Adverbials: concession and contrast Although it was raining, we went for a walk. ‘The following words and phrases are used to contrast two ideas: but / yet / however / although / even though / despite / in spite of Look at the following examples. Tewas raining, but we went for a walk. (in the middle of a sentence) Te was raining, yet we went for a walk. (in the middle of a sentence) Tt was raining. However, we went for a walk. (at the start of a new sentence) Although it. was raining, we went for a walk. (followed by a subject and verb) Bven though it was raining, we went for a walk. (followed by a subject and verb) Despite the rain, we went for a walk. (followed by a noun) Inspite of the rain, we went for a walk. (followed by a noun) Despite the fact that it was raining, we went for a walk. (followed by a subject and verb) In spite of the fact that it was raining, we went for a walk. (followed by a subject and verb) Use one of the above words or phrases in the following sentences. 1 they are always arguing, Jack and Jill still say they love each other. 2 Paris is an expensive city, still a great place for a holiday 3 The rate of inflation has come down to 3% this year.__, the unemployment figures are still rising. 4 They're still going ahead with the wedding. hor father’s death. 5 They won the football match __ they only had ten players. 6 the bad weather, they're having a good time. 7 He's had several bad accidents, he still loves skiing. 8 She made her granddaughter a lovely dress, the fact that she had arthritis in her hands. 9 she had lost her passport and ticket, Sue went to the airport and tried to get on the plane. 10 Tony lost his job last month and doesn’t know where he’s going to get another one. he’s still cheerful and hopes to get married soon. u the recession, Mr. Leech’s company is doing well. 2 the fact that the company kept losing money, the director increased his salary. sponds upensog gt Yo ods upendsad. TE Smamoy OF anon voxsINMOY G YOmEEE WYN @ AKAN B ‘ood uponidsod 9 nox, wesonouye ¢ Yo mds Yendsop p SuamaMOH G AKANG & ‘eooMN waNMONNTY T ‘SUaMSNYJ 1 9] Aaverbials: purpose l only did it fo please you. ADVERBIALS OF PURPOSE can be grouped into: 1 PHRASES These are introduced by words such as: inorder to (+ INFINITIVE) to(+ INFINITIVE) for (+ ing) NOTES a) Inorder to and to can be placed before or after the main clause. Examples: _ In order to open, turn the handle anti-clockwise. ‘Turn the handle anti-clockwise in order to open. ) For is normally placed ofter the main clause. It is followed by a noun or gerund. Examples: You must help Barbara prepare for the ceremony. only did it to please you! ‘The cavemen used flint stone knives for hunting. ©) To describe a general purpose, we can use to or for. Esamples: This switch is for starting the motor. ‘This switch isto start the motor. But ifit is a specific purpose, we only use to Example: Turn that switch to start the motor. (Not Turn that awiteh for starting the motor) 2 CLAUSES These are introduced by words such as: inorder that 0 that in case NOTES a) In order that and so that are usually followed by a modal (can, could, may, might, ete.) Examples: We have purchased the land in order that the company may expand. Henry left the door unlocked so that we could get in. ) That ean be omitted after so in informal language. Example: He must pass his test so he can help his dad with the driving. ©) In case expresses a potential purpose ~ something that might happen. It therefore does not need a modal. Example: Henry left the door unlocked in ease we eame home late. Join the two halves of the sentences below using a suitable link word or phrase, to make the best sense. 1 Don’t forget to take an umbrella for ) Tan hear myself speak? 2 He cleared all the books out of the cupboard in order to b) see if there's any treasure here. 3 Would you please turn the music down to ¢)_ the children won't be scared. 4 Many people use metal detectors so that )_make a bit more space. 5 Hand me the metal detector inorder that _e) the party. 6 He is studying divinity at college 0 f) anyone wanted to contact him 7 She should leave the light on for 4) itrains 8 He left. a message at reception in case hh) get the football results. 9 She's baked lots of eakes to i) hunting buried treasure. 10 They're listening to the radio in case 4) he may become a priest 4 osops0 aye OF 0 any 6 3 ammUL g > WHOS LA wJWpIOU 8G Og IM FE IH OSNS Bp YMMPLOU ZF ose UT ‘SUaMSNY] ] ] Adverbials: reason The plane was late because of the weather. fl vy Vd} ADVERBIALS OF REASON can be grouped into: 1 PHRASES These are introduced by words such as: because of +NOUN due to+NOUN owing to+ NOUN thanks to + NOUN NOTES a) Due to is normally found after the verb be. Example: The failure was due to poor maintenance. b) Due ¢o and owing to are more common with things we don't want to happen. ‘Thanks to is usually used with things we want to happen. 2 CLAUSES These are introduced by words such as: as+CLAUSE because + CLAUSE since + CLAUSE NOTES a) As and since are more common at the beginning of a sentence. Examples: Since you insist, we will take a vote. As no-one has objected, we will proceed as planned. b) Because does not normally start a sentence unless it is answering a question Why? Examples: Why did you do that? Because I wanted to! I went home because I was tired, Link the two halves of the sentences below to make the best sense. 1 Robert entered the competition 1) thanks to the recent rains. 2 Since you are doing nothing, ) he couldn’t join the police foree. 3 Owing to lack of ticket sales, ©) because of his criminal record. 4 There is now plenty of water d) since I've been invited. 5 He was refused a visa could you give me a hand? 6 As you are a guest, 1) the fete was a great success. 7 Because of his height 48) because he hoped to win a ear. 8 Due toa signal failure, h) [insist on paying. 9 [suppose I shall have to attend 4) the trains are running half an hour late. 10 Thanks to all your hard work, 4) the concert has been cancelled Jor meMorgmrfens at ‘SUaMSNY