Hair

Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the

Hair
dermis. Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals.
The human body, apart from areas of glabrous skin, is covered
in follicles which produce thick terminal and fine vellus hair.
Most common interest in hair is focused on hair growth, hair
types, and hair care, but hair is also an important biomaterial
primarily composed of protein, notably alpha-keratin.

Attitudes towards different forms of hair, such as hairstyles and

hair removal, vary widely across different cultures and
historical periods, but it is often used to indicate a person's
personal beliefs or social position, such as their age, sex, or
religion.[1]

Contents
Overview
Description
Root of the hair
Natural color Cross section of a hair strand
Human hair growth
Texture
Classification systems
Functions
Warmth
Protection
Touch sense
Eyebrows and eyelashes
Evolution
Human hairlessness Scanning electron microscopy image of
Evolutionary variation Merino wool (top) and human hair
Texture (bottom) showing keratin scales
Curly hair Details
The EDAR locus
System Integumentary system
Disease Identifiers
Hair care Latin capillum
Removal practices
MeSH D006197 (https://meshb.nlm.
Shaving
nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D00619
Waxing
 Laser removal 7)
Cutting and trimming TA98 A16.0.00.014 (http://www.unif
Social role r.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA9
Indication of status 8%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%2
Religious practices 0EN/16.0.00.014%20Entity%2
0TA98%20EN.htm)
See also
TA2 7053 (https://ta2viewer.opena
References
natomy.org/?id=7053)
Citations
Sources TH H3.12.00.3.02001 (https://ww
w4.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPa
External links
ge/PDF/TH%20Chapter%20H
3.12.pdf)

Overview FMA 53667 (https://bioportal.bioont

ology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=
The word "hair" usually refers to two distinct structures: classes&conceptid=http%3A%
2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Fon
1. the part beneath the skin, called the hair follicle, or, t%2Ffma%2Ffma53667)
when pulled from the skin, the bulb or root. This
Anatomical terminology
organ is located in the dermis and maintains stem
cells, which not only re-grow the hair after it falls out,
but also are recruited to regrow skin after a wound.[2]
2. the hair shaft, which is the hard filamentous part that extends above the skin surface. A cross
section of the hair shaft may be divided roughly into three zones.

Hair fibers have a structure consisting of several layers, starting from the outside:

1. the cuticle, which consists of several layers of flat, thin cells laid out overlapping one another
as roof shingles
2. the cortex, which contains the keratin bundles in cell structures that remain roughly rod-like
3. the medulla, a disorganized and open area at the fiber's center[3]

Description
Each strand of hair is made up of the medulla, cortex, and
cuticle.[4] The innermost region, the medulla, is not always present
which is an open, unstructured region.[5] The highly structural and
organized cortex, or second of three layers of the hair, is the
primary source of mechanical strength and water uptake. The
cortex contains melanin, which colors the fiber based on the
number, distribution and types of melanin granules. The shape of
the follicle determines the shape of the cortex, and the shape of the
fiber is related to how straight or curly the hair is. People with
Hair follicle of Felidae.
straight hair have round hair fibers. Oval and other shaped fibers
are generally more wavy or curly. The cuticle is the outer covering.
Its complex structure slides as the hair swells and is covered with a
single molecular layer of lipid that makes the hair repel water.[4] The diameter of human hair varies from
0.017 to 0.18 millimeters (0.00067 to 0.00709 in).[6] There are two million small, tubular glands and sweat
glands that produce watery fluids that cool the body by evaporation. The glands at the opening of the hair
produce a fatty secretion that lubricates the hair.[7]

Hair growth begins inside the hair follicle. The only "living" portion of the hair is found in the follicle. The
hair that is visible is the hair shaft, which exhibits no biochemical activity and is considered "dead". The
base of a hair's root (the "bulb") contains the cells that produce the hair shaft.[8] Other structures of the hair
follicle include the oil producing sebaceous gland which lubricates the hair and the arrector pili muscles,
which are responsible for causing hairs to stand up. In humans with little body hair, the effect results in
goose bumps.

Root of the hair

The root of the hair ends in an enlargement, the hair bulb, Root of the hair
which is whiter in color and softer in texture than the shaft and
is lodged in a follicular involution of the epidermis called the
hair follicle. The bulb of hair consists of fibrous connective
tissue, glassy membrane, external root sheath, internal root
sheath composed of epithelium stratum (Henle's layer) and
granular stratum (Huxley's layer), cuticle, cortex and
medulla.[9]

Natural color

All natural hair colors are the result of two types of hair Section of skin, showing the epidermis
pigments. Both of these pigments are melanin types, produced and dermis; a hair in its follicle; the
inside the hair follicle and packed into granules found in the
Arrector pili muscle; sebaceous glands.
fibers. Eumelanin is the dominant pigment in brown hair and
black hair, while pheomelanin is dominant in red hair. Blond Details
hair is the result of having little pigmentation in the hair strand. Identifiers
Gray hair occurs when melanin production decreases or stops,
Latin radix pili
while poliosis is white hair (and often the skin to which the hair
is attached), typically in spots that never possessed melanin at MeSH D006197 (https://meshb.nlm.ni
all, or ceased for natural reasons, generally genetic, in the first h.gov/record/ui?ui=D006197)
years of life. TA98 A16.0.00.014 (http://www.unifr.c
h/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%
Human hair growth 20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/
16.0.00.014%20Entity%20TA9
Hair grows everywhere on the external body except for mucus 8%20EN.htm)
membranes and glabrous skin, such as that found on the palms TA2 7053 (https://ta2viewer.openan
of the hands, soles of the feet, and lips. atomy.org/?id=7053)
Hair follows a specific growth cycle with three distinct and TH H3.12.00.3.02001 (https://www
concurrent phases: anagen, catagen, and telogen phases; all 4.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/
three occur simultaneously throughout the body. Each has PDF/TH%20Chapter%20H3.12.
specific characteristics that determine the length of the hair. pdf)

The body has different types of hair, including vellus hair and FMA 53667 (https://bioportal.bioontol
androgenic hair, each with its own type of cellular construction. ogy.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=cla
The different construction gives the hair unique characteristics, sses&conceptid=http%3A%2F%
serving specific purposes, mainly, warmth and protection. 2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ff
ma%2Ffma53667)

Texture Anatomical terminology

Hair exists in a variety of textures. Three main aspects of hair

texture are the curl pattern, volume, and consistency. The
derivations of hair texture are not fully understood. All mammalian
hair is composed of keratin, so the make-up of hair follicles is not
the source of varying hair patterns. There are a range of theories
pertaining to the curl patterns of hair. Scientists have come to
believe that the shape of the hair shaft has an effect on the curliness
of the individual's hair. A very round shaft allows for fewer
disulfide bonds to be present in the hair strand. This means the
bonds present are directly in line with one another, resulting in
straight hair.[10]

The flatter the hair shaft becomes, the curlier hair gets, because the
shape allows more cysteines to become compacted together
resulting in a bent shape that, with every additional disulfide bond,
becomes curlier in form.[10] As the hair follicle shape determines A woman with dark blonde hair. The
curl pattern, the hair follicle size determines thickness. While the basal color appears brown due to
circumference of the hair follicle expands, so does the thickness of higher levels of brownish eumelanin.
the hair follicle. An individual's hair volume, as a result, can be
thin, normal, or thick. The consistency of hair can almost always be
grouped into three categories: fine, medium, and coarse. This trait is
determined by the hair follicle volume and the condition of the
strand.[11] Fine hair has the smallest circumference, coarse hair has
the largest circumference, and medium hair is anywhere between
the other two.[11] Coarse hair has a more open cuticle than thin or
medium hair causing it to be the most porous.[11]

Classification systems

There are various systems that people use to classify their curl
patterns. Being knowledgeable of an individual's hair type is a
good start to knowing how to take care of one's hair. There is not
just one method to discovering one's hair type. Additionally it is
possible, and quite normal to have more than one kind of hair type,
for instance having a mixture of both type 3a & 3b curls.

Andre Walker system

Hair type 4c
The Andre Walker Hair Typing System is the most widely used
system to classify hair. The system was created by the hairstylist of
Oprah Winfrey, Andre Walker. According to this system there are four types of hair: straight, wavy, curly,
kinky.

Type 1 is straight hair, which reflects the most sheen and also the most resilient hair of all of
the hair types. It is hard to damage and immensely difficult to curl this hair texture. Because
the sebum easily spreads from the scalp to the ends without curls or kinks to interrupt its
path, it is the most oily hair texture of all.
 Type 2 is wavy hair, whose texture and sheen ranges
somewhere between straight and curly hair. Wavy hair is
also more likely to become frizzy than straight hair. While
type A waves can easily alternate between straight and
curly styles, type B and C Wavy hair is resistant to
styling.
Type 3 is curly hair known to have an S-shape. The curl
pattern may resemble a lowercase "s", uppercase "S", or
sometimes an uppercase "Z" or lowercase "z". This hair
type is usually voluminous, "climate dependent (humidity
Orange American shorthair cat.
= frizz), and damage-prone." Lack of proper care causes
less defined curls.
Type 4 is kinky hair, which features a tightly coiled curl pattern (or no discernible curl pattern
at all) that is often fragile with a very high density. This type of hair shrinks when wet and
because it has fewer cuticle layers than other hair types it is more susceptible to damage.
Andre Walker hair types
Type 1: Straight
Straight
1a Hair tends to be very soft, thin, shiny, oily, poor at holding curls, difficult to damage.
(Fine/Thin) 
Straight
1b Hair characterized by volume and body.
(Medium)
Straight
1c Hair tends to be bone-straight, coarse, difficult to curl.
(Coarse)
Type 2: Wavy
Wavy Hair has definite "S" pattern, can easily be straightened or curled, usually receptive
2a
(Fine/Thin) to a variety of styles.
Wavy
2b Can tend to be frizzy and a little resistant to styling.
(Medium)
2c Wavy (Coarse) Fairly coarse, frizzy or very frizzy with thicker waves, often more resistant to styling.
Type 3: Curly
Presents a definite "S" pattern, tends to combine thickness, volume, and/or
3a Curly (Loose)
frizziness.
3b Curly (Tight) Presents a definite "S" pattern, curls ranging from spirals to spiral-shaped corkscrew
Type 4: Kinky
4a Kinky (Soft) Hair tends to be very wiry and fragile, tightly coiled and can feature curly patterning.
4b Kinky (Wiry) As 4a but with less defined pattern of curls, looks more like a "Z" with sharp angles

FIA system

This is a method which classifies the hair by curl pattern, hair-strand thickness and overall hair volume.
 FIA hair classification

Curliness

Straight
1a Stick-straight.
1b Straight but with a slight body wave adding some volume.
1c Straight with body wave and one or two visible S-waves (e.g. at nape of neck or temples).
Wavy
2a Loose with stretched S-waves throughout.
2b Shorter with more distinct S-waves (resembling e.g. braided damp hair).
2c Distinct S-waves, some spiral curling.
Curly
3a Big, loose spiral curls.
3b Bouncy ringlets.
3c Tight corkscrews.
Very ("Really") curly
4a Tightly coiled S-curls.
4b Z-patterned (tightly coiled, sharply angled)
4c Mostly Z-patterned (tightly kinked, less definition)

Strands

F Fine

Thin strands that sometimes are almost translucent when held up to the light.
Shed strands can be hard to see even against a contrasting background.
Fine hair is difficult to feel or it feels like an ultra-fine strand of silk.

M Medium

Strands are neither fine nor coarse.

Medium hair feels like a cotton thread, but isn't stiff or rough.
It is neither fine nor coarse.

C Coarse

Thick strands whose shed strands usually are easily identified.

Coarse hair feels hard and wiry.

Volume

by circumference of full-hair ponytail

i Thin Circumference less than 2 inches (5 centimetres)

ii Normal ... from 2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 centimetres)
 iii Thick ... more than 4 inches (10 centimetres)

Functions
Many mammals have fur and other hairs that serve different functions. Hair provides thermal regulation and
camouflage for many animals; for others it provides signals to other animals such as warnings, mating, or
other communicative displays; and for some animals hair provides defensive functions and, rarely, even
offensive protection. Hair also has a sensory function, extending the sense of touch beyond the surface of
the skin. Guard hairs give warnings that may trigger a recoiling reaction.

Warmth

While humans have developed clothing and other means of

keeping warm, the hair found on the head serves primarily as a
source of heat insulation and cooling (when sweat evaporates from
soaked hair) as well as protection from ultra-violet radiation
exposure. The function of hair in other locations is debated. Hats
and coats are still required while doing outdoor activities in cold
weather to prevent frostbite and hypothermia, but the hair on the
Polar bears use their fur for warmth human body does help to keep the internal temperature regulated.
and while their skin is black, their When the body is too cold, the arrector pili muscles found attached
transparent fur appears white and to hair follicles stand up, causing the hair in these follicles to do the
provides camouflage while hunting same. These hairs then form a heat-trapping layer above the
and serves as protection by hiding epidermis. This process is formally called piloerection, derived
cubs in the snow. from the Latin words 'pilus' ('hair') and 'erectio' ('rising up'), but is
more commonly known as 'having goose bumps' in English.[12]
This is more effective in other mammals whose fur fluffs up to
create air pockets between hairs that insulate the body from the cold. The opposite actions occur when the
body is too warm; the arrector muscles make the hair lie flat on the skin which allows heat to leave.

Protection

In some mammals, such as hedgehogs and porcupines, the hairs have been modified into hard spines or
quills. These are covered with thick plates of keratin and serve as protection against predators. Thick hair
such as that of the lion's mane and grizzly bear's fur do offer some protection from physical damages such
as bites and scratches.

Touch sense

Displacement and vibration of hair shafts are detected by hair follicle nerve receptors and nerve receptors
within the skin. Hairs can sense movements of air as well as touch by physical objects and they provide
sensory awareness of the presence of ectoparasites.[13] Some hairs, such as eyelashes, are especially
sensitive to the presence of potentially harmful matter.[14][15][16][17]

Eyebrows and eyelashes

The eyebrows provide moderate protection to the eyes from dirt,
sweat and rain. They also play a key role in non-verbal
communication by displaying emotions such as sadness, anger,
surprise and excitement. In many other mammals, they contain
much longer, whisker-like hairs that act as tactile sensors.

The eyelash grows at the edges of the eyelid and protects the eye
from dirt. The eyelash is to humans, camels, horses, ostriches etc.,
what whiskers are to cats; they are used to sense when dirt, dust, or
any other potentially harmful object is too close to the eye.[18] The
eye reflexively closes as a result of this sensation.

Evolution Eyelashes and eyebrows help to

protect the eyes from dust, dirt, and
sweat.
Hair has its origins in the common ancestor of mammals, the
synapsids, about 300 million years ago. It is currently unknown at
what stage the synapsids acquired mammalian characteristics such as body hair and mammary glands, as
the fossils only rarely provide direct evidence for soft tissues. Skin impression of the belly and lower tail of
a pelycosaur, possibly Haptodus shows the basal synapsid stock bore transverse rows of rectangular scutes,
similar to those of a modern crocodile, so the age of acquirement of hair logically couldn't have been earlier
than ~299 ma, based on the current understanding of the animal's phylogeny.[19] An exceptionally well-
preserved skull of Estemmenosuchus, a therapsid from the Upper Permian, shows smooth, hairless skin
with what appears to be glandular depressions,[20] though as a semi-aquatic species it might not have been
particularly useful to determine the integument of terrestrial species. The oldest undisputed known fossils
showing unambiguous imprints of hair are the Callovian (late middle Jurassic) Castorocauda and several
contemporary haramiyidans, both near-mammal cynodonts, giving the age as no later than ~220 ma based
on the modern phylogenetic understanding of these clades.[21][22][23] More recently, studies on terminal
Permian Russian coprolites may suggest that non-mammalian synapsids from that era had fur.[24] If this is
the case, these are the oldest hair remnants known, showcasing that fur occurred as far back as the latest
Paleozoic.

Some modern mammals have a special gland in front of each orbit used to preen the fur, called the
harderian gland. Imprints of this structure are found in the skull of the small early mammals like
Morganucodon, but not in their cynodont ancestors like Thrinaxodon.[25]

The hairs of the fur in modern animals are all connected to nerves, and so the fur also serves as a transmitter
for sensory input. Fur could have evolved from sensory hair (whiskers). The signals from this sensory
apparatus is interpreted in the neocortex, a section of the brain that expanded markedly in animals like
Morganucodon and Hadrocodium.[26] The more advanced therapsids could have had a combination of
naked skin, whiskers, and scutes. A full pelage likely did not evolve until the therapsid-mammal
transition.[27] The more advanced, smaller therapsids could have had a combination of hair and scutes, a
combination still found in some modern mammals, such as rodents and the opossum.[28]

The high interspecific variability of the size, color, and microstructure of hair often enables the identification
of species based on single hair filaments.[29][30]

In varying degrees most mammals have some skin areas without natural hair. On the human body, glabrous
skin is found on the ventral portion of the fingers, palms, soles of feet and lips, which are all parts of the
body most closely associated with interacting with the world around us,[31] as are the labia minora and
glans penis.[32] There are four main types of mechanoreceptors in
the glabrous skin of humans: Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner's
corpuscles, Merkel's discs, and Ruffini corpuscles.

The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) has evolved skin

lacking in general, pelagic hair covering, yet has retained long, very
sparsely scattered tactile hairs over its body.[31] Glabrousness is a
trait that may be associated with neoteny.[33]

Naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus

Human hairlessness glaber) in a zoo.

The general hairlessness of humans in comparison to related

species may be due to loss of functionality in the pseudogene KRTHAP1 (which helps produce keratin) in
the human lineage about 240,000 years ago.[34] On an individual basis, mutations in the gene HR can lead
to complete hair loss, though this is not typical in humans.[35] Humans may also lose their hair as a result of
hormonal imbalance due to drugs or pregnancy.[36]

In order to comprehend why humans have significantly less body hair than other primates, one must
understand that mammalian body hair is not merely an aesthetic characteristic; it protects the skin from
wounds, bites, heat, cold, and UV radiation.[37] Additionally, it can be used as a communication tool and as
a camouflage.[38]

Humans are the only primate species that have undergone significant hair loss and of the approximately
5000  extant species of mammal, only a handful are effectively hairless. This list includes elephants,
rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, walruses, some species of pigs, whales and other cetaceans, and naked mole
rats.[38] Most mammals have light skin that is covered by fur, and biologists believe that early human
ancestors started out this way also. Dark skin probably evolved after humans lost their body fur, because
the naked skin was vulnerable to the strong UV radiation as explained in the Out of Africa hypothesis.
Therefore, evidence of the time when human skin darkened has been used to date the loss of human body
hair, assuming that the dark skin was needed after the fur was gone.

It was expected that dating the split of the ancestral human louse into two species, the head louse and the
pubic louse, would date the loss of body hair in human ancestors. However, it turned out that the human
pubic louse does not descend from the ancestral human louse, but from the gorilla louse, diverging
3.3 million years ago. This suggests that humans had lost body hair (but retained head hair) and developed
thick pubic hair prior to this date, were living in or close to the forest where gorillas lived, and acquired
pubic lice from butchering gorillas or sleeping in their nests.[39][40] The evolution of the body louse from
the head louse, on the other hand, places the date of clothing much later, some 100,000 years ago.[41][42]

The sweat glands in humans could have evolved to spread from the
hands and feet as the body hair changed, or the hair change could
have occurred to facilitate sweating. Horses and humans are two of
the few animals capable of sweating on most of their body, yet
horses are larger and still have fully developed fur. In humans, the
skin hairs lie flat in hot conditions, as the arrector pili muscles relax,
preventing heat from being trapped by a layer of still air between
the hairs, and increasing heat loss by convection.
The soft, fine hair found on many
Another hypothesis for the thick body hair on humans proposes nonhuman mammals is typically
that Fisherian runaway sexual selection played a role (as well as in called fur.
the selection of long head hair), (see terminal and vellus hair), as
well as a much larger role of testosterone in men. Sexual selection is the only theory thus far that explains
the sexual dimorphism seen in the hair patterns of men and women. On average, men have more body hair
than women. Males have more terminal hair, especially on the face, chest, abdomen, and back, and females
have more vellus hair, which is less visible. The halting of hair development at a juvenile stage, vellus hair,
would also be consistent with the neoteny evident in humans, especially in females, and thus they could
have occurred at the same time.[43] This theory, however, has significant holdings in today's cultural norms.
There is no evidence that sexual selection would proceed to such a drastic extent over a million years ago
when a full, lush coat of hair would most likely indicate health and would therefore be more likely to be
selected for, not against.

A further hypothesis is that human hair was reduced in response to ectoparasites.[44][45] The "ectoparasite"
explanation of modern human nakedness is based on the principle that a hairless primate would harbor
fewer parasites. When our ancestors adopted group-dwelling social arrangements roughly 1.8  mya,
ectoparasite loads increased dramatically. Early humans became the only one of the 193 primate species to
have fleas, which can be attributed to the close living arrangements of large groups of individuals. While
primate species have communal sleeping arrangements, these groups are always on the move and thus are
less likely to harbor ectoparasites.

Another view is proposed by James Giles, who attempts to explain hairlessness as evolved from the
relationship between mother and child, and as a consequence of bipedalism. Giles also connects romantic
love to hairlessness.[46][47]

Another hypothesis is that humans' use of fire caused or initiated the reduction in human hair.[48]

Evolutionary variation

Evolutionary biologists suggest that the genus Homo arose in East Africa approximately 2.5 million years
ago.[49] They devised new hunting techniques.[49] The higher protein diet led to the evolution of larger
body and brain sizes.[49] Jablonski[49] postulates that increasing body size, in conjunction with intensified
hunting during the day at the equator, gave rise to a greater need to rapidly expel heat. As a result, humans
evolved the ability to sweat: a process which was facilitated by the loss of body hair.[49]

Another factor in human evolution that also occurred in the prehistoric past was a preferential selection for
neoteny, particularly in females. The idea that adult humans exhibit certain neotenous (juvenile) features,
not evinced in the other great apes, is about a century old. Louis Bolk made a long list of such traits,[50] and
Stephen Jay Gould published a short list in Ontogeny and Phylogeny.[51] In addition, paedomorphic
characteristics in women are often acknowledged as desirable by men in developed countries.[52] For
instance, vellus hair is a juvenile characteristic. However, while men develop longer, coarser, thicker, and
darker terminal hair through sexual differentiation, women do not, leaving their vellus hair visible.

Texture

Curly hair

Jablonski[49] asserts head hair was evolutionarily advantageous for pre-humans to retain because it
protected the scalp as they walked upright in the intense African (equatorial) UV light. While some might
argue that, by this logic, humans should also express hairy shoulders because these body parts would
putatively be exposed to similar conditions, the protection of the head, the seat of the brain that enabled
humanity to become one of the most successful species on the planet (and which also is very vulnerable at
birth) was arguably a more urgent issue (axillary hair in the underarms and groin were also retained as signs
of sexual maturity). Sometime during the gradual process by which
Homo erectus began a transition from furry skin to the naked skin
expressed by Homo sapiens, hair texture putatively gradually
changed from straight hair (the condition of most mammals,
including humanity's closest cousins—chimpanzees) to Afro-
textured hair or 'kinky' (i.e. tightly coiled). This argument assumes
that curly hair better impedes the passage of UV light into the body
relative to straight hair (thus curly or coiled hair would be
particularly advantageous for light-skinned hominids living at the
equator). Yellow curly hair and scalp from body
which had long black wig over hair.
It is substantiated by Iyengar's findings (1998) that UV light can Parts of wig plait remains. From
enter into straight human hair roots (and thus into the body through Egypt, Gurob, probably tomb 23.
the skin) via the hair shaft. Specifically, the results of that study 18th–19th Dynasty. The Petrie
suggest that this phenomenon resembles the passage of light Museum of Egyptian Archaeology,
through fiber optic tubes (which do not function as effectively London
when kinked or sharply curved or coiled). In this sense, when
hominids (i.e. Homo Erectus) were gradually losing their straight
body hair and thereby exposing the initially pale skin underneath
their fur to the sun, straight hair would have been an adaptive
liability. By inverse logic, later, as humans traveled farther from
Africa and/or the equator, straight hair may have (initially) evolved
to aid the entry of UV light into the body during the transition from
dark, UV-protected skin to paler skin.

Jablonski's assertions[49] suggest that the adjective "woolly" in

reference to Afro-hair is a misnomer in connoting the high heat
insulation derivable from the true wool of sheep. Instead, the
relatively sparse density of Afro-hair, combined with its springy Man with curly hair (David Luiz)
coils actually results in an airy, almost sponge-like structure that in
turn, Jablonski argues,[49] more likely facilitates an increase in the
circulation of cool air onto the scalp. Further, wet Afro-hair does
not stick to the neck and scalp unless totally drenched and instead
tends to retain its basic springy puffiness because it less easily
responds to moisture and sweat than straight hair does. In this
sense, the trait may enhance comfort levels in intense equatorial
climates more than straight hair (which, on the other hand, tends to
naturally fall over the ears and neck to a degree that provides
Global hair texture map
slightly enhanced comfort levels in cold climates relative to tightly
coiled hair).

Further, it is notable that the most pervasive expression of this hair texture can be found in sub-Saharan
Africa; a region of the world that abundant genetic and paleo-anthropological evidence suggests, was the
relatively recent (≈200,000-year-old) point of origin for modern humanity. In fact, although genetic findings
(Tishkoff, 2009) suggest that sub-Saharan Africans are the most genetically diverse continental group on
Earth, Afro-textured hair approaches ubiquity in this region. This points to a strong, long-term selective
pressure that, in stark contrast to most other regions of the genomes of sub-Saharan groups, left little room
for genetic variation at the determining loci. Such a pattern, again, does not seem to support human sexual
aesthetics as being the sole or primary cause of this distribution.
The EDAR locus

A group of studies have recently shown that genetic patterns at the

EDAR locus, a region of the modern human genome that
contributes to hair texture variation among most individuals of East
Asian descent, support the hypothesis that (East Asian) straight hair
likely developed in this branch of the modern human lineage
subsequent to the original expression of tightly coiled natural afro- Straight black hair
hair.[53][54][55] Specifically, the relevant findings indicate that the
EDAR mutation coding for the predominant East Asian 'coarse' or
thick, straight hair texture arose within the past ≈65,000 years, which is a time frame that covers from the
earliest of the 'Out of Africa' migrations up to now.

Disease
Ringworm is a fungal disease that targets hairy skin.[56]

Premature greying of hair is another condition that results in greying before the age of 20 years in Whites,
before 25 years in Asians, and before 30 years in Africans.[57]

Hair care
Hair care involves the hygiene and cosmetology of hair including hair on the scalp, facial hair (beard and
moustache), pubic hair and other body hair. Hair care routines differ according to an individual's culture
and the physical characteristics of one's hair. Hair may be colored, trimmed, shaved, plucked, or otherwise
removed with treatments such as waxing, sugaring, and threading.

Removal practices

Depilation is the removal of hair from the surface of the skin. This can be achieved through methods such
as shaving. Epilation is the removal of the entire hair strand, including the part of the hair that has not yet
left the follicle. A popular way to epilate hair is through waxing.

Shaving

Shaving is accomplished with bladed instruments, such as razors. The blade is brought close to the skin and
stroked over the hair in the desired area to cut the terminal hairs and leave the skin feeling smooth.
Depending upon the rate of growth, one can begin to feel the hair growing back within hours of shaving.
This is especially evident in men who develop a five o'clock shadow after having shaved their faces. This
new growth is called stubble. Stubble typically appears to grow back thicker because the shaved hairs are
blunted instead of tapered off at the end, although the hair never actually grows back thicker.

Waxing

Waxing involves using a sticky wax and strip of paper or cloth to pull hair from the root. Waxing is the
ideal hair removal technique to keep an area hair-free for long periods of time. It can take three to five
weeks for waxed hair to begin to resurface again. Hair in areas that have been waxed consistently is known
to grow back finer and thinner, especially compared to hair that has been shaved with a razor.
Laser removal

Laser hair removal is a cosmetic method where a small laser beam

pulses selective heat on dark target matter in the area that causes
hair growth without harming the skin tissue. This process is
repeated several times over the course of many months to a couple
of years with hair regrowing less frequently until it finally stops;
this is used as a more permanent solution to waxing or shaving.
Laser removal is practiced in many clinics along with many at-
home products. Many razors have multiple blades
purportedly to ensure a close shave.
While shaving initially will leave skin
Cutting and trimming
feeling smooth and hair free, new
Because the hair on one's head is normally longer than other types hair growth can appear a few hours
after hair removal.
of body hair, it is cut with scissors or clippers. People with longer
hair will most often use scissors to cut their hair, whereas shorter
hair is maintained using a trimmer. Depending on the desired length
and overall health of the hair, periods without cutting or trimming the hair can vary.

Cut hair may be used in wigs. Global imports of hair in 2010 was worth $US 1.24 billion.[58]

Social role
Hair has great social significance for human beings.[59][60] It can grow on
most external areas of the human body, except on the palms of the hands
and the soles of the feet (among other areas). Hair is most noticeable on
most people in a small number of areas, which are also the ones that are
most commonly trimmed, plucked, or shaved. These include the face, ears,
head, eyebrows, legs, and armpits, as well as the pubic region. The highly
visible differences between male and female body and facial hair are a
notable secondary sex characteristic.

The world's longest documented hair belongs to Xie Qiuping (in China), at
5.627 m (18  ft 5.54 in) when measured on 8 May 2004. She has been
growing her hair since 1973, from the age of 13.[61]

Portrait of a Woman,
Indication of status Alessandro Allori (1535–
1607; Uffizi Gallery): a
Healthy hair indicates health and youth (important in evolutionary biology). plucked hairline gives a
Hair color and texture can be a sign of ethnic ancestry. Facial hair is a sign fashionably "noble brow"
of puberty in men. White or gray hair is a sign of age or genetics, which
may be concealed with hair dye (not easily for some), although many prefer
to assume it (especially if it is a poliosis characteristic of the person since childhood). Male pattern baldness
is a sign of age, which may be concealed with a toupee, hats, or religious and cultural adornments.
Although drugs and medical procedures exist for the treatment of baldness, many balding men simply
shave their heads. In early modern China, the queue was a male hairstyle worn by the Manchus from
central Manchuria and the Han Chinese during the Qing dynasty; hair on the front of the head was shaved
off above the temples every ten days, mimicking male-pattern baldness, and the rest of the hair braided into
a long pigtail.
Hairstyle may be an indicator of group membership. During the English Civil War, the followers of Oliver
Cromwell decided to crop their hair close to their head, as an act of defiance to the curls and ringlets of the
king's men.[62] This led to the Parliamentary faction being nicknamed Roundheads. Recent isotopic
analysis of hair is helping to shed further light on sociocultural interaction, giving information on food
procurement and consumption in the 19th century.[63] Having bobbed hair was popular among the flappers
in the 1920s as a sign of rebellion against traditional roles for women. Female art students known as the
"cropheads" also adopted the style, notably at the Slade School in London, England. Regional variations in
hirsutism cause practices regarding hair on the arms and legs to differ. Some religious groups may follow
certain rules regarding hair as part of religious observance. The rules often differ for men and women.

Many subcultures have hairstyles which may indicate an unofficial membership. Many hippies, metalheads,
and Indian sadhus have long hair, as well many older indie kids. Many punks wear a hairstyle known as a
mohawk or other spiked and dyed hairstyles; skinheads have short-cropped or completely shaved heads.
Long stylized bangs were very common for emos, scene kids and younger indie kids in the 2000s and early
2010s, among people of both genders.

Heads were shaved in concentration camps, and head-shaving has been used as punishment, especially for
women with long hair. The shaven head is common in military haircuts, while Western monks are known
for the tonsure. By contrast, among some Indian holy men, the hair is worn extremely long.

In the time of Confucius (5th century BCE), the Chinese grew out their hair and often tied it, as a symbol of
filial piety.

Regular hairdressing in some cultures is considered a sign of wealth or status. The dreadlocks of the
Rastafari movement were despised early in the movement's history. In some cultures, having one's hair cut
can symbolize a liberation from one's past, usually after a trying time in one's life. Cutting the hair also may
be a sign of mourning.

Tightly coiled hair in its natural state may be worn in an Afro. This hairstyle was once worn among African
Americans as a symbol of racial pride. Given that the coiled texture is the natural state of some African
Americans' hair, or perceived as being more "African", this simple style is now often seen as a sign of self-
acceptance and an affirmation that the beauty norms of the (eurocentric) dominant culture are not absolute.
It is important to note that African Americans as a whole have a variety of hair textures, as they are not an
ethnically homogeneous group, but an ad-hoc of different racial admixtures.

The film Easy Rider (1969) includes the assumption that the two main characters could have their long
hairs forcibly shaved with a rusty razor when jailed, symbolizing the intolerance of some conservative
groups toward members of the counterculture. At the conclusion of the Oz obscenity trials in the UK in
1971, the defendants had their heads shaved by the police, causing public outcry. During the appeal trial,
they appeared in the dock wearing wigs.[64] A case where a 14-year-old student was expelled from school
in Brazil in the mid-2000s, allegedly because of his fauxhawk haircut, sparked national debate and legal
action resulting in compensation.[65][66]

Religious practices

Women's hair may be hidden using headscarves, a common part of the hijab in Islam and a symbol of
modesty required for certain religious rituals in Eastern Orthodoxy. Russian Orthodox Church requires all
married women to wear headscarves inside the church; this tradition is often extended to all women,
regardless of marital status. Orthodox Judaism also commands the use of scarves and other head coverings
for married women for modesty reasons. Certain Hindu sects also wear head scarves for religious reasons.
Sikhs have an obligation not to cut hair (a Sikh cutting hair becomes 'apostate' which means fallen from
religion)[67] and men keep it tied in a bun on the head, which is then covered appropriately using a turban.
Multiple religions, both ancient and contemporary, require or advise one to allow their hair to become
dreadlocks, though people also wear them for fashion. For men, Islam, Orthodox Judaism, Orthodox
Christianity, Roman Catholicism, and other religious groups have at various times recommended or
required the covering of the head and sections of the hair of men, and some have dictates relating to the
cutting of men's facial and head hair. Some Christian sects throughout history and up to modern times have
also religiously proscribed the cutting of women's hair. For some Sunni madhabs, the donning of a kufi or
topi is a form of sunnah.[68]

See also
Chaetophobia – the fear of hair
Hair analysis (alternative medicine)
Hypertrichosis – the state of having an excess of hair on the head or body
Hypotrichosis – the state of having a less than normal amount of hair on the head or body
Lanugo
Seta – hair-like structures in insects
Trichotillomania – hair pulling

References

Citations
1. Sherrow, Victoria (2006). Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History (https://archive.org/details/
encyclopediaofha0000sher). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. iv. ISBN 978-0-313-33145-
9.
2. Krause, K; Foitzik, K (2006). "Biology of the Hair Follicle: The Basics". Seminars in
Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 25 (1): 2–10. doi:10.1016/j.sder.2006.01.002 (https://doi.o
rg/10.1016%2Fj.sder.2006.01.002). PMID 16616298 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16616
298).
3. Feughelman, Max (1997). Mechanical Properties and Structure of Alpha-keratin Fibres:
Wool, Human Hair and Related Fibres (https://books.google.com/books?id=PSNIYKwKu8k
C). UNSW Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-359-5. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
4. Hair Structure and Hair Life Cycle (https://web.archive.org/web/20110303132725/http://www.
follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html). follicle.com
5. "Topic 2" (https://archive.today/20130415220704/http://www.texascollaborative.org/hildasust
aita/module%20files/topic2.htm). Texascollaborative.org. Archived from the original (http://w
ww.texascollaborative.org/hildasustaita/module%20files/topic2.htm) on 15 April 2013.
Retrieved 18 February 2015.
6. Ley, Brian (1999). "Diameter of a Human Hair" (http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/BrianLe
y.shtml). Retrieved 28 June 2010.
7. Councilman, W. T. (1913). "Ch. 1" (https://archive.org/details/b28112325). Disease and Its
Causes. United States: New York Henry Holt and Company London Williams and Norgate
The University Press, Cambridge, USA.
8. Freinkel, R.K.; Woodley, D.T., eds. (15 March 2001). The Biology of the Skin. CRC Press.
p. 80. ISBN 9781850700067.
9. Histology Guide | Skin (http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/skin/hair.php) Histology.leeds.ac.uk.
Retrieved on 18 May 2016.
10. "Curly Hair Gene" (http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/2011/Piper/Background.
html). Bio.davidson.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
11. "Hair type, texture and density | Hairdressing Training" (https://web.archive.org/web/201502
12010906/http://hairdressing.ac.uk/node/153). Hairdressing.ac.uk. Archived from the original
(http://hairdressing.ac.uk/node/153) on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
12. Bubenik, George A. (1 September 2003). "Why do humans get "goosebumps" when they are
cold, or under other circumstances?" (http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-
do-humans-get-goosebu). Scientific American. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
13. Dean, I.; Siva-Jothy, M. T. (2011). "Human fine body hair enhances ectoparasite detection"
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367735). Biology Letters. 8 (3): 358–61.
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0987 (https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2011.0987). PMC 3367735 (http
s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367735). PMID 22171023 (https://pubmed.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/22171023).
14. "Neuroscience for Kids – Receptors" (http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/receptor.html).
Faculty.washington.edu. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
15. "hair biology – functions of the hair fiber and hair follicle" (http://www.keratin.com/aa/aa031.s
html). Keratin.com. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
16. Sabah, NH (1974). "Controlled stimulation of hair follicle receptors". Journal of Applied
Physiology. 36 (2): 256–7. doi:10.1152/jappl.1974.36.2.256 (https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjapp
l.1974.36.2.256). PMID 4811387 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4811387).
17. Montagna, W. (1985). "The evolution of human skin(?)". Journal of Human Evolution. 14: 3–
22. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(85)80090-7 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0047-2484%2885%2
980090-7).
18. "Images of Nature" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060508183602/http://ion.asu.edu/liv41_e
yelash/liv41_thumb.htm). Ion.asu.edu. Archived from the original (http://ion.asu.edu/liv41_ey
elash/liv41_thumb.htm) on 8 May 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
19. Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Bojanowski, Maciej (July 2012). "A Supposed Eupelycosaur Body
Impression from the Early Permian of the Intra-Sudetic Basin, Poland". Ichnos. 19 (3): 150–
155. doi:10.1080/10420940.2012.702549 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10420940.2012.7025
49). S2CID 129567176 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129567176).
20. Kardong, K.V. (2002): Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution. 3rd Edition.
McGraw-Hill, New York
21. Q. Ji; Z-X Luo; C-X Yuan; Tabrum, A. R. (February 2006). "A Swimming Mammaliaform from
the Middle Jurassic and Ecomorphological Diversification of Early Mammals" (https://semant
icscholar.org/paper/ea814367b208912e0b6802c37209458dd1b64dad). Science. 311
(5764): 1123–7. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1123J (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...
311.1123J). doi:10.1126/science.1123026 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1123026).
PMID 16497926 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16497926). S2CID 46067702 (https://api.s
emanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46067702). See also the news item at "Jurassic "Beaver"
Found; Rewrites History of Mammals" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120922055901/http://n
ews.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/02/0223_060223_beaver.html). Archived from the
original (http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/02/0223_060223_beaver.html) on
22 September 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
22. "Jurassic squirrel's secret is out" (http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/jurassic-squirrels-s
ecret-is-out/article5004252.ece). The Hindu. 9 August 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
23. Meng, Qing-Jin; Grossnickle, David M.; Di, Liu; Zhang, Yu-Guang; Neander, April I.; Ji,
Qiang; Luo, Zhe-Xi (2017). "New gliding mammaliaforms from the Jurassic". Nature. 548
(7667): 291–296. Bibcode:2017Natur.548..291M (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Nat
ur.548..291M). doi:10.1038/nature23476 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature23476).
PMID 28792929 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28792929). S2CID 205259206 (https://ap
i.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205259206).
24. Bajdek, Piotr (2015). "Microbiota and food residues including possible evidence of pre-
mammalian hair in Upper Permian coprolites from Russia". Lethaia. 49 (4): 455–477.
doi:10.1111/let.12156 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Flet.12156).
25. Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten (2014). The vertebrate integument, Vol I. Berlin, Heidelberg:
Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 211–212. ISBN 978-3-642-53748-6.
26. Rowe, T. B.; Macrini, T. E.; Luo, Z.-X. (19 May 2011). "Fossil Evidence on Origin of the
Mammalian Brain". Science. 332 (6032): 955–957. Bibcode:2011Sci...332..955R (https://ui.a
dsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...332..955R). doi:10.1126/science.1203117 (https://doi.org/1
0.1126%2Fscience.1203117). PMID 21596988 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21596988).
S2CID 940501 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:940501).
27. Ruben, J.A.; Jones, T.D. (2000). "Selective Factors Associated with the Origin of Fur and
Feathers" (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F40.4.585). Am. Zool. 40 (4): 585–596.
doi:10.1093/icb/40.4.585 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F40.4.585).
28. Plower, R.P. (1897). An introduction to the study of mammals living and extinct (https://archiv
e.org/stream/cu31924001022684/cu31924001022684_djvu.txt). New York: Cornell
University Library. p. 11. Retrieved 8 June 2012. "Flat scutes, with the edges in apposition,
and not overlaid, clothe both surfaces of the tail of the beaver, rats, and others of the same
order, and also of some insectivores and marsupials."
29. Teerink, BJ (2003). Hair of West European Mammals: Atlas and Identification Key (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=exlhpOZ__BEC). Cambridge University Press. p. 224.
ISBN 9780521545778.
30. Toth, Maria (29 December 2017). Hair and fur atlas of Central European mammals (http://ww
w.hairatlas.hu/). Pars Ltd. p. 307. ISBN 978-963-88339-7-6. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
31. Prescott, Tony; Ahissar, Ehud; Izhikevich, Eugene (21 November 2015). Scholarpedia of
touch. Paris. ISBN 978-94-6239-133-8. OCLC 932171320 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/93
2171320).
32. Linden, David, J. (March 2015). "Chapter 2" (https://books.google.com/books?id=XjZIBQAA
QBAJ&pg=PT36). Touch: The Science of Hand, Heart and Mind. Viking. ISBN 978-
0241184035.
33. Rebora, Alfredo (2010). "Lucy's pelt: when we became hairless and how we managed to
survive". International Journal of Dermatology. 49 (1): 17–20. doi:10.1111/j.1365-
4632.2009.04266.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-4632.2009.04266.x). ISSN 1365-
4632 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-4632). PMID 20465604 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.n
ih.gov/20465604). S2CID 21484729 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21484729).
34. Winter, H.; Langbein, L.; Krawczak, M.; Cooper, D.N.; Jave-Suarez, L.F.; Rogers, M.A.;
Praetzel, S.; Heidt, P.J.; Schweizer, J. (2001). "Human type I hair keratin pseudogene
phihHaA has functional orthologs in the chimpanzee and gorilla: Evidence for recent
inactivation of the human gene after the Pan-Homo divergence". Human Genetics. 108 (1):
37–42. doi:10.1007/s004390000439 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004390000439).
PMID 11214905 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11214905). S2CID 21545865 (https://api.s
emanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21545865).
35. Abbasi, A.A. (2011). "Molecular evolution of HR, a gene that regulates the postnatal cycle of
the hair follicle" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3216519). Scientific
Reports. 1: 32. Bibcode:2011NatSR...1E..32A (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NatS
R...1E..32A). doi:10.1038/srep00032 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep00032). PMC 3216519
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3216519). PMID 22355551 (https://pubmed.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22355551).
36. "Women and Hair Loss: Possible Causes" (https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treat
ments/hair-loss/women-hair-loss-causes#1). WebMD. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
37. Rantala, M.J. (1999). "Human nakedness: Adaptation against ectoparasites?". International
Journal for Parasitology. 29 (12): 1987–1989. doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00133-2 (https://d
oi.org/10.1016%2FS0020-7519%2899%2900133-2). PMID 10961855 (https://pubmed.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/10961855).
38. Jablonski, N.G.; Chaplin, G. (2010). "Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV
radiation" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3024016). Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (Supplement 2): 8962–
8968. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.8962J (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..107.8
962J). doi:10.1073/pnas.0914628107 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0914628107).
PMC 3024016 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3024016). PMID 20445093
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20445093).
39. "Gorillas gave pubic lice to humans, DNA study reveals" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141
216214857/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070316-gorilla-lice.html).
National Geographic. 28 October 2010. Archived from the original (http://news.nationalgeogr
aphic.com/news/2007/03/070316-gorilla-lice.html) on 16 December 2014. Retrieved
18 February 2015.
40. Weiss RA (10 February 2009). "Apes, lice and prehistory" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm
c/articles/PMC2687769). J Biol. 8 (2): 20. doi:10.1186/jbiol114 (https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fjb
iol114). PMC 2687769 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2687769).
PMID 19232074 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19232074).
41. Kittler, R.; Kayser, M.; Stoneking, M. (2004). "Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and
the Origin of Clothing" (http://www.beha.tcu.edu.tw/migration/ref/Kittler_et_al_2003_Current_
Biology_Molecular_evolution_of_Pediculus_humanus_and_the_origin_of_clothing.pdf)
(PDF). Current Biology. 14 (24): 1414–7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.024 (https://doi.org/10.1
016%2Fj.cub.2004.12.024). PMID 12932325 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12932325).
Retrieved 4 September 2015.
42. Toups, M.A.; Kitchen, A.; Light, J.E.; Reed, D.L. (2011). "Origin of clothing lice indicates early
clothing use by anatomically modern humans in Africa" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar
ticles/PMC3002236). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (1): 29–32.
doi:10.1093/molbev/msq234 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq234).
PMC 3002236 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002236). PMID 20823373
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20823373).
43. Dixson, A.F. (2009). Sexual selection and the origins of human mating systems (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=VRTniKE2liYC) (1 ed.). Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-
19-955942-8.
44. Pagel, Mark; Bodmer, Walter (2003). "A naked ape would have fewer parasites" (https://ww
w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1698033). Proceedings of the Royal Society B:
Biological Sciences. 270 (Suppl 1): S117–S119. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0041 (https://doi.org/
10.1098%2Frsbl.2003.0041). PMC 1698033 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM
C1698033). PMID 12952654 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12952654).
45. Rantala, M.J. (1999). "Human nakedness: Adaptation against ectoparasites?" (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20110205011118/http://users.utu.fi/mjranta/reprints/1.%20Rantala1999.pdf)
(PDF). International Journal for Parasitology. 29 (12): 1987–1989. doi:10.1016/S0020-
7519(99)00133-2 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0020-7519%2899%2900133-2).
PMID 10961855 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10961855). Archived from the original (htt
p://users.utu.fi/mjranta/reprints/1.%20Rantala1999.pdf) (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved
14 December 2010.
46. Giles, James (20 March 2015) [2010]. "Naked love: The evolution of human hairlessness".
Biological Theory. 5 (4): 326–336. doi:10.1162/BIOT_a_00062 (https://doi.org/10.1162%2FB
IOT_a_00062). S2CID 84164968 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84164968).
47. Shea, Christopher (12 July 2011). "Human hairlessness: The naked love explanation" (http
s://blogs.wsj.com/ideas-market/2011/07/12/human-hairlessness-the-naked-love-explanatio
n/). Ideas Market blog. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
48. Couch, Alan (3 February 2016). "Fur or fire: Was the use of fire the initial selection pressure
for fur loss in ancestral hominins?" (https://peerj.com/preprints/1702/?td=wk). PeerJ
Preprints. 4: e1702v1. doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1702v1 (https://doi.org/10.7287%2Fpeerj.
preprints.1702v1). Retrieved 10 February 2016.
49. Jablonski, Nina G. (1 May 2008). Skin: A Natural History (https://books.google.com/books?id
=EYi9S3VtIGsC&pg=PP13). University of California Press. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-0-520-94170-
0. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
50. Bolk, L. (1926). Das Problem der Menschwerdung (in German). Jena: Fischer.
51. short-list of 25 characters reprinted in Gould, Stephen Jay (1977). Ontogeny and phylogeny.
Harvard University Press. p. 357. ISBN 0674639413.
52. Scott, Isabel M. (7 October 2014). "Human preferences for sexually dimorphic faces may be
evolutionarily novel" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4210032). Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (40): 14388–
14393. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11114388S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111
14388S). doi:10.1073/pnas.1409643111 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1409643111).
PMC 4210032 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4210032). PMID 25246593
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25246593).
53. Fujimoto, A; Kimura, R; Ohashi, J; Omi, K; Yuliwulandari, R; Batubara, L; Mustofa, MS;
Samakkarn, U; et al. (2008). "A scan for genetic determinants of human hair morphology:
EDAR is associated with Asian hair thickness" (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddm35
5). Human Molecular Genetics. 17 (6): 835–43. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddm355 (https://doi.org/10.
1093%2Fhmg%2Fddm355). PMID 18065779 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18065779).
54. Fujimoto, A; Ohashi, J; Nishida, N; Miyagawa, T; Morishita, Y; Tsunoda, T; Kimura, R;
Tokunaga, K (2008). "A replication study confirmed the EDAR gene to be a major contributor
to population differentiation regarding head hair thickness in Asia" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20110205011119/http://www.tulips.tsukuba.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2241/103672/1/HG_1
24-2.pdf) (PDF). Human Genetics. 124 (2): 179–85. doi:10.1007/s00439-008-0537-1 (https://
doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-008-0537-1). hdl:2241/103672 (https://hdl.handle.net/2241%2F
103672). PMID 18704500 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18704500). S2CID 20084816 (ht
tps://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20084816). Archived from the original (http://www.tuli
ps.tsukuba.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2241/103672/1/HG_124-2.pdf) (PDF) on 5 February
2011. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
55. Mou, C; Thomason, HA; Willan, PM; Clowes, C; Harris, WE; Drew, CF; Dixon, J; Dixon, MJ;
Headon, DJ (2008). "Enhanced ectodysplasin-A receptor (EDAR) signaling alters multiple
fiber characteristics to produce the East Asian hair form" (https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/
8264337/Mou_et_al_EDAR_and_Asian_Hair_2008_supplementary_material.pdf) (PDF).
Human Mutation. 29 (12): 1405–11. doi:10.1002/humu.20795 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhu
mu.20795). hdl:20.500.11820/0b35a959-86c8-44e5-b100-20639dd6bbf1 (https://hdl.handle.
net/20.500.11820%2F0b35a959-86c8-44e5-b100-20639dd6bbf1). PMID 18561327 (https://
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18561327). S2CID 37696013 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Cor
pusID:37696013). Retrieved 30 January 2019.
56. "Dermatologyinfo.net" (http://www.dermatologyinfo.net/english/chapters/chapter10.htm).
Dermatologyinfo.net. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
57. "Premature graying of hair" (http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2013;vol
ume=79;issue=5;spage=641;epage=653;aulast=Pandhi#ref4). 31 August 2013. Retrieved
15 November 2017.
58. Gupta, Ankush (27 April 2014). "Human Hair "Waste" and Its Utilization: Gaps and
Possibilities" (https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F498018). Journal of Waste Management.
2014: 1–17. doi:10.1155/2014/498018 (https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F498018).
59. Ashby, Steven P. (2016). "Archaeologies of Hair: the head and its grooming in ancient and
contemporary societies" (https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.42.6). Internet Archaeology (42).
doi:10.11141/ia.42.6 (https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.42.6).
60. Hielscher, Sabine (2016). "Because You're Worth It: Women's daily hair care routines in
contemporary Britain" (https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.42.6.13). Internet Archaeology (42).
doi:10.11141/ia.42.6.13 (https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.42.6.13).
61. Glenday, Craig (2010). Guinness World Records 2011 (https://archive.org/details/guinnessw
orldrec00). ISBN 9781904994572.
62. Olmert, Michael (1996). Milton's Teeth and Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser
Adventures in History, p. 53. Simon & Schuster, New York. ISBN 0-684-80164-7
63. Brown, Chloe; Alexander, Michelle (2016). "Hair as a Window on Diet and Health in Post-
Medieval London: an isotopic analysis" (https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.42.6.12). Internet
Archaeology (42). doi:10.11141/ia.42.6.12 (https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.42.6.12).
64. Green, Jonathon, (1999). All Dressed Up: The Sixties and the Counterculture. London:
Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6523-4.
65. "G1 – Justiça do CE condena escola por barrar aluno com cabelo 'moicano' – notícias em
Ceará" (http://g1.globo.com/ceara/noticia/2011/09/justica-do-ce-condena-escola-por-barrar-
aluno-com-cabelo-moicano.html) [G1 - CE court condemns school for barring student with
'mohawk' hair - news in Ceara]. G1.globo.com. 28 September 2011. Retrieved 18 February
2015.
66. "G1 – Aluno diz que jogador inspirou 'corte moicano' alvo de ação judicial no CE – notícias
em Ceará" (http://g1.globo.com/ceara/noticia/2011/09/aluno-diz-que-jogador-inspirou-corte-
moicano-alvo-de-acao-judicial-no-ce.html) [G1 says student inspired 'Mohawk court' subject
to legal action in CE - news in Ceara]. G1.globo.com. 30 September 2011. Retrieved
18 February 2015.
67. Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh (2005) Dictionary of Sikh Philosophy, Sikh University Press.
68. The War Within Our Hearts – Page 65 Sa'ad Quadri – 2013

Sources
Iyengar, B. (1998). "The hair follicle is a specialized UV receptor in human skin?". Bio
Signals Recep. 7 (3): 188–194. doi:10.1159/000014544 (https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000014
 544). PMID 9672761 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9672761). S2CID 46864921 (https://a
pi.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46864921).
Jablonski, N.G. (2006). Skin: a natural history (https://archive.org/details/skinnaturalhisto00ja
bl). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Rogers, Alan R.; Iltis, David; Wooding, Stephen (2004). "Genetic variation at the MC1R
locus and the time since loss of human body hair". Current Anthropology. 45 (1): 105–108.
doi:10.1086/381006 (https://doi.org/10.1086%2F381006).
Tishkoff, S. A.; Dietzsch, E.; Speed, W.; Pakstis, A. J.; Kidd, J. R.; Cheung, K.; Bonne-Tamir,
B.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. S.; et al. (1996). "Global patterns of linkage disequilibrium at
the CD4 locus and modern human origins". Science. 271 (5254): 1380–1387.
Bibcode:1996Sci...271.1380T (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...271.1380T).
doi:10.1126/science.271.5254.1380 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.271.5254.1380).
PMID 8596909 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8596909). S2CID 4266475 (https://api.sem
anticscholar.org/CorpusID:4266475).

External links
Quotations related to Hair at Wikiquote
The dictionary definition of hair at Wiktionary
How to measure the diameter of your own hair using a laser pointer (https://web.archive.org/
web/20090628170110/http://www.fysikbasen.dk/English.php?page=HairMeasure)
Instant insight (http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/cb/Volume/2007/7/hair_is_the_news.
asp) outlining the chemistry of hair from the Royal Society of Chemistry
PUIU, TIBI (23 August 2018). "How fast hair grows, and other hairy science" (https://www.zm
escience.com/other/science-abc/how-fast-hair-grows-042394). ZME Science. Retrieved
30 August 2018.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hair&oldid=1065371750"

This page was last edited on 13 January 2022, at 06:07 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0;

additional terms may apply. By
using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.