cosa ate ar fate ca carat host of ten chiefs, five of whom were heads Set ar, Farris aria aera of Aryan tribes and the remaining five sea it ae dre aa tend ror ah the non-Aryan people(Battle of T ee + the Bharata Joined hands with the PUrus || ag Seana frarar she ge ATE TOR AAT ATR FA TATA and formed a new ruling the Kurus. + The Kurus combi So Panchalas, and they toget lished their rule in the upper &: in where they c played wy role in later Vedic Cam chariots, and also possibly some better arms made of bronze. spoked wheel. + They were acquainted with sowing, harvesting, and threshing, and knew about the different seasons. + Pastoral people. + Most of their wars were fought over cows. + Gavishthi- search for cows. 2 pe are ciarelt arr FR, she sea ow ape sort sa ard aera ra et far, wat seit are & ae a Ho weeayt afer frarél weet creat atte BFR: 2 RE cit the aera: ater at ge eae afearet ar saat Sah HTT AT ATCT | rer ase ofa ar ait + gard, gerd she ah rarer a aR ate Faire aagoit aik Hoe a + aera at 1 + sa afinater qa rat Fre ae are uPAR et At oe er aT oT | JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + The Rig Veda mentions artisans as the carpenter, chariot-maker, weaver, leather worker, and potter. This indicates that they practised all these crafts. + The term ayas, used for copper or bronze, shows that metalworking was known, + ‘The Aryans or the Vedic people principally used the land routes because the word samudra mentioned in the Rig Veda primarily indicates a stretch of water. + Pur- dwelling units + the Aryans did not live in cities, and possibly lived in some kind of fortified mud settlements (Recently found in Bhagwanpura, Haryana) ‘Tribal polity:- + Administration was in hand of Tribal chief who was called Rajan, However, the rajan was a kind of chief and did not exercise unlimited power, having to reckon with th tribal organizations, + The king's post had become hereditaty. «The king was called the protec otis tribe. + He protected its cattle, ars, and offered prayers to the mits behalf. ssed assemblies such latha, and gana are mentions 3 Rig Veda.Even women emblies. atten: + Intthe'ay-to-day administration, the king sisted by a few functionaries. a ‘two priests who played @ major role in fig Vedic times were Vasishtha and Vishvamitra, Vasishtha was a conservative and Vishvamitra a liberal, + ‘The Vedic priests inspired the tribal chiefs into action, + Senani - the head of the army. + ote Herat a, ge aE aT eer ara ate pear BT Hare aT sete bi ag efits wen 2 sett erat roster areare Pa sata ar ater fe rat orox a rT gM, we mga ar ara + ad ar Aa tr ger ey a ee Til aT seine rt ari ae ft ear a rag STH eH TAR AT ATA + eae ret Qo + ond argit Ht eA ate ° sare aT a3 TATA ara it waa a (Tae aa : age are Ha BT oT Gan grat, ra ee ace HT Rae ater fe, afer airat ft ara at at ft + cara a dere dea aT + cor et ac ar ar cere gr ora em + aga maa A ea rc aT, Te far qa agar ay, she Baars 8 ara wea at + omte tds ar gate amr se ainsat aod Ray a FB fe ano, wa, Fray ror gether Re ae Bh aa oT sega oft ost to et ft + Reason serra cra at saftranfedt aren agra were tart oth + ee AR Hr a gaRRTT A Te caftrar fare, afta ate Panis a afire cop gerard ate Paanftes sarees + AR CORA A reat a an RU aRa wah + Rania ge JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + The people made voluntary offerings called | + Bali to the rajan. + The Rig Veda does not mention any officer for administration of justice. + We do not learn of any officer concerned with the collection of taxes, + Heads of the fighting hordes called gramanis, + The officer who enjoyed authority over a . large stretch of land or pasture ground was called vrajapati. + The king did not maintain any standing army, but in times of war he mustered a militia whose military functions were performed by various tribal groups called vrata, gana, grama, sardha ‘Tribe and Family: + Kinship was the basis of the social structure, and a man was identified by the clan to which he belonged. + The people's primary loyalty was to the tribe, which was called jana, + Another important term which st tribe in the Rig Veda is vis. fami te by the term griha, . + Asit was a patriarchal dove h of ason was repeatedh en d people prayed to the go sons to fight the wars. a\* : of five women who + We also notice the practice of levirate and widow remarriage in the Rig Veda, . + There are no examples of child marriage, and the marriageable age in the Rig Veda seems to have been 16 to 17. sear eafSen we ara at sraT oer 8 Bt fy, aeAt aT AAT setts Hare were & Fa Fett aT arate ete at cing 8 ears feat oft afer a arr agt erm sarang ceit wept aol er ara a fre afterrdt at aft ar arerTe se afters are ar, 38 mee 1 ow Serer ra eat NE = amr we eat A BT aaa, fates ware aft ortt ot, Brg ar, er TTT aT aoare ats a ETE aT, Gt gaa sa AT HAT TAL ag aafira ati “Pt ari Fr at fr, erat op are agent ee at are A aa fore 8, ag 8 Faer aReare at ye wer TATE Shar Pg wee Prgararare war aT, Te AE ar wen arcane after a, ate at eee 321 fiw Raarat A sniar we TY ats after ar serge 8 Regt TT sa fh, are are al at et fgarsit #1 soa 81 Prag sear ft earear at pet tt ager bya da fate aerae H Reiter ott Pawar qaftare Ht war ar erg Frerat a are fararg % 41S Saree Tet &, re aT faare art sy 16 417 21 JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN Social Differentiation: + Varna was the term used for colour, and it seems that the Indo-Aryan language speakers were fair and the indigenous inhabitants dark in complexion, + The Rig Veda mentions the arya varna and dasa varna, + The tribal chiefs and the priests acquired a larger share of the booty and naturally became wealthy. It created social inequalities in the tribe. + Gradually the tribal society was divided into three occupational groups, warriors, priests, and the common people on the same pattern as in Iran-The fourth division called the shudras appeared towards the end of the Rig Vedic period. + Slaves were given as gifts to the priests We do not find gifts of land, and even gifts of cereals are rare. ig Vedic Gods: Veda is Indra, who is called Pura arias affacer: + af gree ar ara or % fer Far TAT aT, athe Re ara Fp eet-a ser tee aT RR at athe art eT oT FTA aT + arte Sart ant ste arash ar sere 2 + wht eerett the gant ae wr ar fea aftr ea ae earning we & ate aT ane | ear arinfrg rears fem + offtafit arartta art , gaat ste ara ati ft aqearme that a aT Fite pn + wiieat a ay Hara Rea + aire eR oT, ste ree orare gee aft fe ora ‘aaar: or destroyer of dwelling units. considered to be the rain gof’aind thought to be responsib] using. «The second post =: Agni (Ore jafits, and an intoxicating drink is med after him. yymns are devoted to the river Sarasvati, who was considered an important goddess.The dominant mode of worshipping the gods was through the recitation of prayers and performance of sacrifices. sper aren an BRA At ve He ATOM ae a Sara are ara & ate ante fr Farrare ara TAT aT | + geet eat aft (af am) aro, tet agent ere rem a Fy Tete ear Anes tar it hit ae ar aa ara a, ste op are es a aT CT aT TI + omret afd} ta fh ae eo ert ehh afla 3, Prd oe weal At sat oar a Sasi tT eA 3 ream sar ae afer area a At ara a JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN Chapter 8 ‘The Later Vedic Phase (1000-600BC); Transition to State and Social Orders + The history of the later Vedic period is based mainly on the Vedic texts which were compiled after the age of the Rig Veda. + Samveda- Chants and music. + Yajurveda - Yajna, rituals & religious practices. + Atharvaveda- charms and spells toward offevils and diseases, + The texts show that the Aryans expanded from Punjab over the whole of western UP covered by the Ganga-Yamuna doab. + The Bharatas and Purus, the two major tribes, combined and thus formed the Kuru people.Soon the Kurus occupied Delhi and the upper reaches of the doab, the area called Kurukshetra or the land of the Kurus. + Gradually they coalesced witha peopl “I called the Panchalas who occupie« wm Delhi, and the upper and onal Parts of the doab, They set up ital at + Inlater Vedic tfjes People hardly knew the use of fit rické The mud structures tat hayelegistovered at Hstnapur 2 Wipf flooded, and the remnants Hastina| of 1rd clan moved to Kaushambi near bad. kings and brahmana theologians mentioned in later Vedic texts. + Towards the end of the later Vedic period, in around 500 BC, the Vedic people spread in large numbers from the doab further east to Koshala in eastern UP and to Videha in north Bihar. aaa 8 sae aes are; eee ate af age Ra ee ae ret ar efter or eT A Se afta iat 1 onnfta 3, it aeaiee are are afer flee are ama. sia afte aif age - am, gers ate fie art seat oar arr Coase aa) a 8, at or iS bieafht aeght are ae eer Pa athe Sara 3 er are ea we fer subset a Pears Paes ae ara See atone anit ar garam sett is fae Rea eteararge erect ch eae * sre ARR ae at fe A AT AT gE AR ove aH oral eer H fied aia aw efor are ae aro, arc ape ere a at arevaTE TT are a3 start arse ar dba at. aft, wart ste rearare Ht anattee aer SE ae Te ave roast ate arg eter Fa afta ar ott oe Afr et & afr a are afte ara aa i, rer 500 fart afer ah tear ht a a, THT restart ata shea feed fate ae hare a JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + The Vedic people succeeded in the second phase of their expansion because they used iron weapons and horse-drawn chariots. Use of Iro1 + Around 1000 BCit was used in the Gandhara area in Pakistan, Iron implements buried with dead bodies have been discovered in substantial numbers. ‘They have also been found in Baluchistan At about the same time, iron was used in eastern Punjab, western UP, MP, and Rajasthan, + Excavations show that iron weapons, such as arrowheads and spearheads, came to be commonly used in western UP from about 800 BC onwards. + Towards the end of the Vedic period knowledge of iron spread in eastern UP and Videha, The earliest iron implements discovered in this area relate to the seventh century BC, and the metal itself is called shyama or Krishna ayas (black metal) in the later Vedic texts. Agriculture:- + Agriculture was the chief mean; + Ploughing was done with ploughshare, Qd ne of iron have : The Vedi Je cbntinued to produce bark Ou the later Vedic period eat became their chief crops, of diverse arts and crafts. + few agricultural been found, ‘+ We hear of smiths and smelters. Numerous copper tools of the pre~1000 BC period found in western UP and Bihar. + Copper objects are found in Painted Grey Ware sites. + Weaving was practiced on wide scale, Leather work, pottery, and carpentry made great progress. + afta attr aot freare % gat sem tae ae argia ate afc oe eT cat ar eet Pea aga se: + erat 1000 fare are sear fear Wniare da Pear ar an erate ara at fer ar, ee store wate ator a ar 2 a aqhream # ft orem 8) oT: ara, af sora, oft ah, cat creas # afte at sett Pear r + sere 8 yar a2 fate a afinh ph ay aie mm eR ret Fg sr + ae Reet este ae aa) er aa aaa ‘Ean ed ara aravelt 8, ate Se afee dat a carr a go Gore arg wera + pita aha aver ef + gre rat ea 8 or + HEA a ge ght cere HF Al + Aaa at sh ar seuren a2 «2, A aT 3 afar rr rar ag et arm arate ait & Pate ora santa fer: + Paar aa ake Pree er a ga | + ome dere ste ard Hark Aa 21 1000 er Gh A oan HE ai SHC GP apf ate rare ame + ate aeqd ed aac are a Tt TE arr rt re garg ar ape fear aT ek eer, fet ae ae are ae sat JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + The later Vedic people were acquainted with four types of pottery—black-and-red ware, black-slipped ware, Painted Grey Ware, and red-ware. + The most distinctive pottery of the period is known as Painted Grey Ware. + Jewellers are also mentioned in later Vedic texts, Settlements:- + ‘Though the term jana or tribal people is common in the four Vedas, janapada or people's settlement is not mentioned there. + Agriculture and various crafts enabled the later Vedic people to lead a settled life + Although the term magara is used in later Vedic texts only the faint beginnings of towns appear towards the end of the later Vedic period. + The Vedic texts also refer to the seas and sea voyages. + The pastoral and semi-nomadic forms of livelihood, and life bec: id sedentary. a je Rig Vedic tribal + Inlater Vedic tirbe’ assemblies I jorkance, and royal power i ey + Wonten fo longer permitted to sit in hich was now dominated by al IS and brahmanas. SB formation of larger kingdoms increased the power of the chief or king, + Initially each area was named after the tribe that first settled there.use of the term rajya, which meant sovereign power. Se + sae afte ara i at are sare HEH ater te ara ae, rae ents, Fafa gre qewis sth oe ei a ahr a + cn aati aah fate achat A Pao ewie % Sa H sre sre 2h + anguell ar seta sare aR aal F oft eager art art + rend ate aob-ig watt aca gat aT, agit arcifcer a srafitn ata a at, ste frat ara ate ere aT Tonite dea: + aac fe are aetfng oa at 3 Ee at Rea, ste rar ot ftv az ah + afgarsit tara sero ase A rq Et oA, rx ag Artal are arg sea aft + eB coi Fer A rea a aT A AR wee sare i xen dor ar ara oe arene aT sre car ar ar st wea ae ae oH THT saree srt, err apf aire fs oT JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + Traces of the election of the king appear in later Vedic texts. The individual considered to have the best in physical and other attributes was elected raja. + Raja received voluntary presents called Bali + The king's influence was strengthened by rituals, He performed the rajasuya sacrifice, He performed the ashvamedha, which meant unquestioned control over an area in which the royal horse ran, uninterrupted, + He also performed the vajapeya or the chariot race *+ During this period collection of taxes and tributes seems to have become common. + Sangrihitri- Treasurer. + Bhagadugha - Tax collector. + Inthe discharge of his duties the king was assisted by the priest, the commander, the chief queen, and a few other high functionaries. Social Organizatior + Society divided into four varna; brahmana, Kshatriya, vaishya, and shudra. groups and eme the most important WeSuch as agriculture, cattle- 1g, and the like; some of them also ‘worked as artisans. Towards the end of the Vedic period they began to engage in trade.The vaishyas appear to have been the only tribute payers in later Vedic times. + Allthe three higher varnas shared one common feature: they were entitled to upanayana or investiture with the sacred thread according to the Vedic mantras. + cats gare & fire sae afew dat # are Bat 2 fare oufes 1 errdifce ate er ‘faarearat % airs ara ara 2, 3 Tar FAT arart + ca a aria anes cafes A rer ft + aqardt & cra ar wera worga gta oT ae erage a OY | ag apa TAH, fever orf ar oe Ba oe fare Frat adh tar Praise ee a Aga Lwennrantca oe + cw aati act Seer era + fin Nast fer a cara ate, rae eft he pe ea oy + area i ange raat Gast tag wit Haw a, aie sei aa ae paar gh reser ect ea tre amt agent at oT sat 2 beat 8 arm ott a a, ate we A, space she ca eH seme eT aA AT; atta pet arnt era tare fara fee are aa ae 8 oro aan Gh ah afew arr Fae aT et ae wu A Pare BAT + Stat saps ait He area ae aT Serr ora afer aa ETE a ATCT CHER JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN Shudras and Women were also denied both the gayatri and upanayana. Shudras participated in King's coronation. ‘The institution of gotra appeared in later Vedic times, Ashramas or the four stages of life were not well established in Vedic times. Rituals, and Phil + The two outstanding Rig Vedic gods, Indra and Agni, lost their former importance. On the other hand, Prajapati, the creator, came to occupy the supreme position, + Rudra, the god of animals, became important in later Vedic times, and Vishnu came to be conceived of as the preserver and protector of the people. + Some objects began to be worshipped as symbols of divinity; signs of idolatry appear in later Vedic times. «Sacrifices involved the killing ofan ay at ofthe Vedic period a mn arose against priestly gainst cults and rituals, in the land of the Panchalas fideha where, around 600 BC, the pBnishads were compiled. stro dominati these philosophical texts criticized the rituals and laid stress on the value of right beliefand knowledge + They emphasized that knowledge of the self or atman should be acquired and the relation of atman with Brahma should be properly understood. + Brahma emerged as the supreme entity. 2 are sex ote sorry, Sha Bat ote Part rafeg care + gears coats ara aes a + are afte ara ide ft ea a ar go fea are arene an otter} are are see ae 8 eanita vat a Ram, aE, he aah «dae ar ate tad he area ea at Fem eRP aaigers Foe ate arta shit sree rat aT TT ta} ite e ort oat (Faqar aia are & ARH Te are ab tat we arent gear efit a ae Paar Be 8, ve ae TT BET AT + afQRE A ita % we H ster sre aT + avapot iter afin aa ate Resa see rr firere a rar PT + AR are afta awa Ht gaa ete Fara, Pate oo ara ate ae gh itt arror 600 far, sata abet ra ar at, aga ater Fara con wong afaiear sere gE scoreline a aqurdt @ andra athe ofr Rarer ote ar ea ate fea 5 sgh era este Pea A ara a a sar ave are Pear a fae ate a aT aaa raat Shoe BET TAT ATA + ag atg emt hav H sea JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN Some of the Kshatriya princes in Panchala and Videha also cultivated this form of thought and created the atmosphere for the reform of the priest-dominated religion, ‘The later Vedic period saw certain important changes, such as the beginnings of territorial kingdoms, called janapadas, under the Kshatriya rulers. Wars were fought not only for the possession of cattle but also for territory. ‘The predominantly pastoral society of carly Vedic times had become agricultural Jainism and Buddhism + Numerous religious sects arose in the mid-Gangetic plains in sixth-fifth centuries BC. Of these sects, Jainism and Buddhism were the most important, and they emerged as the most potent religious reform movements, ‘The Causes of Origin + The Kshatriya reaction agait ‘te domination of the ai Vardhamana Mahavir founded Jainism, a a OY who founded B yelonged to the Kshatriya clan, aud both disputed the br authority Imanas. P + The ic gcice of killing cattle indis ly in sacrifices hampered ogress of the new agriculture e SO extended generous support to oth Mahavira and Gautama Buddha, + These religion preached the gospel of non-violence, which would put an end to wars between different kingdoms and consequently promote trade and commerce.The new forms of property created social inequalities. Both Jainism and Buddhism propounded simple, puritan, ascetic living. Mares + argqeit 3 anfex 3 Frcs ater wfaear a era tre Fe Hee eae rast vor fara er aa Fea ate gaa - sree are sf re er rare aa + ah asa i ge mearpt art a, fay eer area & aa RPT ost heir, Bre rae eT aT aL + qa dar waa Fe a Fer ak fg dtat ora + arene after rer Se xmanemex G snfieg arent 1 sea gam 4, aa and she te nf a 3, dhe a aa after nfs gare yerisat sina werd, fargit area a on ft saree ff, are thas Ga, Pegi ata of area afer der Hohe STE A aaAT 3 afiverc ar fata rami afrerit 3 wai abenbe gear eo afte rar pf rat Hanon seem ee arth ‘aeat werdie att ata ga at aT ae fran ea weit 9 afar & Pare ar rare Peat, fates creat % fra gat ar ta erat ate afterrered arrare ate arfirey at azraT an dae & ae wot 4 are wearer far fh oa oe ata art A ae, caararal, cared staat ar ware far JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN ‘Vardhamana Mahavira and Jainism- + Mahavira had twenty-three predecessors who were called tirthankaras,(23+1).Rishabhadeve was the first tirthankara or teacher of Jainism. , + According to one tradition, Vardhamana Mahavira was born in 540 BC in a village near Vaishali, His father Siddhartha was the head of a famous Kshatriya clan, and his mother, Trishala, was the sister of the Lichchhavi chief. + Inhis quest for truth he abandoned the world at the age of 30 and became an ascetic, At the age of 42 when he attained ‘omniscience (kaivalya). Through kaivalya he conquered misery and happiness.According to another tradition he passed away in $27 BC Doctrines of Jainism + Jainism taught five doctrines: (i) Do not commit violence, Gi) Do not tell a lie, (Gli) Do not steal, {iv) Do not hoard, and + Utmost rma ornon- . injury co liv + Jainism recopnizetithe existence of the gods Paced them lower than the jina, an Bnidemn the varna system as isn 13% principally aims atthe attainment freedom from worldly bonds + No ritual is necessary for such liberation. It can be obtained through right knowledge, Fight faith, and right ation, These three are considered to be the three jewels or triratna of Jainism, (v) Observe continence wo sadare agrdte she a et. + arte Haka hal 8 Rae Ao et Sarat am (23 + 4) era oo ET aire 1; sum aite aeqare, afar werd ar set 840 Sar ph dart ore we aia ga aa Fa Pearl oar uP Pea sree & ah sent a, ere, Faroe eg A aera + wey A ata Ft agit 30 aT A al site @ othe ue aed ae mt) 42 PF ory Hoa wets att | aes were Bedi fae srr WE ara TTT, faa 527 fat wre ‘Faia ferare: *a, i) Be et aT, (iv) He we A, ae (v) Safi sft (agp) ar aT eT Wo yaa aaa, A + fea sir af alan ve aeafirw "eal + rnd a eaarst Sst at ae st aa se Raer ae car a, she ah rae ft Rar adh ft a Pat a fear em + trond goa: ater anit gfe A of free + eft gh Rr ang arqura raven ad ware are, wea Rare ate wet arr 3 aera Bam Pear ar aera 1 At a wear ar ra a oT a JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + Jainism prohibited the practice of war and even agriculture for its followers because both involve the killing of living beings. + Eventually the Jainas principally confined themselves to trade and mercantile activities. + Spread of Jainism------ Mahavira preached his teachings in Prakrit, the language of the common people. + Initially, it failed to attract the masses. Despite this, jainism gradually spread into south and west India where the brahmanical religion was weak. + Chandragupta Maurya spent the last ‘years of his life in Karnataka as a Jaina ascetic, + many Jainas migrated to the south under the leadership of Bhadrabahu, though the rest of them stayed back in Magadha under the leadership of Sthalababu. Differences developed, + Inorder to sort out these difference; and to compile the principal teaching’ o! Jainism, a council was conven Pataliputra, But the Jainas who ha returned from the sout it and refused to acce co From now onwards, et Began tobe called digambafasjanébthte Magadhans shvetamb: + Jainisi the uch BC, and in the first PBC it enjoyed the patronage of & ga king Kharavela, In ater centuries Jainism penetrated falwa, Gujarat, and Rajasthan, Contribution of [ainism id to Kalinga in Orissa in + Jainism made the first serious attempt to mitigate the evils of the varna order and the ritualistic Vedic religion. © depend aa septa & Pere ge ate saat ae Fe pe eure a AA Fr Rs Stat oP oT A ge entire 21 osha Sat gr era A a fre arn FRPP ae Rr zm + dante cae ——— wert EL ret Pret sor are Pea, it fara : panne Qe Freer can wath arate, Soba se afore saa a1 1 . da nee oral avett ey Hf Para are A afer fate we os carb ta ea eg iS pea are) a ae refine xc corm ar gee hee wnt feat ar aati wea & Fa, eae cep ere aren ear rar ti Sot ait ero a ate, oe eer afore Fa ae cath ota etre we saree fei ra, fir fst sper a she we ara a + Sern fet arava far sta sho rar are weet erat rh i fer at ret aC MT ZT \ + ome afta He tt arr, oT ae osrerra # waar fear fafa + da ent anf area fate ae nt paar et a gars aT frm JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + Prakrit language was adopted. Many regional languages developed out of Prakrit, particularly Shauraseni from which the Marathi language developed. + The Jainas composed the earliest important works in Apabhramsha and compiled its first grammar. + Inearly medieval times, the Jainas also made substantial use of Sanskrit and wrote many texts in it. + Jainas also contributed to the growth of Kannada, in which they wrote extensively. + Later they began to worship Mahavira and also the twenty-three tirthankaras. Beautiful and sometimes massive images in stone were sculpted for this purpose, + Jainism contributed substantially to art and architecture in medieval times. Gautama Buddha and Buddhism + Gautama Buddha, or Siddhartha, was contemporary of Mahavirahe was in 567 BCin a Shakya kshatriy: Lumbini in Nepal near Kapil + Father was ruler of Kapi Mother was a prince Koshalan dynast ly childhood Gautama show tive bent of mind. + He was ‘arly, but married life did lot interest him, afte of 29, like Mahavira, he left e. He wandered from place to place ‘about seven years then attained -nlightenment at the age of 35 at Bodh- Gaya under a pipal tree From this time onwards he began to be called the Buddha or the enlightened one. delivered his first sermon at Sarnath in Banaras. Sarge oer sere a EE Sota ares er Pose gan, Fare athe Bee ert rer a Pe go Siri a ander aad weer tat Ft Ta ote Ea Tee ITCH HT ae fan sriefiee Hera, Ste iter vata ovate Pear ate eat wf at ae eee pneneuaras are mardi aaa ahi a eee mrtenees apa fee were aa ater ga, rar, a rer oH 867 far gs a afitaag oT Soar Peart em arrga onPa aReaTe tearm Far afore arr & ate are erat ster ft get hh ae 8 aT aT ar err hah AT AT ssorer Prarg a8 ara a, Pt Paariga tte 3 og af et 29 ara foe, wardie A aeE, TTT AT dle Ream ag care ara are ae org a et org ea FCA Fe 36 are ft ou it dtr Hee to As ater était ge rar bared TE Fa vga HT aT ATCA sarerra area agar water Fea erate ere JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN + During this long period he encountered ‘many staunch supporters of rival sects, including the brahmanas, but defeated them in debates. + Gautama Buddha passed away at the age 0f 80 in 487 BC ata place called Kusinagara. Doctrines of Buddhism + He said that the world was full of sorrows and that people suffered on account of desires. If desires are conquered, nirvana is attained, that is, man is free from the cycle of birth and death, + Gautama Buddha recommended an eightfold path (ashtangika marga) for the elimination of human misery. + It comprised right observation, right determination, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right awareness, and right concern, + Gautama taught that a person shou! avoid an excess of both luxury austerity, and prescribed th ne path. Qe + He Buddha also laid conduct for his fall lence, (@ do not cor (i) do Sh property of others, ti ewe lla lie, and do otindulge in sean misconduct op adultery ws sea et raft ahora set arg afer sa art wk mgr ae aT area Fiber, fia see Arh Het fea afr ar 80 ae ag 487 Sa TE i geftcre rors ara ee FAA ZT, ata nth Fait weit wer Pe ear gat ai goat Fare arse Pea se AY rater su dian 8, ra 7 ama ae ae shaw az ft are Re wal car) ot ra aint fram fe oats at aati frente ate aarde aren eat ara sae, steers ren area anf eB eet organ & Fare oe aT ‘afgan sft weqa af: - (a ferret, (i) Bret A eft ore aso, (ii) aa at FT, (iv) 3B vet ate, ae (o) tha gra oth afta fare at ae JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN Features of Buddhism and the Causes of its Spread + Buddhism does not recognize the existence of god and soul. + Attacked the varna system, + Accepted all classed and castes. + In comparison with Brahmanism, Buddhism was liberal and democratic. + The people of Magadha responded readily to Buddhism because they were looked down upon by the orthodox brahmanas. + ‘The personality of the Buddha and the ‘method adopted by him to preach his religion helped the spread of Buddhism, + ‘The use of Pali, a form of Prakrit, which began around 500 BC, contributed to the spread of Buddhism, + Gautama Buddha also organized the sangha or the religious order, whose ata ent ft faareamt ste gah ware TOT + Aa at bar she aren & after Haat ara é1 + at araeat ar aves fram oat af ste onftat at efter fear + mrgprars terri, ara end sare ate arate am some ait tate ta ; waite wiardt ava art frat aaa onfa, ta ate fate % aint & fare gat C qa Fade A eae Ay, Free art a doors were open toall irrespective of caste, creed, and sex. + The monks were required to obs aay + Faeg ate Praat a errer et 8 err rules and regulations of the . faithfully. wh + ‘There are thus three aise in Buddhism: ssh a,and sangha. + Two rade the death of the Budd, AsRoka, the famous Maurya ing coe Buddhism, This was an hmuaking event. oka spread Buddhism into Central Cy 5 West Asia, and Sri Lanka, and thus ransformed it into a world religion. + Even today Sri Lanka, Burma (Myanmar), Tibet, and parts of China and Japan profess Buddhism. Although Buddhism disappeared from the land of its birth, it continues to hold ground in the countries of South Asia, South east Asia, and East Asia, wah + cava ata iH ta se aera, en ate aim + eh qa ha daa sie se hd can, ake anf aera |e arcane ft + asite tata ent at rer eferr, afer cfirar ate itera & thera ate ce ee eh fa nf tae fea + ara ft icbar, auf (rain), Pea ate sft th omar ge fei ate en argpren Pear sar 21 vai at an ret ara afta opr area gt ar 2, ST ag efor era, ePern ef rar ate ft Sait A Aras cara JOIN OUR PAID GROUPS - CALL 8564880530, 9696066089, WHATSAPP /TELEGRAM (7838692618)