MODULE IV ELEMENTS OF ART AND PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN Lesson 1 Elements of Art Lesson 2 Principles of Design —————— ‘GECC 101- Art Appreciation = Module 4-MODULE IV ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ARTS [] INTRODUCTION This module covers the elements and principles of arts, specifically in the visual arts, auditory arts, and combined/performance arts. It discusses trans-creation, which originally started in the advertising world, but was later adopted in the art world. Moreover, the elements of design such as line, shape, value, color, space, and texture and its varied types will be covered. Lastly, principles of design like unity, harmony, rhythm, variation, balance, proportion, emphasis, and subordination will be discussed. The rule of thirds will be explained with examples to be given, and the steps to take in reading the image will be tackled too. oO OBJECTIVES Bwno d At the end of the module, you will be able to: . Define the elements and principles of design. . Differentiate the elements of art and principles of design. . Explain how to read an image or understand an artwork. . Use any or a combination of the different planes in understanding an artwork. . Create your own works of art. . Utilize art for self-expression and for promoting advocacies. DIRECTIONS/MODULE ORGANIZER . Study each lesson in the module. . Answer the learning activities and summative test. . Go over the items missed in every learning activity/test. . Write your answers in a piece of paper. Submit your assignment and other requirements to your tutor on the next face-to-face meeting. Beno = Module 4-Lesson 1 ELEMENTS OF ART Medium and elements are together the materials the artist uses in creating a work of art. The distinction between them is easy to see but hard to define. Both answer the question: “What is it made of?”, but from different points of view. For example, if we say that a piece of music is played on the horn, the oboe, or the piano, we are talking of the medium. But if we say that it is fast or slow, or that it has a good tune or a catchy rhythm, we are talking of the elements. The medium is the material by which artists use to create their art. It is the physical means through which we can come into contact with a work of art. One piece of art can be made out of one medium, or several media. Examples of medium are oil on canvas, tempera on wood, and ink on silk. Different materials carry different significance. For example, if a certain wood is considered sacred then using that wood in a piece of art makes it special. Or if an artist uses an uncommon material such as tissue paper or recyclable materials, the artist makes a statement. Meanwhile, the elements of art are its qualities or properties. Medium is concrete, while elements are abstract. In the following lesson, you will learn more about the various elements of art. Elements of Art The elements of arts are the building blocks used by artists to create a work of art. In visual arts, there are seven elements. A. Elements of Visual Art 1, Line - A line is a mark with greater length than width. Lines can be horizontal, vertical, or diagonal, straight or curved, thick or thin. They may be broad or faint, ragged, or clear and distinct. Often lines are felt and not seen, as when an object or a person points to something we do not see, Lines always have direction and are always active. They always seem to be moving, and we follow them with our fingers, our gestures, or our eyes. Under the category of lines are shapes. A shape is. Value (Light and Dark) a closed line. Shapes can be geometric, like squares and circles, or organic like free-form or natural shapes. Shapes are flat and can express length and width. -Value has to do with the amount of light in a given painting or graphic work of art. We may also say that value is the name given to relative degrees of light, or that it indicates the degree of luminosity—the presence or absence of 5% light. In architecture & and sculpture, values change with the light; in painting, values are fixed. When a painter makes an area dark or light, puts in a shadow or leaves it out, it stays that way regardless of the time of year or the source of light. . Light and Shadow- Light and shadow or light and shade (sometimes known as _ chiaroscuro) should be distinguished from value. Light and shadow is a means of modeling a figure in depth, a means of articulating the form. In painting, the effects of light and shadow must be simulated; but in the three-dimensional arts, shadow occurs naturally under almost all light conditions. . Color - Color is light reflected off of objects. All the effects obtained through line and value may be increased by the use of color. Colors may be warm or cold, advancing or retreating, light or heavy, = Module 4-attractive or repulsive, in tension or in suspension. Color has three main characteristics: a. Hue -Hue is the name of the color (e.g. red, blue, yellow) or the quality by which we distinguish one color from another. b. Value - Value is how light or how dark the color is. Any color may be seen at any degree of darkness, from a dark that can hardly be distinguished from black, to a light that is almost white. c. Intensity - Intensity is how bright or how dull the color is. This is also referred to as vividness. Two colors may both be blue, one just as dark as the other, but one may be more intense than the other. (primary) (Intermediate) Yellow (Intermediate) Yellow/Orange ~Yelont Green (secondary) NNT teecondary) Orange “ Green (tntermediate) (intermediate) Red/Orangel Blue/Green (primary) i (primary) Red Blue (Intermediate) | (Intermediate) Red/Violet Blue/Violet (secondary) Violet Categories of Color: a. Primary colors - the only true colors (red, blue, and yellow) b. Secondary colors - two primary colors mixed together (e.g. green, orange, violet) GECC 101- Art Appreciation = Module 4-c. Intermediate colors - sometimes called tertiary colors, these are made by mixing a primary and secondary color together. (e.g. yellow green, blue green, blue violet) d. Complementary colors - located directly across from each other on the color wheel, which is an arrangement of colors along a circular diagram to show how they are related to one another. Complementary pairs contrast because they share no common colors. For example, red and green are complements because green is made of blue and yellow. When complementary colors are mixed together, they neutralize each other to make brown. 5. Texture -Textures refers to the surface quality that can be seen and felt. This is the element that appeals to our sense of the feel of things-rough or smooth, bumpy or slippery. It is first known by actually touching objects. Later it is interpreted by the eye without physical contact. Differences in textures are due primarily to differences in medium. Textures do not always feel the way they look; for example, a drawing of a porcupine may look prickly, but if you touch the drawing, the paper is still smooth. 6. Volume - Volume is the quality of an object which enables us to know that it has thickness as well as length and breadth. It is often called “solidity”. If we use only our eyes, we perceive volume primarily in two ways. The first is by contour lines, that is, by outlines or shapes of objects. The second is by surface lights and shadows. 7. Space - Space is the area between and around objects. Space can also refer to the feeling of depth. Real space is three-dimensional. In visual arts, when we create the feeling or illusion of depth, we call it space. Space is of great importance in architecture and painting. GECC 101- Art Appreciation ~ Module +Architecture is primarily an art of space. The other arts exist in space; architecture uses space as one of its elements. BS LEARNING activiTY Enumerate the elements of visual art and give a short definition and one visual example of each element. B. Elements of Auditory Art In music, perhaps the most important feature of musical sound is that it is experienced temporally and not spatially. When one tone moves to another, it does so only as time pass by. There are six elements of music. 1, Rhythm-Rhythm is the flow of music through time and the particular arrangement of note lengths in a piece of music. It has several interrelated aspects: beat, meter, accent and syncopation. * Beat -When you clap your hands or tap your foot to music, you are responding to its beat. Beat is a regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time. + Meter-Meter is the organization of beats into regular groups. A group containing a fixed number of beats is called a measure. GECC 101- Art Appreciation iodule 4-The first or stressed beat of the measure is called the downbeat. * Accent and Syncopation-One way to emphasize a note is by giving it a dynamic accent, that is by playing it more loudly than the other notes around it. A note can also be emphasized by being held longer or being higher in pitch than nearby notes. When an accented note comes where we would normally not expect it, the effect is known as syncopation. It occurs when an “off-beat” note is accented (that is, when the stress comes between beats). . Melody - Melody refers to a series of single notes that add up to a recognizable whole. A melody begins, moves, and ends; it has direction, shape, and continuity. A melody’s range-the distance between its lowest and highest tones—may be wide or narrow. Melodies written for instruments tend to have a wide range than those for voices, and they frequently have wide leaps and rapid notes that would be difficult to sing. . Harmony-Harmony refers to the way chords are constructed and how they follow each other. A chord is a combination of three or more tones sounded at once. Essentially, a chord is a group of simultaneous tones, and a melody is a series of individual tones heard one after another. |. Tempo - Tempo is the speed of the beat. We associate fast tempos with energy, drive, and excitement, and slow tempos with solemnity, lyricism, or calmness. The meter in which a piece of music is written has little to do with the actual speed or tempo of the music. . Dynamics - Dynamics refers to the degrees of loudness and softness in music. Loudness is related to the amplitude of the vibration that produces the sound. A gradual increase in loudness often creates excitement, particularly when the pitch rises too. On the other hand, a gradual decrease in loudness can convey a sense of calm. . Tone color- Tone color, also called timbre (pronounced tam’-ber), refers to the quality that distinguishes the sound of one instrument from another. Tone color is described by words like bright, dark, brilliant, mellow, and rich. Changes in tone color create variety and contrast, and tone color also contributes to continuity. GECC 101- Art Appreciation = Module 4-? Give a simple description of the following elements of a song to be assigned by your tutor. THINK! . Rhythm . Melody . Harmony . Tempo . Dynamics . Tone color >eance C. Elements of Combined Arts/Performance Arts GEEKY Elements of Dance Aside from music, which has already been discussed previously, there are other elements of dance: 1. Dancer - The dancer is the most important element of dance since s/he is the performer. The dancer executes the steps, follows the instructions of the choreographer, wears the costumes, and carries the props. 2, Choreographer - The choreographer is the dance director. S/He does the overall design of the dance, assigns the steps, selects the costumes and props that go with the dance, and determines the set designed for the dance. GECC 101- Art Appreciation ‘Module 4-10 3. Design- Design refers to the planned organization or pattern of Movements in time and space. It involves the movements and the Positioning of the dancer, and the steps executed by them. An Outstanding dance performance is always dependent on the design of the dance. 4. Subject - Subject is the message of the dance. It tells what the dance is about. 5. Movements - Movements are classified into steps, gestures, and facial expressions. Steps are the dancers’ movements from one point on stage to another; gestures are the movements of their head, hands, feet, and other body parts, while facial expressions are the movements of their facial parts. 6. Technique - Technique is the style or way of executing the movements. It is the basis of all fundamentals of dance, from holding the body correctly while performing, to executing skills properly in a routine. Strong technique extends across all areas of dance, regardless of the style of a routine. 7. Costume - Costume refers to the things worn by the dancers during their performance. This includes the head gear, upper garments, lower garments, and footwear. 8. Properties - Properties, more commonly called props, are the things Carried by the dancers as they perform. Examples of props used by dancers are ribbons, sticks, fans, chairs, swords, etc. 9. Set design - The setting of the background that indicates the place of action for the dancers. Visual elements such as costume, makeup, masks, props, lighting, and stage sets may also amplify certain qualities of dance movement. 10. Other theatrical elements - Elements such as lighting effects, sound effects, visual effects, and the like used to add emotional impact to dance. GECC 101- Art Appreciation = Module 4-BB LEARNING activity Watch and analyze a dance performance (in video) to be assigned by your tutor by identifying and describing the f |. Dancer . Design . Subject . Movements - Costume . Properties m>eange Elements of Drama The elements of drama vary from one medium to another. For instance, editing and cinematography do not apply to a stage play. The following are the general elements of drama: 1. Literary elements - These are elements of drama as a literary art such as plot, theme, conflict, characters, setting, etc. 2. Direction - This is provided by the director who instructs the actors and everyone involved in the production. . Acting - This refers to the performance of the members of the cast who read the script, memorize their lines, follow the instruction of the director, and give justice to their roles, . Editing-The sequencing of scenes to be Presented to the viewing Public where unnecessary scenes are taken out. - Story - This may be an adaptation of another story, or an original narrative, 6. Script - This contains the dialos gue or the lines to be memorized by the actors. It also contains the director’s instructions. The author of the story is oftentimes the script writer. ~ Set Design - The layout of the set; may be realistic, abstract, suggestive, or functional. GECC 101- Art Appreciation = Module 4-12 8. Cinematography - The photography of the drama, including its location that should fit the story. 9. Production Design - The overall design for a drama to be shown on the small screen (TV) or wide screen (cinema). 10. Costume Design - The clothes to be worn by the actors and actresses to suit their roles. 11.Make-up - This is made up of body paints and paddings used to beautify or uglify the actors and actresses. 12. Properties - Also called props for short, these are the things which the actors and actresses carry or bring with them as they perform in order to establish their characters. 13. Light/Lighting Effects - The amount of light is controlled (bright or dark) using sources of light (sun, lamp, flashlight, candle, etc.) needed to make scenes look realistic and credible. 14,Sound Effects - The amount (loud or soft) and the sources of sound needed to make the scenes realistic and credible (crickets, horns, thunder, footsteps, etc.). 45. Visual Effects - Production of sights that are not usually captured by the camera in order to make the scenes effective, exciting, and appealing to the viewers. Computer technology is used for this. 16.Theme Song - The song composed to represent the theme or the subject matter of the drama. 17. Musical Score - Music played to set the mood of a drama, to excite the audience, or keep the viewers glued to their seats. Trans-creation Trans-creation (sometimes referred to as creative translation) is mainly used by the marketing and advertising industry specifically referring to the process of translating a text from one language to the other; encompassing the translation of its content, style, emotions, intent, and culture. As the result, the translated text in the target language should arouse the same emotions and implications as the text in the source language. ‘GECC 101- Art Appreciation13 In art, trans-creation is the process of applying or translating the content or message of one artwork from one form or medium to another with the purpose of touching the emotions of the observer. In trans-creation, the tone, purpose, style, and context of the original artwork should be maintained. This is similar to “content appropriation”. This focuses not so much on the literal text, but in discerning the emotional response by observers in the source to that in the target form. It is taking a concept in one text or form and completely recreating it in another form. Examples are “Darna” which is from “Wonder Woman”, and “Marina” and “Dyesebel” which are from the “Little Mermaid”. Another example is Vincent Van Gogh’s painting, “Starry Night” which was trans-created or translated into a song entitled, “Starry, Starry Night” by Don McLean. Starry, Starry Night Don McLean Verse 1 Starry, starry night Paint your palette blue and gray Look out on a summer's day With eyes that know the darkness in my soul Shadows on the hills Sketch the trees and the daffodils Catch the breeze and the winter chills In colors on the snowy linen land Cho. Now | understand what you tried to say to me ‘And how you suffered for your sanity How you tried to set them free They would not listen, they did not know how Perhaps they'll isten now Verse 2 Starry, starry night Flaming flowers that brightly blaze Swirling clouds in violet haze Reflect in Vincent's eyes of china blue Colors changing hue Morning fields of amber grain Weathered faces lined in pain Are soothed beneath the artists loving hand GECC 101- Art Appreciation ~ Module 4-14 Bridge For they could not love you But still your love was true ‘And when no hope was left inside On that starry, starry night You took your life as lovers often do But | could have told you, Vincent This world was never meant For one as beautiful as you Verse 3 Starry, starry night Portraits hung in empty halls Frameless heads on nameless walls With eyes that watch the world and can't forget Like the strangers that you've met The ragged men in ragged clothes A silver thorn, a bloody rose Lie crushed and broken on the virgin snow Now I think | know what you tried to say to me And how you suffered for your sanity ‘And how you tried to set them free They would not listen, they're not listening still Perhaps they never will In appreciating trans-created art, we must judge each work on its own merits, not on its faithfulness to the originals. Various artworks can be trans-created. A. Music to text The Beatle’s song, “Norwegian Wood” is the inspiration of a novel of the same title by Haruki Murakami. It is a moving and evocative coming-of-age tale that has captivated readers around the world. It follows a young couple as they struggle with a friend’s suicide and civil unrest in 1960s Japan. This is a stirring story of first loves, the search for identity, and how our past changes our future. B. Text to dance The poem, “Dream Variations” by Langston Hughes was trans- created into a dance by Georgetown University Black Movements Dance Theatre in Washington, D.C. The poem was sung by a female vocalist in a blues piano and bass groove as dancers in white moved to the rhythm and interpreted the song. The line, “That is my dream” served as the chorus of the song. In the last part of the song, backup vocalists accompanied the lead vocalist. GEC 101- Art Appreciation ~ Module 4-15, Drea m Variations by Langston Hughes To fling my arms wide In some place of the sun, To whirl and to dance Till the white day is done. Then rest at cool evening Beneath a tall tree While night comes on gently, Dark like me— That is my dream! To fling my arms wide In the face of the sun, Dance! Whirl! Whirl! Till the quick day is done Rest at pale evening Atall, slim tree Night coming tenderly Black like me . Dance to visual Modern dance as visual art Yvonne Rainer (born 1934) was one of the preliminary figures in the merging of dance and art. Her choreography, dance, film, and writing were postured in direct conversation with an array of artistic Movements including minimalism, postmodernism, conceptualism, and feminism. GECC 101- Art Appreciation = Module 4=16 Rainer was an integral member of the Judson Dance Theater movement, which was founded in 1962 to blur the lines between dancer and non-dancer. Her works utilized everyday, ritual movements and gestures, emphasizing the body as a living, breathing entity. In her piece Trio A: The Mind is a Muscle, the dancers perform a series of “performance demonstrations" without looking at the audience. She strayed from the theatricality and emotional narrative of traditional dance, rather engaging with theoretical ideas of power and inequality. BS cearnine acrviry Using the song, “What a Wonderful World” by Louis Armstrong, make your own trans-creation art in the form of a drawing or painting (on short coupon bond or art paper) based on the message and emotion of the song. You can google the song or search it in YouTube or Spotify. General Elements of Art A. Line A line is a series of connected dots or a mark with greater length than width. It is an important element of design because all painters, sculptors, and architects use lines as springboard of their finished Products. Lines are either static or dynamic. Static lines are the vertical lines, oblique lines, and horizontal lines. While dynamic lines are the curved lines. a. Vertical Lines - These are lines that show height or stature, poise, balance, and strength. Vertical lines are seen in a skyscraper building, a standing soldier, and a tall tree. GECC 101- Art Appreciation = Module 4. Horizontal Lines - These are lines that indicate width, rest, calmness, contemplation, and inaction. Horizontal lines are presented in a still sea, a sleeping woman, and a cemetery. - Diagonal Lines - These Tediisal fuk ay MCs are lines that show mete movement, action, and H rm bar direction. Diagonal lines 4 are seen in a flowing HY é i 4s river, a galloping horse, Cinead i po0oODore and fireworks. opecre C1 Fema mall pass |. Broken or Jagged Lines My ferrss - These are lines that UY ii L cea (in OTE Ron connote chaos, I etrcon? ‘ (ondulade) TERreMacuL confusion, tension, and,» ni A (Ny, eet peas daurbnce Wi ess! ——= Straight lines - These ~ yeercar Gig-m) PARALLEL . Wertical) (rovaletas) are lines that exhibit <<". steadiness, stillness, |//* i] ZAGON ee Geer) inactivity, and force. sygaicnr Inanimate objects such as bridges and buildings" vfoxp have straight lines. Cvormaas) Copyright ©2005 View more..Visit yawancsomeartst.com . Curved lines - Whether concave (inward) or convex (outward), these lines indicate smooth movement. They may be scroll-like (“s” form) or spiral-like (winding round). Examples of curved lines are a little girl’s curly locks of hair, a snail’s shell, and a wide smile. . Repeating lines- These are a succession of vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or curved lines. They are used to show rhythm. . Repeating lines- These are a succession of vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or curved lines. They are used to show rhythm. |. Contrasting lines - These are lines that are a combination of vertical and horizontal lines or a combination of diagonal lines in opposite directions. GECC 101- Art Appreciation = Module 4-18 j. Modified lines-These are a combination of straight and curved lines or a combination of lines of varying shapes. “The Great Wave off Kanagawa" Katsushika Hokusai B. Shape A shape is a closed line and an enclosed space, the boundaries of which are defined by other elements of art such as lines, colors, values, textures, etc..It is usually two dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width. Examples of shapes are circles, squares, triangles, rectangles, and polygons such as pentagons, hexagons, heptagons, etc. The Philippine Christmas lantern or “parol” is composed of various shapes. It is shaped as a circle, with triangles, a pentagon, and ellipses. Further, abstract art is the most obvious example of the use of shape. A shape is created when a line is enclosed: the line forms the boundary, and the shape is the form circumscribed by that boundary. Line and shape are two elements in art that are nearly always used ‘GECC 101- Art Appreciation ~ Module 4-19 together. For example, three lines are used to create a triangle while four lines can make a square. Shapes can also be defined by the artist using value, color, or texture to differentiate them. Shapes might include a line in order to achieve this, or it might not: for example, shapes created with collages are defined by the edges of the added material. Shapes are always limited to two dimensions: length and width. There are also two types of shapes used in art: geometric and organic. Geometric shapes are those that are defined in mathematics and have common names. They have clear edges or boundaries and artists often use tools such as protractors and compasses to create them, to make them mathematically precise. Shapes in this category include circles, squares, rectangles, triangles, polygons, and so forth. While geometric shapes are well-defined, biomorphic or organic shapes are just the opposite. These are individual creations of the artists. They have no names, no defined angles, no standards, and no tools that support their creation. They can often be found in nature, where organic shapes can be as amorphous as a cloud or as precise as a leaf. C. Color Color is the element of art that is produced when light, striking an object, is reflected back to the eye. Depending on the presence of light, it is that property of an object that makes it appealing to the eyes. There are three properties to color. First is hue, which simply means the name we give to a color (red, yellow, blue, etc.).The second property is intensity, which refers to the strength and vividness of the color. For example, we may describe the color blue as “royal” (bright, rich, vibrant) or “dull” (grayed). The third and final property of color is its value, meaning its lightness or darkness. The terms shade and tint are in reference to value changes in colors. Based on how they are produced, colors are classified into primary, secondary, and intermediate. a. Primary colors - Blue, red, yellow (BRY); the first to be produced b. Secondary colors - Green, orange, violet (GOV). These are produced by combining two primary colors. For example, green is a product of combining blue and yellow, orange is a product of GEC 101- Art Appreciation = Module 4-20 combining red and yellow, and violet is a product of combining red and blue. c, Intermediate colors - Red-violet, red-orange, yellow-orange, yellow-green, blue-green, and blue-violet. They are produced by combining one primary color and one secondary color. Violet Indigo Blue Green —_ Orange Further, according to the colors’ position in the color wheel, they are adjacent, analogous, complementary, split complementary, or triadic, a. Adjacent colors- Colors situated next to each other in the color wheel. Examples are red and red-orange, yellow and yellow-green, and blue and blue-violet. b. Analogous colors - Three or four neighboring colors with one color in all mixtures c. Complementary colors - These are colors situated opposite each other in the color wheel. Examples are red and green, blue and orange, yellow and violet. d. Split complementary colors - Any three colors forming a Y in the color wheel. Double split complementary colors are any two sets of three colors forming a Y in the color wheel. ‘GEC 101- Art Appreciation = Module 4-2a e. Triadic Color - A set of three colors forming a triangle in the color wheel. Moreover, colors are also classified based on their effect on the visual sense, either they are cool or warm. Cool colors are colors that are inconspicuous and not striking to the eyes. They suggest distance, tranquility, and restfulness. Examples are green, violet, and blue. On the other hand, warm colors are conspicuous and striking to the eyes. Also called advancing colors, they suggest warmth, cheerfulness, stimulation, and excitement. Examples are yellow, orange, and red. Furthermore, colors are classified according to value, either light or dark. Light colors or tints are colors with values lower than the normal value. Take for example, pink or fuchsia is a tint of red and azure or sky blue is a tint of blue. Meanwhile, dark colors or shades are colors with values higher than the normal value. For example, maroon is a shade or red and navy blue is a shade of blue. In addition, some colors are referred to as rainbow or prismatic colors (colors that form a rainbow or a prism such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet or ROYGBV). Some colors are referred to as neutral colors which are colors that balance other colors. Examples are white, black, gray, brown, peach, cream, gold, silver, and bronze. Color Connotations Some colors have some connotations that vary from one situation to another. White - pure, innocence, emptiness, calm, clean Red - radical emotions, anger, aggressive, excitement Orange - unpredictable, warm, changing Green - fresh, soothing, pleasant, raw, promising, immature Yellow - happy, sunny, informal, cowardly Blue - clarity, sincerity, severe, formal, low-spirited, reliable Purple - regal, imperial, articulate, showyblack ink that leave vast areas of white. ———————— ese GECC 101- Art Appreciation = Module 4- 22 D. Space Space is the area or surface occupied by the artwork. It also refers to distances or areas around, between, and within components of a piece. Space can be positive or negative, open or closed, shallow or deep, and two-dimensional or three- dimensional. Sometimes space isn’t actually within a piece, but the illusion of it is. Frank Lloyd Wright said that "Space is the breath of art.” What Wright meant was that unlike many of the other elements of art, space is found in nearly every piece of art created. Painters imply space, photographers capture space, sculptors rely on space and form, and architects build space. It is a fundamental element in each of the visual arts. Space gives the viewer a reference for interpreting an artwork. For instance, you may draw one object larger than another to imply that it is closer to the viewer. Likewise, a piece of environmental art may be installed in a way that leads the viewer through the space. Positive space refers to the subject of the piece itself--the flower vase in a painting or the structure of a sculpture. Negative space is the empty spaces the artist has created around, between, and within the subjects. Quite often, we think of positive as being light and negative as being dark. This does not necessarily apply to every piece of art. For example, you might paint a black cup on a white canvas. We wouldn't necessarily call the cup negative because it is the subject: The value is negative, but the space is a Ce — positive. In two- dimensional art, negative space can have a great impact. Consider the Chinese style of landscape paintings, which are often simple compositions in23 Negative space is also a ke) times you will notice the cor bottom. This can be used to y element in many abstract paintings. Many mposition is offset to one side or the top or direct your eye, emphasize a single element of the work, or imply movement, even if the shapes have no particular meaning. Piet Mondrian was a master of the use of space. In his Purely 35’s Composition C, his spaces are like panes in a stainedglass window. In his 1910 painting Summer Dune in Zeeland, Mondrian uses negative space to carve out an abstracted landscape, and in 1911's Sill Life with Gingerpot Il, he isolates and defines the negative Space of the curved pot by stacked rectangular and linear forms. a. Overlapping - when objects partially overlap other objects, we Perceive them as closer than the covered objects. b. Diminishing scale - things that are larger in the work appear closer to the viewer, and things that are smaller appear farther away. GECC 101- Art Appreciation24 c. Atmospheric perspective - also called aerial perspective, this is a method of creating the illusion of depth, or recession, in a painting or drawing by modulating color to simulate changes effected by the atmosphere on the colors of things seen at a distance. Close objects have greater intensity of color, detail and value contrast. d. Vertical placement - we perceive objects that are placed lower in the image as closer to us, and objects that are placed higher as being further away. e. Color (warm/cool, intensity) - we perceive warm colors (red, orange and yellow) as closer than cool colors (green, blue, violet). ‘Module 4-. Diagonals and Linear perspective - we perceive diagonal lines as receding into the distance. The diagonal lines in the painting of a bridge below create an extraordinary sense of depth. This painting is also an example of linear perspective. As an example of one- point perspective (there is also two- and three-point perspective), the diagonal lines converge on a single point on the horizon called the vanishing point. In one-point perspective, the horizontal and vertical lines are parallel with the sides of the image. - Module 4:Thomas Hart Benton (American, 1889-1975) The Sources of Country Music (The dancers’ space is contrasted with the oncoming rush of the railroad.) Texture Texture refers to the coarseness or the smoothness of a material. It is used to describe the way a three-dimensional work actually feels when touched. In two-dimensional work, such as painting, it may refer to the visual "feel" of a piece. It appeals to our sense of touch, which can evoke feelings of pleasure, discomfort, or familiarity. Artists use this knowledge to elicit emotional responses from people who view their work. The reasons for doing so vary greatly, but texture is a fundamental element in many pieces of art. Take rocks, for example. A real rock might feel rough or smooth and it definitely feels hard when touched or picked up. A painter depicting a rock would create the illusions of these qualities through the use of other elements of art such as color, line, and shape. Textures are described by a whole host of adjectives. Rough and smooth are two of the most common, but they can be further defined. You might also hear words like coarse, bumpy, rugged, fluffy, lumpy, or pebbly when referring to a rough surface. For smooth surfaces, words like polished, velvety, slick, flat, and even can be used. Three-dimensional artwork relies on texture and you cannot find a Piece of sculpture or pottery that does not include it. Fundamentally, the materials used give a piece of art texture. That may be marble, GECC 101- Art Appreciation = Module 4-2 bronze, clay, metal, or wood, but this sets the foundation for the work feels if it were touched. As the artist develops a piece of work, they can add more texture through technique. One might sand, polish, or buff a surface smooth or they might give it a patina, bleach it, gouge it, or otherwise rough it up. Many times you will see texture used in patterns such a series of intersecting diagonal lines that give a surface a basket weave look. Rectangles staggered in rows offer the texture of a brick pattern and concentric, irregular ellipses may imitate the texture of wood grain. Three-dimensional artists often use a contrast of texture as well. One element of an artwork may be smooth as glass while another element is rough and mangled. This contradiction adds to the impact of the work and can help convey their message just as strongly as a piece made of one uniform texture. Texture is something that artists can play with through the manipulation of their medium and materials. For instance, you can draw a rose on a rough textured paper and it won't have the softness of one drawn ‘on a smooth surface. Likewise, some artists use less gesso to prime canvas because they want that texture to show through the paint they apply to it. ‘GEC 101- Art Appreciation = Module 4-28 BBS LEARNING ACTIVITY Study the painting of Gustav Klimt below and identify and describe the following elements used in the painting: Lines - ex. used a combination of horizontal, vertical, curved lines, etc. a. Shapes b. Color c. Space d. Texture Gustav Klimt “The Kiss” 1907-1908 GECC 101- Art Appreciation = Module 4-