Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Strength Assessment of PVC Pipes Filled with Geo-Polymer Concrete

as Slender Column
D. Sonia a,⇑, Venu Malagavelli a, Praveen Kumar Balguri b
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana 500043, India
b
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana 500043, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Geo-polymer concrete is an inventive and elective development material delivered by the substance
Available online xxxx activity of inorganic particles as it is made without cement. In this study Geo-polymer concrete is made
with a blend of fly ash and GGBS. This paper mainly reports the output of study and analysis on the
Keywords: behavior of the strength of geo-polymer concrete for M40 grade slender columns. The methodology
Geo-Polymer Concrete involved examining columns with four varying diameters such as 100 , 200 ,300 and 400 of Poly Vinyl
Cement Chloride pipes as slender columns with a standard length of 2000 in which, firstly pipes were tested empty
Slender Column
then columns were filled with 100 percent cement in concrete and later columns filled with Geo-polymer
GGBS
Poly Vinyl Chloride
concrete. These columns were placed under axial load in Universal Testing Machine, strength values
Universal Testing Machine assessed under a load of compression concrete with 100% cement mix prepared and tested that taken
as reference mix and contrasted with Geo- polymer concrete. Load- Deflection characteristics were exam-
ined for all trials. It was observed that strength attained by Geo-polymer-based concrete is marginally
lesser than that of concrete made with cement.
Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Materials, Processing & Characterization.

1. Introduction
Concrete is an essential substance in the construction field.
Cement is a vital ingredient in concrete. Recent research have
proved that up to 4–5% of CO2 discharged in the environment
has been formed in the cement making process of Ignition of fossil
fuels main bases of CO2 release. In this regard, the new innovation
of geo-polymer concrete is a promising procedure. The geo-
polymer innovation could lessen the CO2 discharge in the atmo-
sphere mentioned by Davidovits [1]. And furthermore, the appro-
priate utilization of industrialized wastes can decrease the issue
of arranging the side-effects into the climate presented by Rangan
[2].
Geo-polymer is delivered by a polymeric response of antacid
fluid with source material of geographic origin or subordinate
material, for example, fly ash and GGBS. The conduct of fly ash-
induced Geo-polymer concrete had an astounding compressive
strength and quality and is reasonable for the primary applications
reported by Pitta Archana [3]. In this report, Geo-polymer concrete
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: soniadakoju@gmail.com (D. Sonia).
is utilized instead of cement and supplanted with GGBS and Fly ash
were industrialized wastes their functionalities with an alkaline
solution produced aluminate silica gel that activated as the binding
constituent for the concrete. Columns are structural elements that
carry loads in compression and bending moments as well about
one or both axes of the cross-sections.
2. Experimental investigation
2.1. Materials and properties
The Ingredients required intended for mixing of Geopolymer
concrete such as GGBS, Fly Ash, and Alkaline solutions were col-
lected from local industrial areas from Jeedimetla and Thu-
mukunta, Hyderabad. In this investigation, cement was
substituted with 50 % fly ash and 50 % GGBS.
Fine Aggregate: Natural Sand, with Specific gravity of fine aggre-
gate, is 2.64. The accordance of IS: 383–2016. [4].
Coarse Aggregate: 7 mm and 10 mm were chosen.
Fly Ash: belong to class F was purchased at local RCC plant Thu-
mukunta. Chemical composition of fly ash placed in Table 1.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.640
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials, Processing & Characterization.

Please cite this article as: D. Sonia, V. Malagavelli and P. Kumar Balguri, Strength Assessment of PVC Pipes Filled with Geo-Polymer Concrete as Slender
Column, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.640
D. Sonia, V. Malagavelli and P. Kumar Balguri Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1
Properties of Fly Ash and GGBS.

Property Fly Ash GGBS

Calcium 9 37
Silica 55 40
Alumina 26 16
Magnesium 2 4
Iron 7 2
Alkali 1 0.07
Loss of ignition 1.05 1.4

GGBS: is a byproduct of Iron manufacturing process collected

from the local suppliers from Jeedimetla, Telangana. Its chemical
composition were shown in Table.1.
Super Plasticizer: Coloplast SP 430 was used, admixed 1% to the
mass of cementitious content.
Fig. 1. Pipes filled with 100% cement concrete.
Alkaline activators: NaOH and Na2SiO3 were taken as an alkaline
liquid, NaOH in flakes form 97% to 100% pureness used.
Water: Portable water is used for the mix of concrete approving
IS: 456–2000 [5].
Cement: The properties of OPC 53 Grade confirming IS: 12269–
2013[6] is used in this research.

2.2. Mix design

The Ordinary Portland cement of grade 53 was taken to prepare

the mix of M40 grade with 100 percent cement referenced by IS:
10262–2019 [7]. The number of binders for the mix design of
M40 grade are taken as shown in Table2.
NaOH is liquefied in a liter of water prior a day of mix of con-
crete Na2SiO3 supplemented in NaOH arranged prior to 60 min
mechanism of mix. Geo-polymer concrete mix was mixed using
(class F) Fly ash 50 percent and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace
50 percent. The quantity of GGBS is 200 kg/m3, Class F Fly ash is
200 kg/m3, fine aggregate is 651 kg/m3 and the Coarse aggregate
Fig. 2. Pipes filled with Geo-polymer concrete.
is taken 1274 kg/m3 The Alkaline activators such as NaOH of
72 kg/m3 and Na2SiO3 of 72 kg/m3 are combined together of molar-
ity of 13 M.as recommended by Subash V Patnakar [8].
2.5. Testing
2.3. Casting of specimens
2.5.1. Strength Characteristics
The experimental work involved testing of Poly vinyl chloride The Slender columns were tested for compressive strength
pipes with diameters 100 , 200 , 300 and 400 of a standard length (2000 ). associated with fly ash based shown superiority in output revealed
The first set of four slender columns are casted with Geopolymer by Sumajouw [9]. This study intended on PVC pipes filled slender
concrete in which cement was substituted with 50 %of Fly ash columns of both OPC concrete and Geopolymer concrete were
and 50 % GGBS (Fig. 2). The Second set of four slender columns tested after the casting as represented in the Fig. 3. Columns were
were casted with 100 percent cement in Mix (Fig. 1). For both, examined in UTM and load was applied gradually. The load values
the set of slender columns compression trial was accompanied were noted and the strength value computed in MPa at maximum
using a Universal testing machine. The test results gathered load taken.
included strength characteristics and durability properties of slen-
der columns these molds are cleaned and oil are applied. Molds are
3. Results and discussions
placed on the plane surface and the concrete mix is filled and the
surface is leveled.
The strength assessment of all the PVC pipes filled with Geo-
polymer concrete as Slender columns was tested for 28 days and
2.4. Curing of specimens cumulative graphs were drawn according to results .In which total
cement was substituted with 50 % Fly ash and 50% GGBS in Geo-
The slender columns casted in PVC pipes were placed for curing polymer concrete. The dimensions, area and volume of PVC pipes
in ambient conditions for 28 days. (See Figs. 1 and 2). are shown in below Table.3

Table 2
Mix design in kg/m3 of M40 grade for 100% Cement.

Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Water Super Plasticizer

400 651 1274 144 4

2
D. Sonia, V. Malagavelli and P. Kumar Balguri Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 3. Compressive strength test of slender columns in UTM.

Table 3
The Dimensions, Area and Volume of PVC pipes.

Pipe dia in inch Diameter Area Height(mm) Volume

(mm) (mm2) (mm3)
1 25.4 506.707 50.8 25740.71
2 50.8 2026.829 50.8 102962.91
3 76.2 4560.367 50.8 231666.64
4 101.6 8107.319 50.8 411851.805

The Strength values of empty PVC pipe are obtained as shown in
given Table.4. The Maximum load and maximum deflections of
pipes are calculated to get the final strength of pipes. As the tests
are performed along with PVC pipes for concrete filled slender col-
umns, the strength results of empty PVC pipes are to be taken.
These empty pipes strength values are deducted from total
strength of concrete pipes.
3.1. One inch pipe
Deflections due to application of loads in 1 in. PVC pipe filled as
slender column highlighted in Table 5. Contrasting between both
OPC and Geopolymer concrete. The Fig. 4 represents values in form
of Graph comparing of both OPC and geopolymer concrete.

3.2. Two inch pipe

Table.6 highlights the deflections due to application of loads in

Table 4
2-inch PVC pipe filled as slender column. Comparing between both
The Strength of Empty pipes.
OPC and Geopolymer concrete. The Fig. 5 represents values in form
Pipe dia in Max. Load Maximum Deflection Strength of Graph comparing of both OPC and geopolymer concrete.
inch (KN) (mm) (mpa)
1 25.4 18 13.81
2 50.8 11.4 4.489 3.3. Three-inch pipe
3 14.54 6.9 3.18
4 20.04 7.3 2.471
Table.7 represents the deflections due to application of loads in
3-inch PVC pipe filled as slender column. Comparing between both

Table 5
Comparison of Load v/s Deflection values between Cement and Geopolymer concrete
of 100 Pipe.

Cement concrete Geo-polymer concrete

Load Deflection Load Deflection
(KN) (mm) (KN) (mm)
0 0 0 0
4 0.7 3 0.9
7 1.2 6 1.4
10 1.6 8.9 1.7
14 2.1 12.7 2.2
17 2.7 15 2.9
19 3.1 17.4 3.3
15 3.9 14.6 4.1
12 4.6 9.3 4.9
9 5.1 6.4 5.9 Fig. 4. Comparing Load (KN) v/s Displacement (mm) between Cement and GPC of
1 in. pipe.

3
D. Sonia, V. Malagavelli and P. Kumar Balguri Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 6
Comparison of Load v/s Deflection values between Cement and Geopolymer concrete
of 200 Pipe.

Cement concrete Geo-polymer concrete

Load Deflection Load Deflection
(KN) (mm) (KN) (mm)
0 0 0 0
17 1.8 14 2.2
31 2.9 27 3.2
57 5.4 48 5.9
80 7.4 75 7.7
68 8.9 59 9.3
49 9.4 38 10.2
27 11.7 19 11.9

Fig. 6. Comparing Load (KN) v/s Displacement (mm) between Cement and GPC of
3 in. pipe.

Table 8
Comparison of Load v/s Deflection values between OPC and Geopolymer concrete of
400 Pipe.

Cement concrete Geo-polymer concrete

Load Deflection Load Deflection
(KN) (mm) (KN) (mm)
0 0 0 0
48 0.8 34 1.2
75 1.7 68 1.8
114 2.1 108 2.7
178 2.8 157 3.2
237 3.5 208 3.7
296 4.4 274 4.8
360 5.2 348 5.6
327 6.1 301 6.4
Fig. 5. Comparing Load (KN) v/s Displacement (mm) between Cement and GPC of 274 7.4 257 7.8
2 in. pipe. 227 8.7 201 9.5

Table 7
Comparison of Load v/s Deflection values between Cement and Geopolymer concrete
of 300 Pipe.

Cement concrete Geo-polymer concrete

Load Deflection Load Deflection
(KN) (mm) (KN) (mm)
0 0 0 0
37 2.7 31 3
84 3.8 74 4.1
127 4.9 118 5.5
164 6.7 152 7.1
190 8.2 174 8.7
154 10.4 146 10.7
121 12.4 109 13.8
101 14.3 90 15.7

Fig. 7. Comparing Load (KN) v/s Displacement (mm) between Cement and GPC of
OPC and Geopolymer concrete. The Fig. 6 represents values in form 4 in. pipe.
of Graph comparing of both OPC and geopolymer concrete.

The total strength results obtained from OPC Concrete slender

3.4. Four-inch pipe
Table.8 reveals the deflections due to the application of loads in
4-inch PVC pipe filled as a slender column. Comparing between
both OPC and Geopolymer concrete. The Fig. 7 represents values
in form of a Graph comparing of both OPC and geopolymer
concrete.
4
columns and Geo-polymer concrete slender columns are repre-
sented in the Tables 9 and 10.
The Results obtained from both OPC and Geo-polymer concrete
are observed that Geo-polymer concrete gives approximately equal
strength as a conventional mix from the above graphs. It is
observed that the OPC concrete slender columns are a little stron-
ger compared to Geo-polymer slender column.
D. Sonia, V. Malagavelli and P. Kumar Balguri Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 9
The Strength of Slender columns with 100% cement concrete.

Pipe Max. Load Displacement for max.load Max. Displacement Strength

(KN) (mm) (mm) (mpa)
1 in. 19 3.1 5.1 37.5
2 in. 80 7.4 11.7 39.47
3 in. 190 8.2 14.3 41.66
4 in. 360 5.2 8.7 44.40

Table 10
The Strength of Slender columns with Geo-polymer concrete.

Pipe Max. Load Displacement for max.load Max. Displacement Strength

(KN) (mm) (mm) (MPa)
1 in. 17.4 3.3 5.9 34.33
2 in. 75 7.7 11.9 37.003
3 in. 174 8.7 15.7 38.154
4 in. 348 5.6 9.5 42.924

4. Conclusions Declaration of Competing Interest

 From the above investigation conducted it was witnessed that
the Strength of Geo-polymer concrete is approximately equal
to OPC concrete.
 The strength of one inch OPC concrete column of value
37.5 MPa by Geo-polymer concrete value noted is 34.33 MPa.
 The strength of a Two-inch slender column of OPC concrete pipe
gives 39.47 MPa by Geo-polymer concrete strength noted value
of 37 MPa.
 The strength of Three-inch slender column of OPC concrete pipe
gives 41.66 MPa, 38. 154 MPa noted by GPC
 The strength of Four-inch slender column of OPC concrete pipe
resulted 44.40 MPa whereas GPC resulted 42.924 MPa.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
D. Sonia: Conceptualization, Resources, Methodology, Writing –
original draft. Venu Malagavelli: Project administration, Supervi-
sion, Writing – review & editing. Praveen Kumar Balguri: Valida-
tion, Writing – review & editing.
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
[1] J. Davidovits, Global warming impact on the cement and aggregate industries,
World Res. Rev. 6 (2) (1995) Pp.263-278.
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Concrete J. 88 (4) (2014) 41–59.
[3] P. Archana, V. Malagavelli, Destructive and Non-Destructive Evaluation of
Geopolymer Concrete, Int. J. Civil Eng. Technol. 9 (9) (2018) 271–279.
[4] IS: 383-2016 ‘‘Coarse and fine aggregate for concrete specification” Bureau of
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[5] IS: 456-2000 ‘‘Plain and reinforced concrete- code of practice” Bureau of Indian
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